International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
8 ijhaf oct-2017-10-influence of nitrogen fixingAI Publications
A field experiment was conducted for two successive seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 with four replicates at the experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Omdurman Islamic University to determine the effect of inoculation and co-inoculation of symbiotic nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) growth and yield. Fenugreek plant variety Kodab was used. Two bacterial strains Sinorhizobium meliloti strain TAL380 and Bacillus megatherium var. phosphaticum strain (BMP), each alone or in combination. Control plants were kept for comparison. The following measurements were taken per plant: number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, shoots and roots, plant height, pod length, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, 1000 seed weight and yield. Results showed that inoculation with TAL380 and BMP each alone significantly increased nodulation and nodule dry weight compared to the control. Inoculation with BMP significantly increased root dry weight, when inoculation with TAL380 significantly increased shoot dry weight and plant height, co-inoculation significantly increased root and shoot dry weight compared to the control. The two bacterial inoculations each alone or in combination significantly increased number of pods and insignificantly increased number of seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight at both seasons. There was no effect of inoculation with bacteria on pod length. Co-inoculation significantly increased fenugreek seed yield at both seasons compared to the control.
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
Effect of Trichoderma Fortified Compost on Disease Suppression, Growth and Yi...IJEAB
Trichoderma species are commonly used as effective biological control agents against phytopathogens especially the soil-borne fungi while some isolates are able to ameliorate plant growth. In the present study, Trichoderma fortified compost with different substrates were evaluated to reduce the pre-emergence and post-emergence seedling mortality, diseases of stem and root of chickpea caused by several soil-borne fungal pathogens, including Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii at different growth stages in the field under natural epiphytotic conditions. Among the twenty isolates of T. harzianum, Co-7 showed the most effective antagonist against the test pathogens in dual culture method. In field experiment, subsequently it was used for inoculum preparation with colonized wheat grain and mixed with well-matured decomposed composting materials like, saw dust, cow dung, tea waste, water hyacinth and poultry manure. Trichoderma fortified compost with poultry manure was found significantly effective in reducing pre-emergence and post emergence seedling mortality, disease incidence and disease severity of chickpea in the field. Interestingly, all the treatments significantly increased but Trichoderma fortified compost with poultry manure was the best to boost seed yield and quality.
Allelopathic effects of weeds extract on seed germination of Trachyspermum co...Innspub Net
Seed germination stage is one of the most basic growth stages in medicinal plants that may be adversely affected by the chemicals released from other plants in the soil environment. The present study was performed to investigate the allelopathic effects of weeds, including (Xanthium strumarium, Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album) as common weeds in medicinal plant's farms, on seed germination parameters, total dry weight and allometry coefficient of Trachyspermum copticum L., Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum L. in laboratory conditions. Treatments included extracts of all organs of three weed species, applied on the seeds of the medicinal plants at three concentrations of zero (distilled water), 50 and 100% by volume. The results showed that the extracts of mentioned weed species had a significant inhibitory effect on germination characteristics of the studied medicinal plants. The greatest negative impact on seed germination was recorded for the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus, but Trachyspermum copticum L. showed a better resistance to the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus as compared to Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum. Get the full articles at: http://bit.ly/1NaHI5u
Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cultivars throu...AI Publications
Two weeks old rooted cuttings of three commercial hybrid varieties; Triple plus, Temptation and Campairo were grown on cocopit substrate media with five replications on randomized complete block desigh (RCBD) in greenhouse condition at Mendel School Research Farm,Hwacheon. Transplanting was done on June 9, 2013 with spacing of 30 cm between plant and 45 cm between rows. Plants were trained as single stem and harvesting of the fruits were done upto 2.5 meter height. The major objective of this experiment was to evaluate their performance on stem cuttings. On the basis of overall characteristics, Triple plus showed superior performance; early flowering, higher plant uniformity, vigorous plant, higher leaf density, less powdery mildew infection, distinct stem pubescence, earlier fruit set, bigger size of fruits with thicker flesh, higher yield of fruits in tons per hectare and per plant, as compared to other cultivars has been selected and recommended for commercial cultivation through stem cuttings. It was followed by Temptation. Beside this, stem cuttings is an alternative planting materials in all the tested cultivars where apical branches during pruning could be used as alternative planting materials for tomato cultivation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
8 ijhaf oct-2017-10-influence of nitrogen fixingAI Publications
A field experiment was conducted for two successive seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 with four replicates at the experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Omdurman Islamic University to determine the effect of inoculation and co-inoculation of symbiotic nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) growth and yield. Fenugreek plant variety Kodab was used. Two bacterial strains Sinorhizobium meliloti strain TAL380 and Bacillus megatherium var. phosphaticum strain (BMP), each alone or in combination. Control plants were kept for comparison. The following measurements were taken per plant: number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, shoots and roots, plant height, pod length, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, 1000 seed weight and yield. Results showed that inoculation with TAL380 and BMP each alone significantly increased nodulation and nodule dry weight compared to the control. Inoculation with BMP significantly increased root dry weight, when inoculation with TAL380 significantly increased shoot dry weight and plant height, co-inoculation significantly increased root and shoot dry weight compared to the control. The two bacterial inoculations each alone or in combination significantly increased number of pods and insignificantly increased number of seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight at both seasons. There was no effect of inoculation with bacteria on pod length. Co-inoculation significantly increased fenugreek seed yield at both seasons compared to the control.
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
Effect of Trichoderma Fortified Compost on Disease Suppression, Growth and Yi...IJEAB
Trichoderma species are commonly used as effective biological control agents against phytopathogens especially the soil-borne fungi while some isolates are able to ameliorate plant growth. In the present study, Trichoderma fortified compost with different substrates were evaluated to reduce the pre-emergence and post-emergence seedling mortality, diseases of stem and root of chickpea caused by several soil-borne fungal pathogens, including Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii at different growth stages in the field under natural epiphytotic conditions. Among the twenty isolates of T. harzianum, Co-7 showed the most effective antagonist against the test pathogens in dual culture method. In field experiment, subsequently it was used for inoculum preparation with colonized wheat grain and mixed with well-matured decomposed composting materials like, saw dust, cow dung, tea waste, water hyacinth and poultry manure. Trichoderma fortified compost with poultry manure was found significantly effective in reducing pre-emergence and post emergence seedling mortality, disease incidence and disease severity of chickpea in the field. Interestingly, all the treatments significantly increased but Trichoderma fortified compost with poultry manure was the best to boost seed yield and quality.
Allelopathic effects of weeds extract on seed germination of Trachyspermum co...Innspub Net
Seed germination stage is one of the most basic growth stages in medicinal plants that may be adversely affected by the chemicals released from other plants in the soil environment. The present study was performed to investigate the allelopathic effects of weeds, including (Xanthium strumarium, Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album) as common weeds in medicinal plant's farms, on seed germination parameters, total dry weight and allometry coefficient of Trachyspermum copticum L., Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum L. in laboratory conditions. Treatments included extracts of all organs of three weed species, applied on the seeds of the medicinal plants at three concentrations of zero (distilled water), 50 and 100% by volume. The results showed that the extracts of mentioned weed species had a significant inhibitory effect on germination characteristics of the studied medicinal plants. The greatest negative impact on seed germination was recorded for the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus, but Trachyspermum copticum L. showed a better resistance to the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus as compared to Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum. Get the full articles at: http://bit.ly/1NaHI5u
Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cultivars throu...AI Publications
Two weeks old rooted cuttings of three commercial hybrid varieties; Triple plus, Temptation and Campairo were grown on cocopit substrate media with five replications on randomized complete block desigh (RCBD) in greenhouse condition at Mendel School Research Farm,Hwacheon. Transplanting was done on June 9, 2013 with spacing of 30 cm between plant and 45 cm between rows. Plants were trained as single stem and harvesting of the fruits were done upto 2.5 meter height. The major objective of this experiment was to evaluate their performance on stem cuttings. On the basis of overall characteristics, Triple plus showed superior performance; early flowering, higher plant uniformity, vigorous plant, higher leaf density, less powdery mildew infection, distinct stem pubescence, earlier fruit set, bigger size of fruits with thicker flesh, higher yield of fruits in tons per hectare and per plant, as compared to other cultivars has been selected and recommended for commercial cultivation through stem cuttings. It was followed by Temptation. Beside this, stem cuttings is an alternative planting materials in all the tested cultivars where apical branches during pruning could be used as alternative planting materials for tomato cultivation.
Micronutrients: role and management in fruit crops (2nd doctoral seminar:Panc...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
Micronutrient deficiency is a key isssue to be addressed for sustainable fruit crop production. Here individual micronutrients are discussed in details regarding their role and mangement in fruit crops.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Fruit crops like mango, citrus, avocado, litchi, temperate fruits, nuts, etc. suffer from the severe problem of irregular bearing or cropping periodicity as well as staggered or erratic flowering behaviour, leading to considerable loss of their production potential. Some of the fruit crops are worst sufferers of cropping periodicity. In fruit crops production serious problems is biennial bearing or irregular bearing leading to considerable loss of their production potentials. Alternate bearing tree (or branch) is one that does not bear a regular crop year after year; rather, heavy yields are followed by extremely light ones and vice-versa, While Flower initiation is very important because it is the first step towards attaining fruit. Biennial cycle is very usual, so that an “on-year” (large yields) is followed by an “off-year” (little or no yield). Alternate bearing means "a condition at which high or optimum fruit production in on year and certain year bear little or no fruit (off year), but growth regulators such as paclobutrazol reported to be effective on inducing flowering off year.
Influence of an Uchkun Preparation to some Agricultural Crops which are Grown...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The effect of an Uchkun preparation on growth, development and yield of cotton under water deficit and wheat in saline soil conditions were studied. The field experiments showed that the pre-sowing seed treatment by Uchkun at a dose of 1.0 liter per ton of seed contributes to the stimulation of growth and development of cotton in ontogeny and increases the yield of raw cotton to 2.5 quintal per hectare (qu/ha). The harvest increases of 4.7-6.3 qu/ha in the case of treatment of wheat seeds by spraying method in the tillering phase by the same dose, and at pre-plant treatment of seeds the harvest increases of 3.8-5.2 qu/ha depending on the type of wheat. It was found that the plant origin preparation Uchkun improves the adaptation of plants to unfavorable conditions, such as drought, high temperatures, and soil salinity.
Bioremediation Through The Use of Indigenous Natural Resources vis-a-vis Its ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge and water spillage of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Oryza sativa was selected as a test species. The recommended doses of chemical fertilizers (70:35:35) and different concentration of sodium fluoride (25 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F) were used for first set of experiment and the second set were treated with vermicompost, compost, bacterial consortia and different concentration of sodium fluoride(25 ; 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F). Among all of the species Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were resistant and survived under fluoride polluted condition. One unique thing was observed from these experiment that paddy which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) which was above the control set. Moreover, stress enduring metabolites viz. proline content of flag leaves were lowest recorded under indigenous organic inputs treated plots as compared to chemical fertilizer treated plots. Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. From the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) value of paddy clearly depicted that the crop of those plots were treated with indigenous organic inputs were more resistant for enduring stress condition. In these experiment combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride within plant parts especially in grains (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO), where fluoride was within permissible range as well as they reduced the fluoride content within the soil (2.57-16.44 mg Kg-1. as recommended by FAO, EPA, and WHO) as was noted by measuring the fluoride in the plant parts and soil after the experiment. Therefore, bacterial consortia could be an alternative for bioremediation of fluoride.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The present study investigates the growth and developmental changes of Pearlmillet [(Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.)] and Ragi [Eleusine coracana (Gaertn )] under pot culture experiments with different concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts (5, 10, 20, 30 and 50g/l) of Teak. Teak leaf extracts showed an inhibitory and stimulatory effects on germination, seedling length, biomass, pigments and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi. The 5g/l concentration of extract stimulated the seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi.. The higher concentrations (10, 20, 30and 50g/l) showed an inhibitory effects in all the parameters studied in the two economically important cereals. The degree of retardation was dependent on the concentration of the Teak leaf extracts. Root length, Shoot length, Biomass and Biochemical constituents of ragi seedlings were highly reduced at 50g/l concentrations of aqueous leaf
extracts of Teak. Between pearl millet and ragi seedlings, more allelopathic influence was observed in ragi than pearl millet seedlings.
The effect of leguminous cover crops on growth and yield of tomatoAI Publications
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is one of the vegetable fruit crops commonly cultivated around the globe and used mostly as a flavour in cuisines. Cover cropping is a form of sustainable agriculture which helps to maintain soil fertility and reduces the need and the amount of inorganic fertilizer and thus helps the farmer to increase profitability. The objective of this study was to find the effect of the cover crops on growth and yield of tomato. In this experiment legume cover crops were grown in five treatment plots and these were Bare soil, inorganic fertilizer (NPK 15:15:15), Vigna unguiculata (Cowpea), Mucuna pruriens (Mucuna) and Canavalia ensiformis (Canavalia) in 3 blocks. The results showed that tomato plants grown on Canavalia ensiformis plots showed earlier flowering and fruiting than the other treatments. It also showed significantly higher yield than the other treatments (P= 0.006). The study shows that cover crops especially Canavalia ensiformis could be considered as part any farming system that wants to use sustainable farming to improve soil nutrients and reduce cost of farming.
Physiological limits in crop productionsusmitadas71
The physiological factors limiting yield are those that determine how efficiently crops convert the limited resources of carbon dioxide & light into carbohydrates & how much of these carbohydrates moves into storage organs that form useful part of the crop.
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
Micronutrients: role and management in fruit crops (2nd doctoral seminar:Panc...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
Micronutrient deficiency is a key isssue to be addressed for sustainable fruit crop production. Here individual micronutrients are discussed in details regarding their role and mangement in fruit crops.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Fruit crops like mango, citrus, avocado, litchi, temperate fruits, nuts, etc. suffer from the severe problem of irregular bearing or cropping periodicity as well as staggered or erratic flowering behaviour, leading to considerable loss of their production potential. Some of the fruit crops are worst sufferers of cropping periodicity. In fruit crops production serious problems is biennial bearing or irregular bearing leading to considerable loss of their production potentials. Alternate bearing tree (or branch) is one that does not bear a regular crop year after year; rather, heavy yields are followed by extremely light ones and vice-versa, While Flower initiation is very important because it is the first step towards attaining fruit. Biennial cycle is very usual, so that an “on-year” (large yields) is followed by an “off-year” (little or no yield). Alternate bearing means "a condition at which high or optimum fruit production in on year and certain year bear little or no fruit (off year), but growth regulators such as paclobutrazol reported to be effective on inducing flowering off year.
Influence of an Uchkun Preparation to some Agricultural Crops which are Grown...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The effect of an Uchkun preparation on growth, development and yield of cotton under water deficit and wheat in saline soil conditions were studied. The field experiments showed that the pre-sowing seed treatment by Uchkun at a dose of 1.0 liter per ton of seed contributes to the stimulation of growth and development of cotton in ontogeny and increases the yield of raw cotton to 2.5 quintal per hectare (qu/ha). The harvest increases of 4.7-6.3 qu/ha in the case of treatment of wheat seeds by spraying method in the tillering phase by the same dose, and at pre-plant treatment of seeds the harvest increases of 3.8-5.2 qu/ha depending on the type of wheat. It was found that the plant origin preparation Uchkun improves the adaptation of plants to unfavorable conditions, such as drought, high temperatures, and soil salinity.
Bioremediation Through The Use of Indigenous Natural Resources vis-a-vis Its ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge and water spillage of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Oryza sativa was selected as a test species. The recommended doses of chemical fertilizers (70:35:35) and different concentration of sodium fluoride (25 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F) were used for first set of experiment and the second set were treated with vermicompost, compost, bacterial consortia and different concentration of sodium fluoride(25 ; 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F). Among all of the species Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were resistant and survived under fluoride polluted condition. One unique thing was observed from these experiment that paddy which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) which was above the control set. Moreover, stress enduring metabolites viz. proline content of flag leaves were lowest recorded under indigenous organic inputs treated plots as compared to chemical fertilizer treated plots. Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. From the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) value of paddy clearly depicted that the crop of those plots were treated with indigenous organic inputs were more resistant for enduring stress condition. In these experiment combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride within plant parts especially in grains (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO), where fluoride was within permissible range as well as they reduced the fluoride content within the soil (2.57-16.44 mg Kg-1. as recommended by FAO, EPA, and WHO) as was noted by measuring the fluoride in the plant parts and soil after the experiment. Therefore, bacterial consortia could be an alternative for bioremediation of fluoride.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The present study investigates the growth and developmental changes of Pearlmillet [(Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.)] and Ragi [Eleusine coracana (Gaertn )] under pot culture experiments with different concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts (5, 10, 20, 30 and 50g/l) of Teak. Teak leaf extracts showed an inhibitory and stimulatory effects on germination, seedling length, biomass, pigments and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi. The 5g/l concentration of extract stimulated the seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi.. The higher concentrations (10, 20, 30and 50g/l) showed an inhibitory effects in all the parameters studied in the two economically important cereals. The degree of retardation was dependent on the concentration of the Teak leaf extracts. Root length, Shoot length, Biomass and Biochemical constituents of ragi seedlings were highly reduced at 50g/l concentrations of aqueous leaf
extracts of Teak. Between pearl millet and ragi seedlings, more allelopathic influence was observed in ragi than pearl millet seedlings.
The effect of leguminous cover crops on growth and yield of tomatoAI Publications
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is one of the vegetable fruit crops commonly cultivated around the globe and used mostly as a flavour in cuisines. Cover cropping is a form of sustainable agriculture which helps to maintain soil fertility and reduces the need and the amount of inorganic fertilizer and thus helps the farmer to increase profitability. The objective of this study was to find the effect of the cover crops on growth and yield of tomato. In this experiment legume cover crops were grown in five treatment plots and these were Bare soil, inorganic fertilizer (NPK 15:15:15), Vigna unguiculata (Cowpea), Mucuna pruriens (Mucuna) and Canavalia ensiformis (Canavalia) in 3 blocks. The results showed that tomato plants grown on Canavalia ensiformis plots showed earlier flowering and fruiting than the other treatments. It also showed significantly higher yield than the other treatments (P= 0.006). The study shows that cover crops especially Canavalia ensiformis could be considered as part any farming system that wants to use sustainable farming to improve soil nutrients and reduce cost of farming.
Physiological limits in crop productionsusmitadas71
The physiological factors limiting yield are those that determine how efficiently crops convert the limited resources of carbon dioxide & light into carbohydrates & how much of these carbohydrates moves into storage organs that form useful part of the crop.
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
Influence of water stress and rhizobial inoculation on growth and yield of se...Innspub Net
Two season’s field experiment and single season screen house experiment were conducted to assess the effect of water stress periods and rhizobial inoculation in five P. vulgaris cultivars. The experiment consisted of two levels of rhizobia (with and without inoculation), two stress levels (with and without water stress) and five cultivars of P. vulgaris (KAT B9, KAT B1, F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought line and JESCA). Results showed that rhizobial inoculation significantly increased plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) at vegetative and flowering in field experiment. Furthermore, water stress treatments significantly reduced plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) in both growth stages at field experiment. For screen house experiment rhizobial inoculation significantly increased leaf area (cm2), number of leaves, stem girth (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) at both growth stages. Additionally, water stress treatments significantly reduced number of leaves, stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) in both growth stages. Varieties F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought Line and JESCA had significantly superior measurements reflected in increased plant height (cm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) as compared with KAT B9 and KAT B1. Furthermore, significant interactive effects were also seen between rhizobial inoculation x stress level and tested bean cultivars on plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, shoot dry weight and seed yields.
The journal is an open access, international, double-blind peer-reviewed journal publishing research articles, Invited reviews, short communications, and letters to the Editor in the field of agriculture, fisheries, veterinary, biology, and closely related disciplines. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences is being published online biannually as of 2007. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences aims to create an environment for researchers to introduce, share, read, and discuss recent scientific progress. We adopt the policy of providing open access to readers who may be interested in recent developments.
Biofumigation: A Potential Aspect for Suppression of Plant-Parasitic NematodesIJEABJ
Plant-parasitic nematode cause economic loss to crops throughout the world. Biofumigation is the environmental friendly control option for the suppression of plant-parasitic as well as other pathogenic soil microbes. Glucosinolates are the main active compound present in some plants which are responsible for biofumigation process. To increase the efficiency of biofumigation selection of varieties containing more glucosinolates is highly desirable. Plant growth stage, soil temperature, soil texture, moisture, soil depth and soil microbes play important role in efficient biofumigation.
Criteria for the Selection of Vegetable Growth-Promoting Bacteria to be appli...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
In order to define which are the most important criteria for the selection of plant Growth-Promoting bacterial strains of the Hibiscus sabdariffa L. crop (Roselle), bacterial strains isolated from the roots of Roselle plants of two varieties (Creole and Spider) were used, collected in the community of Río de los Peces, municipality of Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca and seeds of the same varieties. To characterize the varieties, the following were determined: total germination percentage (TGP), germination speed (GS), the root length(RL), the stem length (SL), the dry root biomass (DRB), the dry stem biomass (DSB) and the chlorophyll content (CC). Three types of LED lamps were used to illuminate the seedlings. The seeds inoculated with cells of six selected bacterial strains were grown in a greenhouse to determine: the stem length (SL) at 3, 45 and 65 days after sowing (das). The treatments were distributed under a completely random design and comparison of means (Tukey, p = 0.05). The TGP, DSB and DRB parameters were not useful in the selection process of the strains that promoted plant growth to a greater degree. The GS and SL to be considered safe criteria or not, what is important is the relationship of what happens at the time of germination and development of the seedlings in the laboratory and greenhouse. The SL of the plants in the greenhouse showed differences between strains, but not regarding the control and also only observed in the first days of development (3 das). The CC did not prove to be a good selection criterion either. The lamp composed of 15% white light, 27% blue light and 58% red light was the one that most promoted root growth.
For years chemical fertilizers are used to fulfill the soil requirement of nutrients and yield, but large amount of these chemical fertilizers are dangerous for environment, beneficial microbes, animals, and humans as well. Therefore, environmental friendly and cost effective biofertilizers are used. Biofertilizer are the substances which contain microorganisms those microorganisms may be fungi, bacteria, and protozoa which have ability to increase fertility of soil by Nitrogen fixation, Phosphorous solubilization, and Iron sequestration. These processes convert insoluble form of nutrients into soluble form and make it available to the roots of plant which easily take them up and utilize them. There are variety of the crops whose productivity can be increased by applying biofertilizer such as rice, oat, and other grain crops. In this review we go through the way of application of biofertilizers, and how the help the plants and in which they help.
There is a great contamination of water, soil, air, soil erosion, pest resistance
and extensive use of chemical fertilizers cause a turn to induce agriculture for
producing safe and clean products. For this purpose, by using natural materials like
algae on the beach, organic and environmentally friendly fertilizer was prepared. In
this investigation effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF) of Ulva fasciata at
concentrations of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% on some parameters of wheat
(Triticum aestivum var. chamran) has been investigated. Based on the results, above
algae can be used as a food supplement solution in the form of foliar spray at 2.5%
concentration with a significant increase in morphological and biochemical indices.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
Effect of planting pattern, plant density and integration of zeoponix and che...Innspub Net
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of planting pattern, plant density and integration of zeoponix and chemical N fertilizer (urea) on sunflower yield and yield components. The experimental design was analyzed as factorial based on randomized complete block with three replications. Treatments consisted of 3 factors which are different crop densities, including 2 levels. The population of plants was including 5 plants m–2 (d1) and 8 plants m–2 (d2). The second factor was planting patterns which were included twin rectangular rows (A1) and twin zigzag rows (A2). Different fertilizing treatments were selected as third factor consisted of the sole application of zeoponix (f1) and chemical fertilizer urea (f3), and integration of 50%zeoponix +50% chemical fertilizer urea (f2), that were at 3 levels. Results showed that there were significant differences in interaction of planting pattern, plant density and fertilizing system on plant height, stalk diameter, biologic yield, seed yield, number of seeds per head, 1000 seed weight, seed oil content and oil yield, protein content and protein yield and harvest index. LSD test for means of these traits showed that zigzag arrangement × plant population of 8 plants m–2 × 100% zeoponix (a2d2f1) treatment had the best performance and could be recommended to farmers for sunflower cultivation. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal status on some medicinal plants of Go...inventionjournals
Medicinal plants are important for our existence that supplies us many components for drug formulation. In nature the plant of particular kind invades with so many microorganisms. Among them one beneficial one is Va-mycorrhizal fungi. It helps in various ways to promote growth and yield of biomass better in natural habitats. So, to promote growth in garden or manmade environment application of VA-fungi as biofertilizer is beneficial. In this study 41 medicinal plants have been studied and application of VAM fungi inocula on Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. have been done. Monsoon showed highest colonization percentage followed by winter and summer where as spore density showed highest during winter followed by summer and monsoon.
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal status on some medicinal plants of Go...inventionjournals
Medicinal plants are important for our existence that supplies us many components for drug formulation. In nature the plant of particular kind invades with so many microorganisms. Among them one beneficial one is Va-mycorrhizal fungi. It helps in various ways to promote growth and yield of biomass better in natural habitats. So, to promote growth in garden or manmade environment application of VA-fungi as biofertilizer is beneficial. In this study 41 medicinal plants have been studied and application of VAM fungi inocula on Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. have been done. Monsoon showed highest colonization percentage followed by winter and summer where as spore density showed highest during winter followed by summer and monsoon.
Germination Capacity in Culture Medium of Prosopis Laevigata Seeds in the Pre...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Copper is a heavy metal that has been used as an anti-fungal agent in various crops, this is why it accumulates in certain agricultural lands at levels that become toxic to plants, as well as to microflora. Cooper, although essential to plants, is toxic when found in high concentrations. The objective of this study was to determine if this element is capable of stimulating and at the same time inhibiting germination of seeds of Prosopislaevigata (mesquite) depending on concentration of CuS0 4 .5H 2 0 solutions. A completely randomized experimental design with seven treatments and three repetitions was used to determine tolerance of mesquite seeds to copper. The variables evaluated were percentage of daily germination (PDG-A, PDG-B, and PDG-C), accumulative germination (AG-A, AG-B, and AG-C), average germination time (AGT), germination rate (GR) and anhydrous weight (AW) of mesquite seeds. The culture media supplied with concentration of 10-4 M of copper sulfate (CuS0 4 .5H 2 0), corresponding to treatment four (T 4) showed significant differences (p≤0.05) in variable percentage of daily germination at 48 hours (PDG-B), which presented a germination of 66.7% in relation to treatment two (T 2) with a concentration of 10-2 M of CuS0 4 .5H 2 0 and germination of 22.2%. Results obtained after 72 hours for percentage daily germination variable (PDG-C) with > p <0.1 showed that mesquite is a species that can tolerate and adapt in germination stage for culture medium with concentrations from 10-2 to 10-7 M of CuS0 4 .5H 2 0, and consequently use of seedlings for phytoremediation of sites contaminated with copper.
Effect of Biofertilizers and their Consortium on Horticultural CropsSourabhMohite
The presentation includes detailed information about the mode of action of different biofertilizers including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. By the use of different biofertilizers, we can minimize the quantity of chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals. use of biofertilizers enhances plant growth with increased yield and quality sustainably. it also includes some case studies which confirm the beneficial use of biofertilizers and PGPR.
Similar to EFFECTS_OF_WOKOZIM_ORGANIC_FERTILIZERS_O (20)
2. Int. J. Biol. Res., 3(1): 31-34, 2015.
EFFECTS OF WOKOZIM ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON
GERMINATION OF GUAR SEEDS
Ishrat Jahan*
, Abdul Rauf and Muhammad Anis
Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
*
Corresponding author e-mail: ishratansari_786@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. is a leguminous plant of wide economic applications. Seeds of guar are the
main source of guar gum. The present studies were conducted to investigate the seed germination of this species under
various concentrations (0, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6, 0.8 and 1%) of three Wokozim fertilizers [F1 (Wokozim power plus, Batch #
B140306), F2 (Wokozim power plus, Batch # B130325) and F3 (Wokozim Cotton, Batch # S121783, liquid). Distilled
water was used as control. Cent per cent germination was observed at 0.6 to 1% concentration of (Wokozim granules, F2)
treatments. Wokozim cotton liquid was found to be toxic and it caused significant decrease in germination percentage,
germination rate, germination velocity and germination index at 0.8% and 1.0% concentrations. The mean germination time
increased due to delayed seed germination in Wokozim liquid fertilizer.
KEYWORDS: Guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.], Wokozim fertilizers, Seed germination.
NTRODUCTION
In the recent days, a surge has been observed in the demand of fresh vegetables as a staple food item. The landmark
achievement of plant physiology and agriculture, during the nineteenth century, was the finding that soil fertility and
crop yields could be enhanced by application of different nutrients to the soil. Nevertheless, micronutrients are required
in very small quantities for crop plants, their deficiencies are known to hinder the elementary biochemical and
physiological processes, resulting in significant reduction in productivity (Salisbury and Ross, 1992). Chemical
fertilizers are quite often used to enhance production of vegetables which are accompanied with hazardous effects on
human and soil health. Biological fertilizers, in recent years, have been demonstrated to enhance yield in different
vegetables through mobilization of important nutritional elements from non-usable to usable forms by various biological
processes (Kumar et al., 2001). Bio-fertilizers are known to maintain long term soil fertility and sustainability while
enhancing the yield of crops by 10-30% (Khandelwal et al., 2012). Organic fertilizers are also reported to have a
widespread role in soil fertility and crop production. During recent years, a continuous decrease in soil organic materials
and micronutrients is observed due to factors like intensive cultivation and continuous use of chemical fertilizers.
Prakash and co-workers reported that these conditions, if not reversed, could result in loss of biological diversity, agro-
ecosystem disorders and destruction of soil structure (Prakash et al, 2003). It is established that humic substances (HS)
enhances growth of root, leaf and shoot and stimulate the germination of various crop species (Piccolo et al., 1993).
According to Kloepper and Schroth (1978), bio-fertilizers and manures enhance the activity of micro organisms in the
soil and their by-products promote plant health and nutrition. Hormones, growth substances, solubility of potassium and
phosphorus; along with other benefits of bio-fertilizers are the factors contributing to enhanced plant growth,
development, and seed production (Sturz and Christie, 2003). Bio-fertilizers improve the rate of nutrient release from the
soil. During mineralization process, some chelating agents are produced which facilitate the uptake of iron and other
micro-nutrients (Schlecht et al., 2006). It is a well-known fact that the rational use of fertilizer can enhance yield of crops
(Sharma et al., 1996). Necessary factors like enzymes, cytokinins, auxins, betaines, hydrolysed proteins, and primary and
secondary nutrients; are provided by organic fertilizers at all crucial stages, specially play a vital role in seed
germination. Application of synthetic growth regulators could prolong flower and plant life, increase or retard plant
height, abort flowers, prolong or break dormancy, promote rooting, branching and/or flowering (Malladi and Burns,
2007).
Wokozim fertilizers are type of organic fertilizers derived from Seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum). Wokozim consist of
Seaweed powder as a mixture of animal and plant origin; products go through fermentation process with the help of
lactobacilli to produce free natural nutrients, the seaweed after fermentation releases enormous energy in the form of soluble
nutrients which are readily available to the plant. Wokozim is eco-friendly, non-toxic, and has non-chemical origin. It
contains elements which help in cell growth and breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones which can be easily
utilized by the plant. It also helps in improving plants natural self-defence system, which results in healthier crop with low
pest pressure. It is organic source of natural substances that enhance plant’s physiology at very low concentrations. Plants
may thus be benefited from naturally occurring nutrients and growth stimulators in balanced proportion during the various
critical phases i.e., Germination, vegetative growth, frame and biomass development, reproductive growth and maturity,
differentiation and development to promote seed germination, carbon: nitrogen ratio differentiation. Reportedly, Wokozim
helps in up taking of complex molecule from soil, increase early germination and enhance the photosynthetic activity. It
stimulates the natural physiological system of the plant by providing essential nutritional elements in all stages of plant
growth specially in seed germination (www.jaffer.BusinessUnit/JAS_Agro_Wokozim.aspx).
3. Ishrat Jehan et al.,32
Guar, used as a vegetable and fodder, is a drought tolerant bushy leguminous crop which is well adapted to arid and
semi-arid regions particularly on sandy soils (Undersander et al., 2006). The presence of Galactomannan (guar gum) in
guar seeds makes it a valuable crop for several industries. e.g. textile, hydraulic fracking, oil and gas well drilling, paint,
mining and construction, fire fighting, leather, explosive, pharmaceutical, paper, cosmetic, confectionary, beverages,
dairy products, photography etc. The present investigation was aimed to investigate germination of guar under the
influence of three Wokozim fertilizers as the good germination behaviour should play its role for better yield of a crop.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Wokozim fertilizers - F1 (Wokozim power plus, Batch # B140306), F2 (Wokozim power plus, B # B130325) & F3
(Wokozim Cotton, B # S121783, liquid) were used to test germination of guar. Each fertilizer had five treatments @
0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% & 1.0%, while treatment with distilled water was considered as control. The seeds of guar
(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub), were surface sterilized by using 1% bleach (NaOCl) for one minute, and rinse
with sterilized distilled water. Ten seeds were placed in each 9cm diameter autoclaved glass Petri plate containing a
blotter paper. Different concentrations of treatments of fertilizers (5mL) were poured in each plate after seed placement
while distilled water was poured in control plates. There were three replicate to each treatment. Seed germination was
recorded every 24 hours (AOSA. 1990) till seeds were fully germinated. Different parameters of germination were
calculated according to following formulae:
1. Germination percentage (GP %) = (number of germinated seeds/total number of seeds) x 100 (till 3 days).
2. Germination Rate (GR) = Number of germinated seeds/ day (till last day of experiment (3 days).
3. Coefficient of velocity (CVG) was Calculated according to Maguire (1962) formula:
CVG =
(G1 +G2 + G3… + Gn)
(1 x G1 + 2 x G2 + … nx Gn)
where, G is the number of germinated seeds per day and n is the last day of germination (3rd
day).
4. Means germination time (MGT) is calculated according to Ellis and Roberts (1981) as MGT = Σ (nd) / Σn.
where ‘n’ is the number of germinated seeds on day d, and Σn is the total germinated seeds during experimental period.
5. Germination index (GI) = Σ (Gt / Dt), summation of mean number of germinated seeds per day for t days (AOSA,
1983). Where Gt is the number of germinated seed on day t, and Dt is the total number of days (3days in this
experiment).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Germination percentage: In Fig. 1 two fertilizers F1 and F2 showed increased in germination percentage with
increasing the concentration. In accordance with Nezarat and Gholami (2009) and Gholami et al. (2009), Bio fertilizer
enhanced the germination in comparison to the control on all measuring days, but significant differences were observed
among the treatments only on the 2nd
and 3rd
days.
Nelson and Van Staden (1984) reported the beneficial effect of sea weed liquid fertilizer on terrestrial plants include
improving the overall growth, yield and the ability to with stand adverse conditions. While in F3 germination percentage
decreased gradually with respect to increasing the concentration. Cent per cent (100%) germination was observed only in
F2 (0.2, 0.6 to 1%) while in F3 minimum germination percentage (10%) were recorded at 0.8 %. The most noticeable
effect of Wokozim liquid fertilizer of given concentration was the inhibition the seed germination.
Germination rate: Seaweed extract has been also tested on seeds of beet (Beta vulgaris) (Wilcze and Ng, 1982). They
observed that treated seed had better germination rates than the control. In the present experiment germination rate
decreased with respect to time in F2 and F1 fertilizer while increasing the concentration. Maximum germination rate
observed on day 1st
at 0.2% i.e. (7.33) in F1 and 1% (7.33) in F2. Beside this in F3 maximum germination rate calculated
in day 2nd
at 0.4% but at day 3rd
at this concentration germination rate unchanged, and at 0.6% on day 3rd
maximum
germination rate recorded i.e. (2.88) while at 0.8 and 1 % delaying and decreasing germination rate at day 2nd
followed
by day 3rd
in F3 fertilizer (Fig. 1).
Coefficient of germination velocity: Maximum germination velocity (GV) was observed at 0.4% to 1% (0.82) in F1,
whereas in F2 GV showed stability with respect to concentration. In F3 treatment germination velocity decreased
gradually with increasing the concentration and minimum germination velocity was observed at 1% (Fig. 1).
4. Effects of Wokozim organic fertilizers on germination of guar seeds 33
Fig. 1. Effect of fertilizers on germination of guar.
Fertilizers: F1 = Wokozim power plus (small granules) Batch: #
B 140306
F2 = Wokozim power plus (large granules) Batch # B 130325
F3 = Wokozim Cotton (Liquid) Batch # S 121783
Mean germination time: The co-efficient of variation of germination time (CV) reported by Ranal and Santana, (2006),
who measured the germination uniformity or in relation to the mean germination time, showed highest value under
vermicompost application which may be because of its capacity to hold water and presence of growth-Activator
substances (Arancon et al., 2004).
Delaying in seed germination in F3 treatment increased the mean germination time, i.e., the highest mean
germination time at 0.4 and 0.6% was 2.33 and 2.40 days. In F1 and F2 the increase in fertilizer concentration caused the
mean germination time to decrease as compared to control. The mean germination time decreased in F1 at higher
concentration of the fertilizer. Fertilizer F2 behaved similar to F1 (Fig. 1).
Germination index: The present study showed significant increase in germination index of Guar plant in F1 and F2
treatment, while in F3 treatment showed significantly decrease in germination index due to delaying the seed
germination with increasing the concentration, except at 0.6% (4.11) index (Fig. 1).
LSD0.05: 7.342 LSD 0.05: 0.3845
LSD 0.05: 0.0410
LSD 0.05: 0.758
LSD 0.05: 0.0929
5. Ishrat Jehan et al.,34
Organic fertilizers were reported to enhance the productivity of canola seeds by 21.7% (Yasari and Patwardhaml,
2007). Early emergence of seedlings and establishment was observed in peanut, with application of bio-fertilizers
(Turner and Backman, 1989). The use of organic manures and bio-fertilizers enhanced the yield of sesame seed (Weiss,
2000) and yield of maize (Gholami et al., 2009). In the present study Wokozim fertilizers showed variable effects on
guar seed. Cent per cent germination was observed at 0.6 to 1% concentration of (Wokozim granules, F2) treatments.
Wokozim liquid was found to be toxic and it caused significant decrease in germination percentage, germination rate,
germination velocity and germination index at 0.8% and 1.0% concentrations. There is need to test Wokozim fertilizers
for growth and yield response of other crops.
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to M/S Jaffer Agro Services, Karachi to provide Wokozim fertilizer samples. We gratefully
acknowledged to Prof. Dr. M. Javed Zaki for providing laboratory facilities and to Prof. Dr. D. Khan for his help in
preparation of this manuscript.
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(Received May 2015; Accepted June 2015)