Higher education plays a vital role in developing countries by building skilled workforces and knowledge-based societies. However, higher education systems in developing countries face several challenges, including insufficient infrastructure and resources, outdated curricula focused on rote learning rather than critical thinking, and a lack of alignment between education outcomes and market needs. To address these issues, countries are working to reform higher education by improving funding, developing applied learning approaches, strengthening quality assurance, and better connecting education and workforce demands. Overall, higher education is expanding rapidly but still has progress to make in developing countries.

1. HIGHER EDUCATION
IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
RESOURCE PERSON:
ZAHID MEHMOOD

2. ⚫ Knowledge is base of change. It brings change
economically and socially in societies. Nations
developed through education and it helps to promote
culture, supports its creation and very important task
of its dissemination. Knowledge is prominent quality
of human beings because they transmit knowledge to
next generation continuously.
⚫ Higher education has vital importance for country. It is
powerful tool to build knowledge based society of 21st
century. The resources of the country can be benefited
if you have highly qualified youth. Qualified, skilled
and technical people are need of hour for the
development of developing countries.
INTRODUCTION

3. FEATURES OF HIGHER
EDUCATION IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES

4. ⚫ India has been home to the institutions of
higher education. At the time of
independence, it has twenty universities and
five hundred colleges. But it has become the
largest higher education system in the world
having 42000, institutions of higher education.
⚫ Indian Higher Education system is third largest
system in the world. The university Grant
Commission is main governing body to handle
the matters of higher education .it monitor the
standard of Education , advises the
Government and co-ordinate between the
centre and state.
Higher Education in
India

5. ⚫ Distance and open learning is feature of Indian
higher educational system. Distance
education council look after the matters of
these Institutions. India Gandhi National Open
University is the largest university in the
world.
⚫ Universities in India have evolved divergent
streams and it has been monitored by an
apex body which is controlling authority by
Ministry of Human Resource Development
funded by State Government
cont.
.

6. ⚫ Higher education in India will face the burning
issue of rapidly increasing 600 million of
people under 25 years old. The system is
under tremendous pressure to expand
opportunities of higher education to this group.
⚫ .
issues
..

7. ⚫ Pedagogies and assessment are focused
on rote learning and little opportunity to
develop critical thinking, analytical
reasoning, problem solving and
collaborative working. Separation of
research and teaching is very critical issue
at higher level.
⚫ The overall scenario of Indian higher education
does not meet required global quality standard
due to insufficient infrastructure and facilities,
poor faculty, detoriating research standards,
out –dated curriculum, un motivated students,
overcrowded class rooms, gender issues and
ethnic imbalances.
issues
..

8. ⚫ Higher Education in Egypt is one of the largest
educational systems in Middle East. According
to the constitution of Egypt, education is free
for all basic up to higher education because
state provides huge share of funding and
officially State is responsible for financial
support for higher education.
⚫ In present system, there are 17 public
universities, 51 non-public universities, 16
private universities and 89 private higher
education institutions
Higher Education in
Egypt

9. CENTRALIZED NATIONAL EXAM
⚫ The main way for general secondary school
leavers to enter a higher education program
in Egypt is to perform adequately in the
centralized national exam
(ThanaweyaAmma). This exam used to be
held in the last year of secondary education,
and was perceived as a nightmare by
students and their families being the only way
of admission to higher education.

10. Quality assurance and accreditation
of education
⚫ National authority for quality assurance and
accreditation of education is a newly
established government entity involved in
external accreditation and in assuring the
quality of higher education in Egypt. It was
established under a presidential decree in
2006 (Law 82-2006). It works as an
independent agency, attached to the Prime
Minister, and tries to develop quality assurance
(QA) and accreditation standards for various
types of education

11. ⚫ It is fact that secondary education is not
according to market demand as it does not
develop necessary skills among students. It
seemed that the students who have not able
to get admission in institutions of higher
education, they cannot earn their living.
The state admits that it is facing crises in higher
education system. It realizes that globalization
of trade
,finance, and information flows in intensifying
competition and raising the danger that Egypt
will fall behind its competitors
issues
..

12. ⚫ The curricula of higher education in Egypt is
rigid, out-dated, and narrow and it is not
suitable for market demand, the pedagogy in
higher educational institutions is through one-
way communication or recitation with poorly
equipped facilities, and not able to enhance
critical thinking in students.
⚫ Assessment in higher education institutions
is based on memorization and traditional
methods which is not successful in
promoting higher order skills among
students.
Challenges..

13. ⚫ Higher education is responsible for
imparting post secondary education in
Malaysia and it is working under Ministry of
education. Ministry of Education has been
taking several steps to expand education
industry for healthy development of country.
⚫ It is prime goal of Government to make
Malaysia a regional centre of excellence in
education. The positive posture can be seen in
several areas such as increase students’
enrolment, public private institutions, spending
finance, quality education and additional
policies to promote education for substantial
growth of higher education.
Higher Education in Malaysia

14. Malaysia has various teacher training colleges
as well as other public colleges which provide
certificate, diploma and pre-university
programs. Malaysian universities provide
diploma, undergraduate and post-graduate
study program.
Malaysia has 20 public universities, 32 private
universities and 6 foreign university branch
campuses; 485 private colleges, 24
polytechnics and 37 public community
colleges.
cont.
.

15. ⚫ The Ministry of higher education is taking
secured measures to improve the efficiency
and accessibility of higher education
institutions. Universities in Malaysia offers
different programs of studies which are formal
and academic oriented and producing
graduates thinkers and theoretical strong.
⚫ The country need such type of post secondary
education, which will produce skilled, technical
hands and professional graduates for
development of country. It is need to invest in
higher education relating technical education.
Adopting change..

16. ⚫ Higher education is considered as highest
level of education. It is centre of knowledge.
Higher education institutions play key role to
develop high level technology for economic
growth and development, academic service to
society and preserve the culture of nation.
⚫ Thailand Higher educating system was
expanded in innovative and technical
disciplines.
Higher Education in
Thailand

17. Thailand Higher Education Development Plan
has been formulated and integrated into
successive five year plan to encourage the
educational to economic and social and cultural
goals of national development.
Higher Education commission has major role in
quality assurance systems within public and
private institutions by providing policy
guidelines, support of knowledge based
activities and implementing international
projects.
cont.
.

18. ⚫ 1. It is emphasized on memorization in
teaching and learning in higher education
institutions and it is not related to real life
situation, market demand and development
policy of country.
⚫ 2. The measures for allocation and
utilization of resources for higher
education institutions are not sufficient to
develop academic excellence.
⚫ 3. The access of students to HE in Thailand
is very low as compared to other countries.
major Problems

19. ⚫ 4. There is mismatching of graduates
profiles and market demands.
⚫ 5. Thai higher educational institutions have
produced few numbers of innovators because
there is not enough system to encourage
faculty staff to conduct quality research.
⚫ 6. There is not yet any effective mechanism in
evaluating and monitoring the performance of
higher level institutions to see their
relevance to country’s development policy
and plan.
major Problems

20. In short, Higher education is making progress
rapidly in developing countries. And it has
strengthened their institution by reforming
them. There is growing demands to increase
numbers of higher education institutions to
provide the opportunities of students for well
education in higher level institutions. It is need
of hour to make the institutions research
oriented.
Teaching style in higher education institutions
need to make effective.

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