The document defines 'population' as a group of individuals or entities relevant to a sampling study, referred to as the 'universe,' which can be configured based on various characteristics. It explains the importance of selecting a representative 'sample' from the population through proper sampling methods to minimize bias and ensure accurate analysis. The document outlines the sampling process, including steps such as defining the population, listing it, selecting a sample, and highlights different sampling methods, both probability and non-probability.

2. An aggregate or totality of objects or individuals
regarding which inferences are to be made in a
sampling study.
All those people or documents etc. who are
proposed to be covered under the scheme of study.
Population-Definition & Meaning

3. A refers to any collection of specific group
of human beings or non-human entities such as objects,
educational institutes, time units, geographical areas etc.
It is also called as ‘universe’
All the members of a real or hypothetical set of people,
events, objects or other units.
Population

4. is any group of units that has one or
more characteristics in common, that distinguishes
that group from other individuals and that are of
interest to the researcher.
There are various ways to configure a population
depending on the characteristics of interest.
e.g.B.Ed. Students studying in any city.
Population

5. Levels of Population for sample selection
Large General population
Targeted population
Accessible Population
Sample

6. Levels of Population for sample selection
Large General population
B.Ed. Students from
Maharashtra.
Targeted population
Marathi medium female
students from Maharashtra.
Accessible Population.
Marathi medium female students
in Pune City.
Sample

7. .
Sample
 The representative proportion of the
population is called a sample.
 Sample is a small proportion of a
population selected for observation &
analysis.
It is a subset of the population.
Sample

8. Sampling-definition
Sampling is the process of selecting a sample from
the population. Sample is to be selected from the
defined population.

9. The sample should be representative.
It should have all the characteristics of the
population.
It should be selected by following proper
sampling method.
It should have least bias.
It’s size should be as large as possible or it should
have required adequate size.
Free from sampling error .
characteristics of a good sample

10. The complete population should be represented in the
selected group.
To avoid wastage of time & money.
To make a deep study.
To make the proper administration of the
research.
To achieve proper rapport with the respondents.
To make it possible to analyze the data thoroughly.
Useful in the scarcity of resources.
If a comprehensive study is needed.
Importance of sampling

11. Four steps involved in Sampling process
1. Defining the population.
2. Listing the population.
3. Selecting a representative sample.
4. Obtaining an adequate sample.
Sampling- steps

12. Sampling-steps
1. Defining the population
After defining the population correctly
(sampling unit) there will be no
ambiguity whether a given unit belongs
to the population.
e.g. B.Ed Students studying in Pune City.

13. Sampling-steps
2. Listing the population
• Get complete, accurate and up-to-date
list of all units in the population
• List is called as ‘sampling frame’
e.g.List of all B.Ed. Colleges from Pune City.

14. Sampling-steps
3. Selecting a Representative Sample ---
Selection of sample from sampling frame.
4.Obtaining an adequate number of sample.

15. Methods of sampling
Probability
sampling –
In it every single
unit has equal
opportunity of
getting selected.
Selection of one
unit doesn't
affect the other.
Non probability
sampling –In it
the sample is
selected
purposefully.
Researcher’s
decision is
important. Each
single unit doesn't
have equal
opportunity to be
getting selected.

16. Methods of Sampling
Probability sampling Non probability sampling
Simple Random-Lottery,
Number cards, Grid
Systematic random
Stratified random
Multistage Random
Cluster sampling
Convenience
Purposeful
Snowball
Volunteer
Quota

17. Sample Size
n = N*X / (X + N – 1), where, X = Zα/2
2 *p*(1-p) /
MOE2, and Zα/2 is the critical value of the Normal
distribution at α/2 (e.g. for a confidence level of
95%, α is 0.05 and the critical value is 1.96), MOE
is the margin of error, p is the sample proportion,
and N is the population

18. references
Best, J. W. & Kahn, J. V. (2010).Research in Education
(Tenth Edition). New Delhi: PHI Learning.
https://select-statistics.co.uk/calculators/sample-size-