Water manjdjagement in problem soil.pptx
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Basic concepts of drainage and leaching
Waterlogging occurs when excess water fills the pore spaces in soil, limiting oxygen availability for plant roots and microbes. It is caused by over-irrigation, poor drainage, impermeable soil layers, and high water tables. Effects include soil salinization when salts concentrate at the surface after water evaporates, reduced aeration harming root and microbial activity, decreased soil temperature, and restrictions on crop growth and cultivation methods. Proper drainage systems are needed to lower water tables and prevent waterlogging.
Waterlogging Types & Causes of Waterlogging Effects & its control Salinity Ef...
Waterlogging refers to saturation of soil with water which can occur when the water table rises too high. Approximately 4% of irrigated land in India is affected by waterlogging, causing issues for crop growth. Key causes of waterlogging include seepage from canals, poor drainage, interruptions to natural water flows, and excessive or poorly managed irrigation. Prevention strategies center around reducing water infiltration and increasing outflow, through actions like canal lining, interceptor drains, and improved drainage systems.
PROBLEM SOILS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
agronomyppt
This document provides information on problem soils and their management. It discusses various types of problematic soils like saline, sodic, saline-sodic, acidic soils and their characteristics. The key reclamation methods for these soils including cultural practices, use of tolerant crops, organic and chemical amendments, and improved irrigation management are explained. The document also covers distribution and management of specific problem soils like acid sulphate and calcareous soils.
What is soil salinity.pptx
This document discusses soil salinity, its effects on plant growth, and recommendations for managing saline soils. It defines soil salinity as the salt content in soil and explains how soils become saline through natural and human-caused processes like irrigation. It then describes how salinity reduces water uptake in plants and inhibits their growth. The document also provides a scale of crop salt tolerance and notes Pakistan has over 6 million hectares of salt-affected land. Finally, it recommends drainage, use of salt-tolerant crops, and adding organic matter to help reclaim saline soils.
15. Water Logging and Salinity Part-1.pdf
This document discusses water logging and its causes and effects. It defines water logging as when the productivity of agricultural land is affected by a high water table. Key points include:
- Water logging occurs when there is too much water in the root zone of plants, killing bacteria that produce nutrients and reducing crop yields.
- The depth of the water table affects different crops, such as wheat being affected at 0.9-1.2m and sugarcane at 0.3m.
- Causes of water logging include over irrigation, seepage from canals and reservoirs, inadequate drainage, obstruction of water flows, soil type, and excessive rainfall.
- Effects are difficult cultivation, growth of
Land degradation
The document discusses several key issues related to land degradation and environmental problems in Australia, including:
1) Land degradation is caused by land clearing and poor land management practices like overgrazing and excessive fertilizer and pesticide use.
2) Water erosion occurs when heavy rainfall or running water removes soil particles, washing them downhill and depositing them in waterways. The loss of vegetation cover increases water runoff and erosion.
3) Salinity is caused by high salt levels in soils and groundwater brought near the surface due to changes in vegetation cover and water flows. This damages agricultural lands and pollutes waterways.
Total catchment management, which considers all resource uses and stakeholders, is needed to
Recommended
Basic concepts of drainage and leaching
Waterlogging occurs when excess water fills the pore spaces in soil, limiting oxygen availability for plant roots and microbes. It is caused by over-irrigation, poor drainage, impermeable soil layers, and high water tables. Effects include soil salinization when salts concentrate at the surface after water evaporates, reduced aeration harming root and microbial activity, decreased soil temperature, and restrictions on crop growth and cultivation methods. Proper drainage systems are needed to lower water tables and prevent waterlogging.
Waterlogging Types & Causes of Waterlogging Effects & its control Salinity Ef...
Waterlogging refers to saturation of soil with water which can occur when the water table rises too high. Approximately 4% of irrigated land in India is affected by waterlogging, causing issues for crop growth. Key causes of waterlogging include seepage from canals, poor drainage, interruptions to natural water flows, and excessive or poorly managed irrigation. Prevention strategies center around reducing water infiltration and increasing outflow, through actions like canal lining, interceptor drains, and improved drainage systems.
PROBLEM SOILS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
agronomyppt
This document provides information on problem soils and their management. It discusses various types of problematic soils like saline, sodic, saline-sodic, acidic soils and their characteristics. The key reclamation methods for these soils including cultural practices, use of tolerant crops, organic and chemical amendments, and improved irrigation management are explained. The document also covers distribution and management of specific problem soils like acid sulphate and calcareous soils.
What is soil salinity.pptx
This document discusses soil salinity, its effects on plant growth, and recommendations for managing saline soils. It defines soil salinity as the salt content in soil and explains how soils become saline through natural and human-caused processes like irrigation. It then describes how salinity reduces water uptake in plants and inhibits their growth. The document also provides a scale of crop salt tolerance and notes Pakistan has over 6 million hectares of salt-affected land. Finally, it recommends drainage, use of salt-tolerant crops, and adding organic matter to help reclaim saline soils.
15. Water Logging and Salinity Part-1.pdf
This document discusses water logging and its causes and effects. It defines water logging as when the productivity of agricultural land is affected by a high water table. Key points include:
- Water logging occurs when there is too much water in the root zone of plants, killing bacteria that produce nutrients and reducing crop yields.
- The depth of the water table affects different crops, such as wheat being affected at 0.9-1.2m and sugarcane at 0.3m.
- Causes of water logging include over irrigation, seepage from canals and reservoirs, inadequate drainage, obstruction of water flows, soil type, and excessive rainfall.
- Effects are difficult cultivation, growth of
Land degradation
The document discusses several key issues related to land degradation and environmental problems in Australia, including:
1) Land degradation is caused by land clearing and poor land management practices like overgrazing and excessive fertilizer and pesticide use.
2) Water erosion occurs when heavy rainfall or running water removes soil particles, washing them downhill and depositing them in waterways. The loss of vegetation cover increases water runoff and erosion.
3) Salinity is caused by high salt levels in soils and groundwater brought near the surface due to changes in vegetation cover and water flows. This damages agricultural lands and pollutes waterways.
Total catchment management, which considers all resource uses and stakeholders, is needed to
Water logging soils
This document discusses water logging in soils in Pakistan. It notes that 38% of Pakistan's irrigated land is damaged by water logging, with 14% becoming saline. Water logging is caused by seepage from canals, over irrigation, inadequate drainage, improper irrigation methods, and obstruction of natural drainage. Preventive measures include providing efficient surface drainage, reducing canal seepage, restricting unwanted irrigation, adopting sprinkler irrigation, removing obstructions to natural drainage, and planting trees along canals.
problematic soils.pptx
This document discusses different types of problematic soils and their management. It introduces salt-affected soils, including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. It describes their characteristics and compares them. Reclamation methods for these soils include cultural practices, use of tolerant crops, biological and chemical amendments like gypsum, and irrigation management. Acidic soils and their reclamation using liming are also covered. The document provides an overview of various challenging soil conditions and approaches to improve soil productivity.
Soil salinity problem in irrigated lands
This presentation discusses the salinity problem in irrigated land. Salt accumulates in soil when water evaporates, leaving the salt behind. Irrigation water and rainfall contain salts that accumulate over time if not properly drained. Factors like irrigation method, drainage, soil type, and climate affect salinity levels. High salinity stunts plant growth and reduces yields. Management strategies include drainage, leaching salts from the soil, adjusting irrigation practices, using fertilizers and bioremediation techniques. The literature review discusses studies on the impacts of soil salinity in India and methods to monitor and predict salinity levels. Proper drainage and adding organic matter can help reclaim saline soils.
Hydrology Distribution of Water Cycle
Hydrosphere: All the water at or near the surface of the earth
Amount of water essentially constant and moves between different reservoirs
100 million billion gallons move through Hydrologic Cycle
Oceans account for ~96%, Fresh water lakes and streams for only 0.016% of all water
Drainage Engineering (water logging and Salinity)
Two major impacts of irrigation are water logging and salinity. Water logging occurs when excessive irrigation causes the water table to rise, saturating the soil and displacing oxygen around plant roots. This can lower crop yields. Salinity develops when high water tables and capillary action cause dissolved salts in irrigation water to be deposited in upper soil layers, making the soil unsuitable for most crops. Proposed solutions include reducing irrigation, growing salt-tolerant crops, flushing soils, leaving fields fallow, and installing underground drainage systems.
6-waterlogging-170724070447.pdf
Two major impacts of irrigation are water logging and salinity. Water logging occurs when excessive irrigation causes the water table to rise, saturating the soil and displacing oxygen that plant roots need. This can damage crops and infrastructure by reducing soil strength. Salinity develops when high water tables and capillary action cause dissolved salts in irrigation water to be deposited in upper soil layers, harming plants and potentially ruining soil fertility if not addressed. Remedies include surface and subsurface drainage systems to lower water tables, as well as switching to salt-tolerant crops or letting fields lie fallow periodically to leach out salts.
Salt affected soils for improvement of crops
This document summarizes different types of salt-affected soils including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. Saline soils have a conductivity over 4 dS/m and sodium percentage below 15, forming from salinization processes in arid regions. Sodic soils have conductivity below 4 dS/m and sodium percentage over 15, forming from alkalization processes. Saline-sodic soils have both high conductivity and sodium percentage, forming from combined salinization and alkalization. Management includes leaching salts, drainage, appropriate irrigation, amendments, and crops tolerant of sodicity and salinity.
Week-2: Basics of Groundwater,
The document provides information on groundwater including:
1. Groundwater is water found underground in soil and rock cracks and spaces called aquifers. It is stored and moves slowly through these geologic formations.
2. Groundwater exists below the land surface in saturated zones called aquifers. The upper boundary is the water table. Wells tap into groundwater by drawing water up from aquifers.
3. Groundwater is an important natural resource and water source where surface water is scarce. Proper treatment is needed for both groundwater and surface water to provide safe drinking water.
Alkaline soil , Origin, Properties and Distribution in India
This document discusses alkaline soils, including their origin, properties, and distribution. Alkaline soils have a high pH (>9) and develop naturally from weathering minerals or through irrigation with sodium-rich water. They are characterized by having an exchange complex containing appreciable quantities of exchangeable sodium. Alkaline soils form in arid regions with low rainfall and salty groundwater or due to the overflow of sea water, and cause nutrients like phosphorus to have low availability for plants. They are widespread in parts of India, Australia, and Canada.
Water..
Groundwater is an important source of fresh water, providing nearly 60% of the world's fresh water. It occurs below the earth's surface in porous rock formations called aquifers. There are two main types of aquifers - confined and unconfined. Water scarcity is increasing and is caused by factors like population growth, water pollution, misuse of water, low rainfall, and decreases in groundwater recharge areas. Steps must be taken to control these factors, including rainwater harvesting, reducing impervious surfaces, and public awareness campaigns about water conservation and pollution prevention.
Groundwater 1
Groundwater is found underground in soil and rock pores and fractures. It is an important source of freshwater. Groundwater exists in three zones: the saturated zone where all pores are full of water, the capillary fringe just above it, and the aeration zone above that. The water table marks the top of the saturated zone. Groundwater interacts with streams, which can gain or lose water from interactions with the water table. Factors like porosity, permeability, and the slope of the water table influence groundwater storage and movement. Groundwater can emerge as springs, hot springs, or geysers, and be accessed via wells. Excessive pumping can cause problems like subsidence and saltwater contamination.
Problamatic soil-.pptx
This document discusses different types of problem soils and their management. There are 4 main categories of problem soils - physical, chemical, biological, and nutritional. Some specific problem soil types discussed include slow permeable soils, soil surface crusting, subsoil hard pans, shallow soils, highly permeable soils, heavy clay soils, and fluffy paddy soils. Management strategies aim to improve soil structure and properties through measures like organic matter addition, drainage, tillage practices, and amendments.
Environmental problems in pakistan
Environmental problems in Pakistan include soil degradation through declining fertility, salinity, erosion, and contamination. Specific issues include loss of organic matter; depletion of nutrients; acidification; and the transformation of fertile land into desert through overgrazing, drought, deforestation, and climate change. Remediation requires practices like crop rotation, controlled grazing, planting indigenous trees, and sustainable agricultural techniques to restore soil health and combat desertification.
Characterisation and management of salt affected soils (1)
Salt affected soils are soils containing soluble salts that negatively impact plant growth. They are classified as saline soils containing neutral salts or alkali soils containing soluble sodium salts. Saline soils occur in arid regions due to insufficient rainfall for leaching salts out of the soil. Alkali soils form due to accumulation of soluble sodium salts that disperse soil particles. Management of salt affected soils involves physical measures like leaching and drainage, chemical amendments like gypsum, and soil management practices like basin irrigation and growing salt tolerant crops.
7 waterlogging and salinity
This document discusses waterlogging and salinity issues in soils. It defines waterlogging as soils saturated with water and describes various causes like seepage from canals, poor drainage, and interrupted surface runoff. Waterlogging reduces oxygen in soils and affects plant growth. Reclamation methods include interceptor drains and pumping groundwater. Salinity refers to salt presence in soils. Causes in Pakistan include poor leaching, irrigation water, and groundwater. Saline soils are classified and effects on plants described. Reclamation involves leaching salts and adding organic matter or chemicals.
7-Waterlogging and salinity
This document discusses waterlogging and salinity issues in soils. It defines waterlogging as soils saturated with water and describes various causes of waterlogging including seepage from canals, poor drainage, and flooding. It outlines effects on plant growth like reduced oxygen and gas exchange. Reclamation methods include interceptor drains and pumping groundwater. The document also defines soil salinity and describes processes of formation. Causes in Pakistan include poor leaching and irrigation water. Management includes leaching, crop selection, and adding organic matter or chemicals.
7-Waterlogging and salinity
This document discusses waterlogging and salinity issues in soils. It defines waterlogging as soils saturated with water and describes various causes of waterlogging including seepage from canals, poor drainage, and excessive irrigation. It outlines effects on plant growth like reduced oxygen and gas exchange. Reclamation methods include interceptor drains and pumping groundwater. Salinity is defined as salt presence in soils. Causes in Pakistan include poor leaching and irrigation/groundwater. Classification depends on salt levels and composition. Effects on plants include reduced water availability and specific ion toxicity. Reclamation involves leaching, crop selection, and adding organic matter or chemicals.
IMPORTANCE OF DRAINAGE IN IRRIGATED AREAS
This document discusses the importance of drainage in irrigated agricultural areas. It defines drainage as the removal of excess water from soil. Excess water can come from heavy rainfall or over-irrigation and can cause waterlogging of soils. Waterlogging deprives plant roots of oxygen and can lead to increased soil salinity. The document outlines various causes and effects of waterlogging and describes different types of drainage systems including surface drainage, subsurface drainage, vertical drainage, well drainage, controlled drainage, bio-drainage and their characteristics and advantages. Research on the impact of subsurface drainage in reclaiming waterlogged salt-affected soils in Andhra Pradesh, India is summarized which shows that drainage reduces soil salinity and increases crop yields.
Ground Water (Unit-V)
The document discusses groundwater sources, zones, and types of aquifers. It describes the saturated and unsaturated zones, including the soil water, intermediate vadose, and capillary fringe zones. The main types of aquifers are defined as aquifer, aquitard, aquiclude, and aquifuge based on their water transmission properties. Methods of artificial groundwater recharge include direct surface techniques like flooding basins and percolation tanks, and direct subsurface techniques like injection wells.
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Water logging soils
This document discusses water logging in soils in Pakistan. It notes that 38% of Pakistan's irrigated land is damaged by water logging, with 14% becoming saline. Water logging is caused by seepage from canals, over irrigation, inadequate drainage, improper irrigation methods, and obstruction of natural drainage. Preventive measures include providing efficient surface drainage, reducing canal seepage, restricting unwanted irrigation, adopting sprinkler irrigation, removing obstructions to natural drainage, and planting trees along canals.
problematic soils.pptx
This document discusses different types of problematic soils and their management. It introduces salt-affected soils, including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. It describes their characteristics and compares them. Reclamation methods for these soils include cultural practices, use of tolerant crops, biological and chemical amendments like gypsum, and irrigation management. Acidic soils and their reclamation using liming are also covered. The document provides an overview of various challenging soil conditions and approaches to improve soil productivity.
Soil salinity problem in irrigated lands
This presentation discusses the salinity problem in irrigated land. Salt accumulates in soil when water evaporates, leaving the salt behind. Irrigation water and rainfall contain salts that accumulate over time if not properly drained. Factors like irrigation method, drainage, soil type, and climate affect salinity levels. High salinity stunts plant growth and reduces yields. Management strategies include drainage, leaching salts from the soil, adjusting irrigation practices, using fertilizers and bioremediation techniques. The literature review discusses studies on the impacts of soil salinity in India and methods to monitor and predict salinity levels. Proper drainage and adding organic matter can help reclaim saline soils.
Hydrology Distribution of Water Cycle
Hydrosphere: All the water at or near the surface of the earth
Amount of water essentially constant and moves between different reservoirs
100 million billion gallons move through Hydrologic Cycle
Oceans account for ~96%, Fresh water lakes and streams for only 0.016% of all water
Drainage Engineering (water logging and Salinity)
Two major impacts of irrigation are water logging and salinity. Water logging occurs when excessive irrigation causes the water table to rise, saturating the soil and displacing oxygen around plant roots. This can lower crop yields. Salinity develops when high water tables and capillary action cause dissolved salts in irrigation water to be deposited in upper soil layers, making the soil unsuitable for most crops. Proposed solutions include reducing irrigation, growing salt-tolerant crops, flushing soils, leaving fields fallow, and installing underground drainage systems.
6-waterlogging-170724070447.pdf
Two major impacts of irrigation are water logging and salinity. Water logging occurs when excessive irrigation causes the water table to rise, saturating the soil and displacing oxygen that plant roots need. This can damage crops and infrastructure by reducing soil strength. Salinity develops when high water tables and capillary action cause dissolved salts in irrigation water to be deposited in upper soil layers, harming plants and potentially ruining soil fertility if not addressed. Remedies include surface and subsurface drainage systems to lower water tables, as well as switching to salt-tolerant crops or letting fields lie fallow periodically to leach out salts.
Salt affected soils for improvement of crops
This document summarizes different types of salt-affected soils including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. Saline soils have a conductivity over 4 dS/m and sodium percentage below 15, forming from salinization processes in arid regions. Sodic soils have conductivity below 4 dS/m and sodium percentage over 15, forming from alkalization processes. Saline-sodic soils have both high conductivity and sodium percentage, forming from combined salinization and alkalization. Management includes leaching salts, drainage, appropriate irrigation, amendments, and crops tolerant of sodicity and salinity.
Week-2: Basics of Groundwater,
The document provides information on groundwater including:
1. Groundwater is water found underground in soil and rock cracks and spaces called aquifers. It is stored and moves slowly through these geologic formations.
2. Groundwater exists below the land surface in saturated zones called aquifers. The upper boundary is the water table. Wells tap into groundwater by drawing water up from aquifers.
3. Groundwater is an important natural resource and water source where surface water is scarce. Proper treatment is needed for both groundwater and surface water to provide safe drinking water.
Alkaline soil , Origin, Properties and Distribution in India
This document discusses alkaline soils, including their origin, properties, and distribution. Alkaline soils have a high pH (>9) and develop naturally from weathering minerals or through irrigation with sodium-rich water. They are characterized by having an exchange complex containing appreciable quantities of exchangeable sodium. Alkaline soils form in arid regions with low rainfall and salty groundwater or due to the overflow of sea water, and cause nutrients like phosphorus to have low availability for plants. They are widespread in parts of India, Australia, and Canada.
Water..
Groundwater is an important source of fresh water, providing nearly 60% of the world's fresh water. It occurs below the earth's surface in porous rock formations called aquifers. There are two main types of aquifers - confined and unconfined. Water scarcity is increasing and is caused by factors like population growth, water pollution, misuse of water, low rainfall, and decreases in groundwater recharge areas. Steps must be taken to control these factors, including rainwater harvesting, reducing impervious surfaces, and public awareness campaigns about water conservation and pollution prevention.
Groundwater 1
Groundwater is found underground in soil and rock pores and fractures. It is an important source of freshwater. Groundwater exists in three zones: the saturated zone where all pores are full of water, the capillary fringe just above it, and the aeration zone above that. The water table marks the top of the saturated zone. Groundwater interacts with streams, which can gain or lose water from interactions with the water table. Factors like porosity, permeability, and the slope of the water table influence groundwater storage and movement. Groundwater can emerge as springs, hot springs, or geysers, and be accessed via wells. Excessive pumping can cause problems like subsidence and saltwater contamination.
Problamatic soil-.pptx
This document discusses different types of problem soils and their management. There are 4 main categories of problem soils - physical, chemical, biological, and nutritional. Some specific problem soil types discussed include slow permeable soils, soil surface crusting, subsoil hard pans, shallow soils, highly permeable soils, heavy clay soils, and fluffy paddy soils. Management strategies aim to improve soil structure and properties through measures like organic matter addition, drainage, tillage practices, and amendments.
Environmental problems in pakistan
Environmental problems in Pakistan include soil degradation through declining fertility, salinity, erosion, and contamination. Specific issues include loss of organic matter; depletion of nutrients; acidification; and the transformation of fertile land into desert through overgrazing, drought, deforestation, and climate change. Remediation requires practices like crop rotation, controlled grazing, planting indigenous trees, and sustainable agricultural techniques to restore soil health and combat desertification.
Characterisation and management of salt affected soils (1)
Salt affected soils are soils containing soluble salts that negatively impact plant growth. They are classified as saline soils containing neutral salts or alkali soils containing soluble sodium salts. Saline soils occur in arid regions due to insufficient rainfall for leaching salts out of the soil. Alkali soils form due to accumulation of soluble sodium salts that disperse soil particles. Management of salt affected soils involves physical measures like leaching and drainage, chemical amendments like gypsum, and soil management practices like basin irrigation and growing salt tolerant crops.
7 waterlogging and salinity
This document discusses waterlogging and salinity issues in soils. It defines waterlogging as soils saturated with water and describes various causes like seepage from canals, poor drainage, and interrupted surface runoff. Waterlogging reduces oxygen in soils and affects plant growth. Reclamation methods include interceptor drains and pumping groundwater. Salinity refers to salt presence in soils. Causes in Pakistan include poor leaching, irrigation water, and groundwater. Saline soils are classified and effects on plants described. Reclamation involves leaching salts and adding organic matter or chemicals.
7-Waterlogging and salinity
This document discusses waterlogging and salinity issues in soils. It defines waterlogging as soils saturated with water and describes various causes of waterlogging including seepage from canals, poor drainage, and flooding. It outlines effects on plant growth like reduced oxygen and gas exchange. Reclamation methods include interceptor drains and pumping groundwater. The document also defines soil salinity and describes processes of formation. Causes in Pakistan include poor leaching and irrigation water. Management includes leaching, crop selection, and adding organic matter or chemicals.
7-Waterlogging and salinity
This document discusses waterlogging and salinity issues in soils. It defines waterlogging as soils saturated with water and describes various causes of waterlogging including seepage from canals, poor drainage, and excessive irrigation. It outlines effects on plant growth like reduced oxygen and gas exchange. Reclamation methods include interceptor drains and pumping groundwater. Salinity is defined as salt presence in soils. Causes in Pakistan include poor leaching and irrigation/groundwater. Classification depends on salt levels and composition. Effects on plants include reduced water availability and specific ion toxicity. Reclamation involves leaching, crop selection, and adding organic matter or chemicals.
IMPORTANCE OF DRAINAGE IN IRRIGATED AREAS
This document discusses the importance of drainage in irrigated agricultural areas. It defines drainage as the removal of excess water from soil. Excess water can come from heavy rainfall or over-irrigation and can cause waterlogging of soils. Waterlogging deprives plant roots of oxygen and can lead to increased soil salinity. The document outlines various causes and effects of waterlogging and describes different types of drainage systems including surface drainage, subsurface drainage, vertical drainage, well drainage, controlled drainage, bio-drainage and their characteristics and advantages. Research on the impact of subsurface drainage in reclaiming waterlogged salt-affected soils in Andhra Pradesh, India is summarized which shows that drainage reduces soil salinity and increases crop yields.
Ground Water (Unit-V)
The document discusses groundwater sources, zones, and types of aquifers. It describes the saturated and unsaturated zones, including the soil water, intermediate vadose, and capillary fringe zones. The main types of aquifers are defined as aquifer, aquitard, aquiclude, and aquifuge based on their water transmission properties. Methods of artificial groundwater recharge include direct surface techniques like flooding basins and percolation tanks, and direct subsurface techniques like injection wells.
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The Evolution and Impact of Tom Cruise Long Hair
Tom Cruise is one of Hollywood's most iconic figures, known for his versatility, charisma, and dedication to his craft. Over the decades, his appearance has been almost as dynamic as his filmography, with one aspect often drawing significant attention: his hair. In particular, Tom Cruise long hair has become a defining feature in various phases of his career. symbolizing different roles and adding layers to his on-screen characters. This article delves into the evolution of Tom Cruise long hair, its impact on his roles. and its influence on popular culture.
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Introduction
Tom Cruise long hair has often been more than a style choice. it has been a significant element of his persona both on and off the screen. From the tousled locks of the rebellious Maverick in "Top Gun" to the sleek, sophisticated mane in "Mission: Impossible II." Cruise's hair has played a pivotal role in shaping his image and the characters he portrays. This article explores the various stages of Tom Cruise long hair. Examining how this iconic look has evolved and influenced his career and broader fashion trends.
Early Days: The Emergence of a Style Icon
The 1980s: The Birth of a Star
In the early stages of his career during the 1980s, Tom Cruise sported a range of hairstyles. but in "Top Gun" (1986), his hair began to gain significant attention. Though not long by later standards, his hair in this film was longer than the military crew cuts associated with fighter pilots. adding a rebellious edge to his character, Pete "Maverick" Mitchell.
Risky Business: The Transition Begins
In "Risky Business" (1983). Tom Cruise's hair was short but longer than the clean-cut styles dominant at the time. This look complemented his role as a high school student stepping into adulthood. embodying a sense of youthful freedom and experimentation. It was a precursor to the more dramatic hair transformations in his career.
The 1990s: Experimentation and Iconic Roles
Far and Away: Embracing Length
One of the first films in which Tom Cruise embraced long hair was "Far and Away" (1992). Playing the role of Joseph. an Irish immigrant in 1890s America, Cruise's long, hair added authenticity to his character's rugged and determined persona. This look was a stark departure from his earlier. more polished styles and marked the beginning of a more adventurous phase in his hairstyle choices.
Interview with the Vampire: Gothic Elegance
In "Interview with the Vampire" (1994). Tom Cruise long hair reached new lengths of sophistication and elegance. Portraying the vampire Lestat. Cruise's flowing blonde locks were integral to the character's ethereal and timeless allure. This hairstyle not only suited the gothic aesthetic of the film but also showcased Cruise's ability to transform his appearance for a role.
Mission: Impossible II: The Pinnacle of Long Hair
One of the most memorable instances of Tom Cruise long hair came in "Mission: Impossible II" (2000). His character, Ethan
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校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
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其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
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- 1. Water Management is Problem Soils
- 2. Reasons of Problematic soils When rocks and minerals under go weathering process large quantities of soluble salts are formed. In humid region these salts are washed down to the ground water and to the sea. But in arid and semi arid region they accumulate in the soil. Excessive irrigation and poor water management are the two chief causes of water logging and salt accumulation.
- 3. Causes of salty soils (Salinity or alkalinity) • Arid climate About 25% of earth surface is arid in which salt accumulation is a common problem. • High subsoil water table When the water table is with in capillary range, the water containing soluble salts rises to surface. When the water evaporates the salts are deposited as encrustation (Hard cover). It is estimated that in Punjab annually about 50,000 acres becomes saline because of raising table. • Poor drainage Due to poor drainage accumulation of water leads to water logging condition which leads to salt accumulation.
- 4. • Quality of irrigation water Irrigation water containing more than permissible quantities of soluble salts with sodium carbonate and bicarbonates make the soil salty. • Inundation (flood) with sea water In coastal area, periodical inundation of land by sea water during high tides makes soil salty. • Deep bore wells • Nature of parent rock minerals The saline nature of parent rock minerals leads to salt accumulation • Seepage from canals
- 5. Classification of Problem Soils • Soil Chemical problem • Soil Physical problem Soil Chemical Problem ESP (%) EC mhos/cm pH Saline <15 >4 <8.5 Saline alkali >15 >4 7.5-8.5 Alkali/Sodic >15 <4 >8.5
- 6. Water Management • The saline soils can be easily improved leaching of salts by using of good quality water. providing good drainage systems. • Choice of appropriate drainage according to the situation a. Surface drainage system: To collect and control water entering and/or leaving the irrigation site. b. Subsurface drainage system: To control a shallow water table below the crop root zone. c. Bio-drainage: The use of vegetation to control water fluxes in the landscape through evapotranspiration. • Adequate disposal of drainage water to avoid contamination of receiving waters and the environment. • Adoption of drip irrigation
- 7. Soil Physical Problem • Very coarse • Very clayey texture • Shallow depth • Encrustation in soil surface Water Management • In light soils: shallow depth of water with more frequency should be adopted. • In heavy soils: Breeding of soil by mixing with coarse textured soil or tank silt (50 t/ha) for increasing the infiltration rate
- 8. Soil Physical Problem Water Management • Organic wastes like crop residue, farm waste, filter cake etc., @20 tones/ha once in every year can be applied. • Poorly drained clay soils can be improved by providing tile drains and tranches intermittently. • To make the soil permeable and to overcome poor drainage : addition of organic wastes (20 t/ha) or sandy soil (50 t/ha). • Tank silt or heavy soil application to increase soil depth and WHC • Incorporation of organic matter and adding montmorilonite clay containing silt to alleviate encrustation problem.