This document discusses various tools used for educational research. It identifies questionnaires, checklists, rating scales, scorecards, and attitude scales as major tools. It provides details on the characteristics, construction, uses, and limitations of each tool. Questionnaires collect standardized information through questions, while checklists record behaviors and ratings. Scorecards and rating scales evaluate qualities on a numerical scale. Attitude scales measure attitudes toward topics through statements along a continuum. Proper tool selection and construction are important for successful educational research.
The document provides information about developing a research proposal in education. It discusses the importance of a research proposal, outlines the typical steps involved which include introducing the topic, identifying the problem, reviewing relevant literature, formulating hypotheses, describing methodology, and defining terms. The document also covers primary and secondary sources of information for educational research, with primary sources being direct reports of research findings and secondary sources being analyses of other researchers' work. Direct sources noted include journals, books, theses, and government publications.
This document discusses different types of educational research classified by purpose and method. It describes four main types: historical research, descriptive research, quasi-experimental research, and qualitative research. Historical research uses historical sources and techniques to understand present problems in light of past experiences. Descriptive research describes present conditions through surveys to identify issues and trends. Quasi-experimental research tests educational aims and policies under controlled conditions. Qualitative research focuses on understanding human behaviors and experiences through methods like interviews.
This document outlines the steps of the scientific method, which include making observations, formulating a question, developing a hypothesis, experimentation, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. It discusses key aspects of each step, such as developing testable hypotheses, controlling variables in experiments, collecting and organizing quantitative and qualitative data, and communicating findings. The overall purpose is to explain the scientific method and its importance as the only accepted way to validate theories through research.
1. The document discusses various sources of knowledge acquisition including sense perceptions, traditions, authority, and different research methods.
2. It explains key concepts like the nature of knowledge and educational research, comparing different types of research.
3. The role of educational research in national development is emphasized, highlighting how research can help address issues like high dropout rates and increasing relevance of education.
This document discusses the differences between a seminar, conference, workshop, and symposium. It defines each term and outlines their origins, purposes, and key merits and demerits. A seminar involves a small group discussion led by a teacher on a particular topic. A conference is a large official meeting for people in the same field to discuss issues. A workshop is a period of practical work and sharing knowledge on a subject. A symposium is a meeting where experts give short talks on a related topic.
Writing Qualitative Research Reports PowerPointCharita Alston
This document provides guidance on writing qualitative research papers. It discusses that qualitative research is not complete until the report is written, with the researcher analyzing data through reflective steps of writing. The report increases understanding of social phenomena through quotes as evidence for themes. Special challenges include fewer competent referees and journals accepting qualitative papers, which tend to be longer. Sections include introduction, literature review, methods on data collection and analysis, findings using text rather than tables, discussion of limitations and implications, and conclusions. The methods section details the study context and participants, and analytic plan. The results prioritize the story to tell through representative quotations. The discussion links findings to previous research and next steps.
The document outlines the key components and guidelines for writing a research report. It discusses the structure, which includes preliminary pages, the main text, and end matter. The preliminary pages cover the acknowledgments, abstract, table of contents, and lists. The main text includes sections on the introduction, problem statement, objectives, methodology, literature review, data analysis, findings, and conclusions. The end matter consists of the bibliography and appendices. Guidelines emphasize being objective, minimizing technical language, and ensuring the report is logically structured, grammatically correct, and attractive in appearance.
In the research, defining the population for the study & to select a sample is a very important step. There are different methods of sampling One has to use the most appropriate from those. The information regarding these two concepts is described in this presentation.
The document provides information about developing a research proposal in education. It discusses the importance of a research proposal, outlines the typical steps involved which include introducing the topic, identifying the problem, reviewing relevant literature, formulating hypotheses, describing methodology, and defining terms. The document also covers primary and secondary sources of information for educational research, with primary sources being direct reports of research findings and secondary sources being analyses of other researchers' work. Direct sources noted include journals, books, theses, and government publications.
This document discusses different types of educational research classified by purpose and method. It describes four main types: historical research, descriptive research, quasi-experimental research, and qualitative research. Historical research uses historical sources and techniques to understand present problems in light of past experiences. Descriptive research describes present conditions through surveys to identify issues and trends. Quasi-experimental research tests educational aims and policies under controlled conditions. Qualitative research focuses on understanding human behaviors and experiences through methods like interviews.
This document outlines the steps of the scientific method, which include making observations, formulating a question, developing a hypothesis, experimentation, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. It discusses key aspects of each step, such as developing testable hypotheses, controlling variables in experiments, collecting and organizing quantitative and qualitative data, and communicating findings. The overall purpose is to explain the scientific method and its importance as the only accepted way to validate theories through research.
1. The document discusses various sources of knowledge acquisition including sense perceptions, traditions, authority, and different research methods.
2. It explains key concepts like the nature of knowledge and educational research, comparing different types of research.
3. The role of educational research in national development is emphasized, highlighting how research can help address issues like high dropout rates and increasing relevance of education.
This document discusses the differences between a seminar, conference, workshop, and symposium. It defines each term and outlines their origins, purposes, and key merits and demerits. A seminar involves a small group discussion led by a teacher on a particular topic. A conference is a large official meeting for people in the same field to discuss issues. A workshop is a period of practical work and sharing knowledge on a subject. A symposium is a meeting where experts give short talks on a related topic.
Writing Qualitative Research Reports PowerPointCharita Alston
This document provides guidance on writing qualitative research papers. It discusses that qualitative research is not complete until the report is written, with the researcher analyzing data through reflective steps of writing. The report increases understanding of social phenomena through quotes as evidence for themes. Special challenges include fewer competent referees and journals accepting qualitative papers, which tend to be longer. Sections include introduction, literature review, methods on data collection and analysis, findings using text rather than tables, discussion of limitations and implications, and conclusions. The methods section details the study context and participants, and analytic plan. The results prioritize the story to tell through representative quotations. The discussion links findings to previous research and next steps.
The document outlines the key components and guidelines for writing a research report. It discusses the structure, which includes preliminary pages, the main text, and end matter. The preliminary pages cover the acknowledgments, abstract, table of contents, and lists. The main text includes sections on the introduction, problem statement, objectives, methodology, literature review, data analysis, findings, and conclusions. The end matter consists of the bibliography and appendices. Guidelines emphasize being objective, minimizing technical language, and ensuring the report is logically structured, grammatically correct, and attractive in appearance.
In the research, defining the population for the study & to select a sample is a very important step. There are different methods of sampling One has to use the most appropriate from those. The information regarding these two concepts is described in this presentation.
The document discusses different types of sampling methods used in qualitative and quantitative research, including the key assumptions underlying each approach. It provides examples of sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and snowball sampling. The document also cautions that while quantitative researchers aim to generalize to the population, qualitative researchers seek an in-depth understanding of phenomena through approaches like ethnographic sampling and saturation.
This document discusses key aspects of qualitative case study research. It outlines that case studies allow for an in-depth exploration of a phenomenon within its real-life context. The document discusses different approaches to case studies by researchers like Yin, Stake and Creswell. It also addresses important considerations for case study research like purposefully defining the case, collecting multiple sources of data, ensuring validity and ethics, and producing engaging written reports for academic audiences.
Development of research proposal
Concept of Research Proposal- its components,identifying and formulating research questions, hypothesis, objectives, methodological considerations, justifying potential conclusion, significance of the proposed research.
Basic steps involved in research proposal
The document summarizes the case study research method. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of an individual or small group. Case studies aim to provide rich contextual descriptions rather than generalizable conclusions. There are different types of case studies including illustrative, exploratory, cumulative, and critical instance. Data collection methods can include interviews, observations, documents, and artifacts. Issues like validity, reliability, flexibility, and emphasis on context are discussed as strengths and weaknesses of the case study method.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. FINER criteria of a good research question are: Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, Relevant.
2. A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that predicts that no relationship exists between two variables.
3. The types of relationships that may exist between two variables are: positive, negative, or no relationship.
4. Read around comes first before read into. Read around gives a broad overview of the topic area, while read into involves an in-depth review.
5. The literature review is often called the "mother of the research" as it helps identify gaps and formulate the research question.
6. If we
This document discusses interdisciplinary research. It defines interdisciplinary research as integrating knowledge and methods from different disciplines to address a research question. The document outlines the need for interdisciplinary research to solve interconnected problems in an interconnected world. It also discusses the process of conceptual design, technical design, integration, and addressing scientific and ethical considerations. Some benefits of interdisciplinary research include addressing bigger questions, developing a wider audience, and gaining new perspectives. However, challenges can include differences in theoretical backgrounds, operationalizing concepts, intellectual traditions, and methodological approaches between disciplines.
Questionnaire designing in a research processRajneesh Gautam
This document discusses the design and use of questionnaires. It defines a questionnaire as a set of questions used to gather information from individuals. Questionnaires can be administered via mail, phone, interviews, as handouts, or electronically. There are two main types of questions: open-ended questions that allow free responses and closed questions like multiple choice. Proper construction and administration are important to get useful statistical information. Factors like question wording, order, and avoiding sensitive topics should be considered when designing a questionnaire.
Meta analysis - qualitative research designDinesh Selvam
Meta-analysis is a statistical technique that combines the results of multiple quantitative studies on a topic to draw overall conclusions. Key studies are entered into a database and analyzed similarly to other data to test hypotheses. Meta-analysis provides a systematic overview that can increase power, resolve uncertainty, and address questions not originally posed. It involves carefully selecting and evaluating relevant studies, extracting common measures, and performing analyses to interpret overall results. Meta-analysis is appropriate when multiple studies test similar hypotheses or produce contradictory findings.
Explanatory research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
This document discusses explanatory research and provides examples. Explanatory research aims to explain why events occur and test theories. It allows testing of specific theories and amendments to previous theories. One example tests a theory about reducing campus crime by limiting library access. Another analyzes the correlation between a region's migrant population share and support for anti-immigration initiatives in a Swiss referendum to see if attitudes towards migration relate to exposure to migrants. The research questions examine relationships between variables to help explain phenomena.
This document provides guidelines for writing a good research report. It outlines the objectives of report writing as communicating results to stakeholders, providing information and a basis for further action and decision making. It describes the typical format including preliminary pages, main report chapters, and bibliography. Key criteria for a good report are to write in a positive manner, keep it short, use simple language, ensure accurate data, include visuals, have consistent logic, and properly cite references. Specific formatting guidelines are also provided around font, spacing, page numbering, chapter titles and numbering tables and figures.
This research proposal outlines Pujan Agrawal's planned research project. It includes definitions of key terms like research and research proposals. It describes the importance of research proposals and their relationship to the research process. The proposal lists the typical components of a research proposal, such as the title, introduction, literature review, methodology, and references. It also discusses types of research proposals, common errors to avoid, and thanks the reader for their time.
Historical methods of research involve systematically examining accounts of past events through primary and secondary sources to develop an interpretation. There are several key steps, including identifying a topic, conducting background research, analyzing sources through external and internal criticism, and developing a narrative. While it cannot control variables like other methods, historical research helps understand contemporary issues, illuminate cultural interactions, and reevaluate existing theories about the past.
This document discusses ethnographic research methods. It defines ethnography as the observation of groups of people or cultures in natural settings using qualitative research methods like observations and interviews. Ethnographies are long-term studies that allow researchers to experience regular patterns and routines of a community. The document outlines the typical steps of an ethnography, including identifying a research question, gaining access to subjects, collecting data through observations and interviews, analyzing data concurrently with collection, and writing a final report that brings the culture to life.
The inductive method involves presenting students with a specific challenge or problem and having them investigate, test, analyze, and draw their own conclusions based on their existing knowledge. It guides students through critical thinking and evaluation of observations to draw logical conclusions. The inductive method is an effective way to obtain general information about the world through observation and inquiry-based learning.
Writing References in APA Style(7th edition) Sushma Sushma
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide and its 7th edition. It discusses the origins and purpose of APA style, which is to codify scholarly writing standards and ensure clear communication. Key APA components include in-text citations, reference lists, title pages, and formatting guidelines. Adhering to APA standards promotes consistency, credits sources properly, and allows ideas to flow in an organized, predictable manner.
Interpretive paradigm presentation by vicky & savithirisykeshea
This document provides an overview of the interpretive research paradigm, including its key assumptions, origins, methods, and evolution. It discusses interpretivism's focus on understanding meaning and interpretation through socially constructed realities. The document outlines interpretivism's ontology of multiple subjective realities and epistemology of dynamic, context-dependent meanings. It also summarizes common interpretive research methods like interviews and observations. Finally, it notes some challenges of interpretive research and criteria for evaluating interpretive studies.
This document defines research and discusses the key differences between basic (academic) research and applied (contract) research. It provides Creswell's definition of research as a process using steps to collect and analyze information to increase understanding of a topic. It also outlines 10 aspects of educational research by Gray Anderson, including using research to solve problems, gather new data, develop generalizations, and carefully record and report findings. The document then explains that basic research, also called pure or fundamental research, focuses on discovering truth or developing theories without practical goals in mind. Applied research deals with solving real-world problems and testing theories. Key differences between basic and applied research are discussed, such as ownership of results and focus on layperson versus specialized
A focus group is a market research method that brings together 6-10 people in a room to provide feedback regarding a product, service, concept, or marketing campaign.
DEVELOPMENT of Research Tool Power Point.pptxssuserabcb18
This document discusses various research tools and techniques used for data collection. It defines research tools as instruments used by researchers to measure what they intend to study. Some major tools discussed are questionnaires, checklists, observation, interviews, psychological tests, and sociometry. The document provides details on the purpose, types, and use of each tool to effectively collect reliable and valid data relevant to the research questions.
This document provides information about research methodology tools. It discusses various tools used for data collection in educational research, including questionnaires, checklists, rating scales, attitude scales, interviews, inventories, and observation. It describes the purpose, characteristics, types, and effective use of each tool. It emphasizes the importance of selecting valid and reliable tools that are appropriate for the research purpose and collecting the desired information.
The document discusses different types of sampling methods used in qualitative and quantitative research, including the key assumptions underlying each approach. It provides examples of sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and snowball sampling. The document also cautions that while quantitative researchers aim to generalize to the population, qualitative researchers seek an in-depth understanding of phenomena through approaches like ethnographic sampling and saturation.
This document discusses key aspects of qualitative case study research. It outlines that case studies allow for an in-depth exploration of a phenomenon within its real-life context. The document discusses different approaches to case studies by researchers like Yin, Stake and Creswell. It also addresses important considerations for case study research like purposefully defining the case, collecting multiple sources of data, ensuring validity and ethics, and producing engaging written reports for academic audiences.
Development of research proposal
Concept of Research Proposal- its components,identifying and formulating research questions, hypothesis, objectives, methodological considerations, justifying potential conclusion, significance of the proposed research.
Basic steps involved in research proposal
The document summarizes the case study research method. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of an individual or small group. Case studies aim to provide rich contextual descriptions rather than generalizable conclusions. There are different types of case studies including illustrative, exploratory, cumulative, and critical instance. Data collection methods can include interviews, observations, documents, and artifacts. Issues like validity, reliability, flexibility, and emphasis on context are discussed as strengths and weaknesses of the case study method.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. FINER criteria of a good research question are: Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, Relevant.
2. A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that predicts that no relationship exists between two variables.
3. The types of relationships that may exist between two variables are: positive, negative, or no relationship.
4. Read around comes first before read into. Read around gives a broad overview of the topic area, while read into involves an in-depth review.
5. The literature review is often called the "mother of the research" as it helps identify gaps and formulate the research question.
6. If we
This document discusses interdisciplinary research. It defines interdisciplinary research as integrating knowledge and methods from different disciplines to address a research question. The document outlines the need for interdisciplinary research to solve interconnected problems in an interconnected world. It also discusses the process of conceptual design, technical design, integration, and addressing scientific and ethical considerations. Some benefits of interdisciplinary research include addressing bigger questions, developing a wider audience, and gaining new perspectives. However, challenges can include differences in theoretical backgrounds, operationalizing concepts, intellectual traditions, and methodological approaches between disciplines.
Questionnaire designing in a research processRajneesh Gautam
This document discusses the design and use of questionnaires. It defines a questionnaire as a set of questions used to gather information from individuals. Questionnaires can be administered via mail, phone, interviews, as handouts, or electronically. There are two main types of questions: open-ended questions that allow free responses and closed questions like multiple choice. Proper construction and administration are important to get useful statistical information. Factors like question wording, order, and avoiding sensitive topics should be considered when designing a questionnaire.
Meta analysis - qualitative research designDinesh Selvam
Meta-analysis is a statistical technique that combines the results of multiple quantitative studies on a topic to draw overall conclusions. Key studies are entered into a database and analyzed similarly to other data to test hypotheses. Meta-analysis provides a systematic overview that can increase power, resolve uncertainty, and address questions not originally posed. It involves carefully selecting and evaluating relevant studies, extracting common measures, and performing analyses to interpret overall results. Meta-analysis is appropriate when multiple studies test similar hypotheses or produce contradictory findings.
Explanatory research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
This document discusses explanatory research and provides examples. Explanatory research aims to explain why events occur and test theories. It allows testing of specific theories and amendments to previous theories. One example tests a theory about reducing campus crime by limiting library access. Another analyzes the correlation between a region's migrant population share and support for anti-immigration initiatives in a Swiss referendum to see if attitudes towards migration relate to exposure to migrants. The research questions examine relationships between variables to help explain phenomena.
This document provides guidelines for writing a good research report. It outlines the objectives of report writing as communicating results to stakeholders, providing information and a basis for further action and decision making. It describes the typical format including preliminary pages, main report chapters, and bibliography. Key criteria for a good report are to write in a positive manner, keep it short, use simple language, ensure accurate data, include visuals, have consistent logic, and properly cite references. Specific formatting guidelines are also provided around font, spacing, page numbering, chapter titles and numbering tables and figures.
This research proposal outlines Pujan Agrawal's planned research project. It includes definitions of key terms like research and research proposals. It describes the importance of research proposals and their relationship to the research process. The proposal lists the typical components of a research proposal, such as the title, introduction, literature review, methodology, and references. It also discusses types of research proposals, common errors to avoid, and thanks the reader for their time.
Historical methods of research involve systematically examining accounts of past events through primary and secondary sources to develop an interpretation. There are several key steps, including identifying a topic, conducting background research, analyzing sources through external and internal criticism, and developing a narrative. While it cannot control variables like other methods, historical research helps understand contemporary issues, illuminate cultural interactions, and reevaluate existing theories about the past.
This document discusses ethnographic research methods. It defines ethnography as the observation of groups of people or cultures in natural settings using qualitative research methods like observations and interviews. Ethnographies are long-term studies that allow researchers to experience regular patterns and routines of a community. The document outlines the typical steps of an ethnography, including identifying a research question, gaining access to subjects, collecting data through observations and interviews, analyzing data concurrently with collection, and writing a final report that brings the culture to life.
The inductive method involves presenting students with a specific challenge or problem and having them investigate, test, analyze, and draw their own conclusions based on their existing knowledge. It guides students through critical thinking and evaluation of observations to draw logical conclusions. The inductive method is an effective way to obtain general information about the world through observation and inquiry-based learning.
Writing References in APA Style(7th edition) Sushma Sushma
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide and its 7th edition. It discusses the origins and purpose of APA style, which is to codify scholarly writing standards and ensure clear communication. Key APA components include in-text citations, reference lists, title pages, and formatting guidelines. Adhering to APA standards promotes consistency, credits sources properly, and allows ideas to flow in an organized, predictable manner.
Interpretive paradigm presentation by vicky & savithirisykeshea
This document provides an overview of the interpretive research paradigm, including its key assumptions, origins, methods, and evolution. It discusses interpretivism's focus on understanding meaning and interpretation through socially constructed realities. The document outlines interpretivism's ontology of multiple subjective realities and epistemology of dynamic, context-dependent meanings. It also summarizes common interpretive research methods like interviews and observations. Finally, it notes some challenges of interpretive research and criteria for evaluating interpretive studies.
This document defines research and discusses the key differences between basic (academic) research and applied (contract) research. It provides Creswell's definition of research as a process using steps to collect and analyze information to increase understanding of a topic. It also outlines 10 aspects of educational research by Gray Anderson, including using research to solve problems, gather new data, develop generalizations, and carefully record and report findings. The document then explains that basic research, also called pure or fundamental research, focuses on discovering truth or developing theories without practical goals in mind. Applied research deals with solving real-world problems and testing theories. Key differences between basic and applied research are discussed, such as ownership of results and focus on layperson versus specialized
A focus group is a market research method that brings together 6-10 people in a room to provide feedback regarding a product, service, concept, or marketing campaign.
DEVELOPMENT of Research Tool Power Point.pptxssuserabcb18
This document discusses various research tools and techniques used for data collection. It defines research tools as instruments used by researchers to measure what they intend to study. Some major tools discussed are questionnaires, checklists, observation, interviews, psychological tests, and sociometry. The document provides details on the purpose, types, and use of each tool to effectively collect reliable and valid data relevant to the research questions.
This document provides information about research methodology tools. It discusses various tools used for data collection in educational research, including questionnaires, checklists, rating scales, attitude scales, interviews, inventories, and observation. It describes the purpose, characteristics, types, and effective use of each tool. It emphasizes the importance of selecting valid and reliable tools that are appropriate for the research purpose and collecting the desired information.
This document discusses various tools and techniques used for data collection in research. It defines research tools as instruments used by researchers to measure what they intend to study. Some major tools discussed are questionnaires, checklists, rating scales, attitude scales, observation, interviews, psychological tests, and sociometry. The document provides examples and purposes of each tool while emphasizing the importance of selecting reliable and valid tools that align with the research questions.
The document discusses various methods of educational evaluation, including formative and summative assessment, internal and external evaluation, and qualitative and quantitative measures. It describes different types of evaluation tools like essays, short answers, objective tests, observations, anecdotal records, checklists, rating scales, and oral exams. The purpose of evaluation is to measure student achievement and program effectiveness in order to improve the educational process.
This document provides information on data, sources of data, purposes of data, data collection methods, questionnaires, and rating scales. It discusses the different types of data, primary and secondary sources of data, and purposes of collecting data such as testing hypotheses and describing samples. Methods of data collection include questionnaires, interviews, and observation. Questionnaires can be open-ended or closed-ended. Rating scales are used to quantify observations and come in formats like graphic, descriptive, and numerical scales. Selection of data collection methods depends on factors like the research subjects and purpose.
Evaluation: Determining the Effect of the Intervention Ijaz Ahmad
This document discusses evaluation in the instructional design process. It defines assessment, measurement, and evaluation, and explains the purpose and goals of learner evaluation. The development of learner evaluations involves examining instructional goals and objectives to determine the intended change and criteria for success. Validity and reliability are also important concepts. Evaluations can be criterion-referenced or norm-referenced. The document provides guidelines for developing various assessment techniques, including objective test items, observations, portfolios, and rubrics. Formative and summative evaluation are described as important types for gathering feedback and determining effectiveness. The role of the instructional designer is to plan and implement efficient and effective evaluations.
This document discusses and compares quantitative and qualitative assessment tools used to evaluate learning outcomes. Quantitative tools like tests, surveys, checklists and questionnaires focus on measurable data presented numerically. They are more objective but require statistical analysis expertise. Qualitative tools like interviews, observations, and focus groups provide descriptive data to understand experiences and meanings at a nominal level. They require skilled administration but provide depth, context, and insight not obtainable through quantitative methods alone. Both approaches have advantages and limitations depending on the assessment needs.
The document discusses data collection techniques for research, focusing on questionnaires and surveys. It describes key aspects of developing questionnaires such as identifying variables, indicators, and question structures. Questionnaires can collect discrete, continuous, dependent, independent and control variables. The document also discusses survey design, including scaling techniques, and notes that surveys provide representative summaries of populations to answer qualitative research questions. Well-designed questionnaires and surveys are important tools for educational and social science research.
Evaluation is the process of making judgements about the value or worth of an individual, program, or policy by collecting evidence and assessing progress towards goals. There are several tools used for evaluation, including observation, rating scales, interviews, and tests. Observation can provide direct information about an ongoing process. Rating scales allow for qualitative attributes to be judged quantitatively by describing varying degrees of performance. Interviews are used to understand perspectives and can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured. The purpose of evaluation is to improve instruction, assess teachers and programs, and help students reach their potential.
This document discusses various methods for portfolio assessment and grading student work, including self-reports, rating scales, checklists, and portfolios. It describes different types of rating scales like Likert scales, semantic differential scales, and Thurstone scales. The document provides guidelines for developing grading systems, assigning letter grades, conducting parent-teacher conferences, and reporting test results to parents. It discusses decisions around what to include in grades, how to combine assessments into a composite grade, and using portfolio assessment to evaluate the learning process.
The document discusses developing effective test questions or items. It explains that questions should be carefully planned and executed to objectively measure students' abilities. The document provides guidelines for writing clear, appropriately difficult questions that reliably discriminate between high- and low-performing students. It also discusses analyzing questions based on difficulty level, discrimination index, and effectiveness of answer options. The goal is to include questions that accurately assess learning objectives.
The document discusses appropriate assessment methods for determining if students have achieved desired learning outcomes. It describes several common assessment types, including written response instruments, product rating scales, performance tests, oral questioning, observation, and self-reporting. Effective assessment methods match the educational objectives and can include objective tests, essays, examinations, checklists, and more. Teacher observation and questioning are also important for assessment. The document also discusses developing tools to assess affective domains and outlines several methods for doing so, including student self-reports, teacher observations, and peer ratings.
The document discusses various methods for assessing affective learning outcomes like attitudes, values, and feelings. It describes three main methods: teacher observation using structured or unstructured methods, student self-reports like interviews and questionnaires, and peer ratings. Specific assessment tools are also outlined, such as rating scales, checklists, and surveys. Key considerations for assessing affective domains include the transient nature of emotions, using multiple approaches, and determining if individual or group results are needed.
1. Assessment refers to the methods used by educators to evaluate students' academic readiness, learning progress, skills, and needs. It is an ongoing process involving collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data.
2. Bloom's taxonomy classifies cognitive objectives into different levels including knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
3. Common assessment methods mentioned include written responses, product ratings, performance tests, oral questioning, observation, and self-reports. Objective tests are suitable for lower levels while performance tests involve demonstrating a skill.
This document discusses rating scales, which are one type of inquiry form used as a tool for research in education. Rating scales allow for the quantification of judgments or opinions along a scale. They are commonly used to rate traits like teacher performance, personality characteristics, and program/course evaluations. The document provides details on constructing rating scales, including selecting the aspects to be rated and defining the rating continuum. It also discusses common approaches to ratings and potential limitations, such as generosity, central tendency, stringency, halo, and logical errors.
This document outlines a lesson plan on authentic assessment for pre-service teachers. It discusses the key characteristics of authentic assessment, including that it approximates real-world tasks and allows multiple forms of assessment beyond traditional paper tests. Examples provided include performance-based assessments like giving an oral presentation or completing an experiment. The lesson intends for students to understand authentic assessment and be able to incorporate such techniques in their own teaching areas. Assessment methods covered in the lesson include checklists, rating scales, oral questioning, observations, and different sampling techniques.
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
The document discusses various methods of performance assessment including performance testing, anecdotal records, checklists, and rating scales. Performance testing directly observes student performance on tasks requiring skills like critical thinking. Anecdotal records involve recording observations of students in narrative form. Checklists are lists to record presence/absence of behaviors. Rating scales provide qualitative and quantitative judgments of student attributes on a scale. These methods allow measuring achievements, habits, behaviors and attitudes beyond traditional tests.
The document discusses various tools used for data collection in research such as observation schedules, interview schedules, interview guides, questionnaires, rating scales, checklists, and document schedules. It provides details on how each tool is used, the differences between schedules and questionnaires, and guidelines for constructing effective schedules and questionnaires. A pilot study or pretesting is recommended to test the data collection tools, identify any issues, and make necessary revisions before the full research study.
This document discusses different philosophical foundations of education including idealism, realism, and pragmatism. It provides definitions and key aspects of each philosophy. Idealism views reality as a product of the mind and focuses on searching for truth through ideas. Realism believes the universe exists independently of the mind and that knowledge comes from our senses and experiences. Pragmatism sees truth as what is practical and useful, and focuses on solving problems through action and experience. The document also outlines goals of education, roles of teachers, and methods of instruction associated with each philosophical approach.
This document discusses different aspects of education systems including formal, non-formal, and informal education. It explains that formal education is a structured system based on group needs, while non-formal education occurs outside of institutions and involves activities like home assignments. Informal education is unstructured without set objectives. The document also covers distance education, learning styles, and trends in education including smart classrooms, learning analytics, and blended learning approaches.
The document outlines several problems facing higher education in Pakistan, including academic problems, lack of professional growth, management issues, practical challenges, and financial problems. It then discusses potential solutions such as improving access to quality education, developing a realistic financial plan, investing in infrastructure, ensuring adequate and qualified faculty, eliminating ethnic inequalities, promoting technology use, enabling better funding for institutions, and improving financial schemes. Overall, the document analyzes problems in Pakistan's higher education system and proposes ways to overcome these issues.
Educational assessment is used to evaluate student learning and teaching effectiveness. It involves measuring student knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs. Assessment provides data to guide instructional improvements and motivate student learning. There are three main types of assessment: diagnostic to identify gaps, formative to provide feedback during learning, and summative to evaluate learning after instruction. Together, assessment links course content, teaching methods and skill development.
Higher education plays a vital role in developing countries by building skilled workforces and knowledge-based societies. However, higher education systems in developing countries face several challenges. These include insufficient infrastructure and resources, outdated curricula focused on rote learning rather than critical thinking, and a lack of alignment between education outputs and the needs of the job market. To address these issues, governments are working to reform higher education by improving funding, modernizing pedagogy and assessments, and ensuring programs support national development goals. Overall, higher education is expanding rapidly but still has progress to make in developing countries.
Higher education plays a vital role in developing countries by building skilled workforces and knowledge-based societies. However, higher education systems in developing countries face several challenges, including insufficient infrastructure and resources, outdated curricula focused on rote learning rather than critical thinking, and a lack of alignment between education outcomes and market needs. To address these issues, countries are working to reform higher education by improving funding, developing applied learning approaches, strengthening quality assurance, and better connecting education and workforce demands. Overall, higher education is expanding rapidly but still has progress to make in developing countries.
Higher education contributes to social and economic development in many countries by providing skilled workers and driving innovation. It has become increasingly globalized with more student and faculty mobility between countries. Different education systems have diverse models of public and private institutions, degree types, academic calendars, admissions criteria, governance structures, funding sources, and quality assurance processes. Universities play an important role in developing national economies through knowledge generation and workforce development.
This document discusses the growth and development of higher education in Pakistan. It outlines challenges facing higher education in Pakistan, including low participation rates, unequal distribution of institutions, and low budget allocation. The role of various organizations is examined, particularly the Higher Education Commission which was established to oversee higher education. The Higher Education Commission introduced reforms such as a semester system, anti-plagiarism policies, and quality enhancement cells to improve higher education standards.
This document discusses the role of universities in higher education. It begins by defining higher education and universities, noting that universities are institutions that provide degrees and conduct academic research. It then outlines the objectives and philosophy of higher education. The key roles of universities include providing education, developing skills, encouraging independent thought, and exposing students to new ideas and cultures through teaching and research. Universities also contribute to socio-economic development through producing skilled graduates and advancing knowledge. The document discusses different modes of university education and factors influencing their selection. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of university education in developing individuals and countries.
This document provides an introduction to higher education, including:
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2) Higher education improves individuals' quality of life and supports economic and social development of a country. It provides specialized skills and training.
3) Challenges facing higher education include increasing access and equity while maintaining quality, updating curriculum, improving faculty development and research, and addressing budget and management issues. Reforms in Pakistan aim to transform institutions into world-class centers of learning.
Unit 8 & 9, BASICS OF TECHINICAL ENGLISH CODE 6465Zahid Mehmood
The document discusses various aspects of technical writing such as formatting styles, footnotes, plagiarism, citations, and bibliographies. It provides guidelines on how to properly format footnotes and references in different styles like MLA, APA, Chicago etc. It also explains what constitutes plagiarism and provides tips to avoid it such as taking effective notes, citing sources, and paraphrasing text in one's own words. Additionally, it discusses how to structure a bibliography and provides examples of citing different sources like books, essays, websites.
Unit 6 & 7, BASICS OF TECHINICAL ENGLISH CODE 6465Zahid Mehmood
The document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It outlines the key sections needed in a research proposal, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, and timeline. The introduction would state the research topic and provide background on the problem being addressed. The literature review summarizes previous work on the subject. The methodology section describes the research design, population, sampling, and tools that will be used to collect and analyze data. Overall, the document serves to familiarize readers with the components of a strong research proposal.
Unit 5, BASICS OF TECHINICAL ENGLISH CODE 6465Zahid Mehmood
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Unit 4, BASICS OF TECHINICAL ENGLISH CODE 6465Zahid Mehmood
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Unint 3, BASICS OF TECHINICAL ENGLISH CODE 6465Zahid Mehmood
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Unit 1 & 2 , BASICS OF TECHINICAL ENGLISH CODE 6465Zahid Mehmood
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. Objectives of the Unit
Identify the tools of research
Explain the types of research tools
Discuss the characteristics, scope and types of the following
Questionnaire,
Check list
Rating scale
Score card
Attitude scale
3. introduction
In every research work, if is essential to collect factual material or data
unknown or untapped so far. They can be obtained from many sources,
direct or indirect. Relevant data, adequate in quantity and quality should
be collected. They should be sufficient, reliable and valid.
For checking new, unknown data required for the study of any problem
you may use various devices, instruments, apparatus and appliances. For
each and every type of research we need certain instruments to gather
new facts or to explore new fields. The instruments thus employed as
means for collecting data are called
4. selection of suitable instruments or
tools
The selection of suitable instruments or tools is of vital importance for
successful research. Different tools are suitable for collecting various kinds
of information for various purposes. The research worker may use one or
more of the tools in combination for his purpose.
5. Significance of research tools
The progress of any educational program very much depends upon well
conduction research
It postulates sufficient, reliable and valid facts. Such facts are nominally
obtained through a systematic procedure which involves various devices.
6. Major tools
A. Inquiry forms
Questionnaire
Checklist
Score-card
Interview Schedule
Rating Scale
Attitude Scale
B. Observation
C. Interview
D. Sociometry
E. Tests
7. 1. Questionnaire:
“A questionnaire is a systematic compilation of questions that are
submitted to a sampling of population from which information is desired.”
Barr, Davis & Johnson
8. Characteristics of a Good Questionnaire:
deals with an important or significant topic.
Its significance is carefully stated on its covering letter.
It is as short as possible, only long enough to get the essential data. It is attractive in
appearance,
Directions are clear and complete, important terms are clarified.
The questions are objective, with no clues, hints or suggestions.
Questions are presented in a order from simple to complex
Double negatives, adverbs and descriptive adjectives are avoided.
Double barreled questions or putting two questions in one question are also avoided
9. Merits of Questionnaire Method
1. it’s very economical.
2. 2. It’s a time saving process.
3. 3. It covers the research in wide area.
4. 4. It’s very suitable for special type of responses.
5. 5. It is most reliable in special cases.
10. Demerits of Questionnaire Method:
1. Through this we get only limited responses.
2. 2. Lack of personal contact.
3. 3. Greater possibility of wrong answers.
4. 4. Chances of receiving incomplete response are more.
5. 5. Sometimes answers may be illegible
6. . 6. It may be useless in many problems.
11. 2. interview schedule
An interview schedule is basically a list containing a set of structured
questions that have been prepared, to serve as a guide for interviewers,
researchers and investigators in collecting information or data about a
specific topic or issue.
12. advantages
An interview schedule facilitates the conduct of an interview
It increases the likelihood of collecting accurate information or data.
It allows interviewers and researchers to get more information,
The rate and amount of responses are higher.
It offers flexibility and high customization,
13. 3.Checklist
A checklist, is a type of informational job aid used to reduce failure by
compensating for potential limits of human memory and attention. It helps
to ensure consisting and completeness in carrying out a task. A basic
example is ‘to do list’. A more advanced checklist which lays out tasks to
be done according to time of a day or other factors.
14. useful in educational field in the
following way.
• To collect acts for educational surveys.
• To record behavior in observational studies.
• To use in educational appraisal, studies – of school buildings, property,
plan, textbooks, instructional procedures and outcomes etc. • To rate the
personality.
• To know the interest of the subjects also. Kuder’s interest inventory and
Strong’s Interest Blank are also checklists.
15. Hints on Constructing Checklist :
Items in the checklist may be continuous or divided into groups of related
items.
• Items should be arranged in categories and the categories in a logical or
psychological order.
• Terms used in the items should be clearly defined.
• Checklist should be continuous and comprehensive in nature.
• A pilot study should be taken to make it standardized.
• Checklist can be constructed in four different ways by arranging items
differently.
16. 4. RATING SCALE
Rating scale is one of the enquiry form. Form is a term applied to
expression or judgment regarding some situation, object or character.
Opinions are usually expressed on a scale of values. Rating techniques are
devices by which such judgments may be quantified. Rating scale is a very
useful device in assessing quality, specially when quality is difficult to
measure objectively. For Example, “How good was the performance?” is a
question which can hardly be answered objectively.
17. Rating scales record judgment or opinions and indicates the degree or amount of
different degrees of quality which are arranged along a line is the scale.
For example: How good was the performance? Excellent Very good Good Average
Below average Poor Very poor ___|________|_______|_____|_________|_________|_____|____
This is the must commonly used instrument for making appraisals. It has a large variety
of forms and uses.
Typically, they direct attention to a number of aspects or traits of the thing to be rated
and provide a scale for assigning values to each of the aspects selected.
They try to measure the nature or degree of certain aspects or characteristics of a
person or phenomenon through the use of a series of numbers, qualitative terms or
verbal descriptions
18. (1) In one of the arrangement all items found in a situation are to be checked. For
Example, a subject may be asked to check ( ) in the blank side of each activity undertaken
in a school.
(2) In the second form, the respondent is asked to check with a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ or asked to
encircle or underline the response to the given item. For Example, (1) Does your school
have a house system? Yes/No (3) In this form, all the items are positive statements with
checks ( ) to be marked in a column of a right. For Example, (1) The school functions as a
community centre ( ).
(4) The periodical tests are held – fortnightly, monthly, quarterly, regularly. The
investigator has to select any one of the format appropriate to his problem and queries
or the combination of many as it requires.
19. four primary types of rating scale:
Graphic Rating Scale: Graphic Rating Scale: Graphic rating scale indicates
the answer options on a scale of 1-3, 1-5, etc. Likert Scale is a popular
graphic rating scale example.
Numerical Rating Scale: Numerical rating scale has numbers as answer
options and not each number corresponds to a characteristic or meaning.
For instance, a Visual Analog Scale or a Semantic Differential Scale can be
presented using a numerical rating scale.
20. Descriptive Rating Scale: In a descriptive rating scale, each answer option is elaborately
explained for the respondents. A numerical value is not always related to the answer
options in the descriptive rating scale. There are certain surveys, for example,
satisfaction survey, which needs to describe all the answer options in detail so that
customer has thoroughly explained information about what is expected from the
Comparative Rating Scale: Comparative rating scale, as the name suggests, expects
respondents to answer a particular question in terms of comparison, i.e. on the basis of
relative measurement or keeping other organizations/products/features as a reference.
21. Purpose of Rating Scale:
• Teacher Performance/Effectiveness
• Personality, anxiety, stress, emotional intelligence etc.
• School appraisal including appraisal of courses, practices and programs.
Useful hints on Construction of Rating Scale:
i) The subjects or the phenomena to be rated.
ii) The continuum along which they will be rated and
iii) The judges who will do the rating.
22. 5.Score card
It is an elaborative form of rating scale which usually evaluate items in
numerical form. Sometimes the two terms the rating scale and score card
are interchangeable.
Score card is normally used to evaluate the worth of communication,
building sites, schools, textbooks, socio economic status of a family and an
educated work.
23. 6.Attitude scale
“An attitude may be defined as a learned emotional response set for or
against something.” - Barr David Johnson
Purpose of Attitude Scale : finding the attitudes of persons on different
issues like:
• Co-education
• Religious education
• Corporal punishment
• Democracy in schools
• Linguistic prejudices
• International co-operation etc.
24. Characteristics of Attitude Scale :
It provides for quantitative measure on a one-dimensional scale of
continuum.
• It uses statements from the extreme positive to extreme negative position.
• It generally uses a five point scale as we have discussed in rating scale.
• It could be standardized and norms are worked out.
• It disguises the attitude object rather than directly asking about the attitude
on the subject.
25. Examples of Some Attitude Scale :
Thurstone Techniques of scaled values.
• Likert’s method of summated ratings.
26. Limitations Of Attitude Scale :
• An individual may express socially acceptable opinion conceal his real attitude.
• An individual may not be a good judge of himself and may not be clearly aware of his real
attitude.
• He may not have been controlled with a real situation to discover what his real attitude
towards a specific phenomenon was.
• There is no basis for believing that the five positions indicated in the Likert’s scale are
equally spaced.
• It is unlikely that the statements are of equal value in ‘forness’ or “againstness”.
• It is doubtful whether equal scores obtained by several individuals would indicate equal
favourableness towards again position.
• It is unlikely that a respondent can validity react to a short statement on a printed form in
the absence of real like qualifying Situation.
• In sprite of anonymity of response, Individuals tend to respond according to what they
should feel rather than what they really feel. However,
27. B.The Interview:
Interview is a two way method which permits an exchange of ideas and
information.
Characteristics of an Interview
1. The interviewer can probe into casual factors, determine attitudes, discover
the origin of problem.
2. Its appropriate to deal with young children and illiterates person.
3. It can make cross questioning possible.
4. It helps the investigator to gain an impression of the person concerned.
28. continued
5. It can deal with delicate, confidential and even intimate topics
6. It has flexibility.
7. Sincerity, frankness, truthfulness and insight of the interviewee can be
better judged through cross questioning.
8. It gives no chance for respondent to modify his earlier answer
. 9. It is applicable in survey method, but it is also applicable in historical,
experimental, case studies and clinical studies.
29. Merits of Interview:
1. Direct research.
2. 2. Deep research
3. 3. Knowledge of past and future.
4. 4. Knowledge of special features.
5. 5. Mutual encouragement is ossible.
6. 6. Supra-observation is possible.
7. 7. Knowledge of historical and emotional causes.
8. 8. Examination of known data.
30. Disadvantage of Interview:
1. May provides misleading information.
2. Defects due to interviewee(low level of intelligence or may be
emotionally unbalanced)
3. Result may be affected due to prejudices of interviewer.
4. Result may be affected due to the difference in the mental outlook of
interwee and interviewer.
5. One sided and incomplete research.
31. C. OBSERVATION :
Observation offers the researcher a distinct way of collecting data. It does
not rely on what people say they do, or what they say they think. It is more
direct than that. Instead, it draws on the direct evidence of the eye to
witness events first hand. It is a more natural way of gathering data.
Whenever direct observation is possible it is the preferable method to use.
32. Purpose :
• To collect data directly.
• To collect substantial amount of data in short time span.
• To get eye witness first hand data in real like situation.
• To collect data in a natural setting.
Characteristics :
• Observation is systematic
. • It is specific.
• It is objective.
• It is quantitative.
• The record of observation should be made immediately
. • Expert observer should observe the situation
. • It’s result can be checked and verified.
33. Types of Observation :
On the basis of the purpose of observation may be of varied type like: •
Structured and Unstructured: in the first stage of observation, the
observation is wide and unstructured and as the investigation proceeds
observation gets restricted and structured.
• Participant and Non-participant: In participant observation, the observer
becomes more or less one of the groups under observation and shares the
situation as a visiting stranger, an attentive listener, an eager learner or as a
complete participant observer, registering, recording and interpreting
behaviour of the group.
34. Steps of Effective Observation:
As a research tool effective observation needs effective
• Planning
g • Execution
• Recording and
• Interpretation
35. Limitations of Observation
• Establishing validity is difficult.
• Subjectivity is also there.
• It is a slow and labourious process.
• It is costly both in terms of time of time and money
. • The data may be unmanageable.
• There is possibility of biasness
36. Advantages of Observation :
• Data collected directly
• Systematic and rigorous
• Substantial amount of data can be collected in a relatively short time
span.
• Provides pre-coded data and ready for analysis.
• Inter observer reliability is high.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43. tests
Tests are constructed to test a group of persons to ascertain the prevailing
condition with respect to the traits measured by the test.
Tests normally used in research are
Achievement tests
Aptitude tests
Intelligence tests
Interest inventories
Personality measures.