AIOU CODE , 6435

1. DR.NAVEED KHALID

2.  Chapter ‫عمران‬ ‫آل‬ ‫سورة‬
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3 Aal-e-Imran: Verses
66-66 ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬َ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ْ
ُْ‫م‬‫ت‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫ج‬‫ا‬َ‫ح‬ ِ‫ء‬ ََْ‫ل‬ُ‫ؤ‬ْ ََْ‫ه‬ ْ
ُْ‫م‬‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ه‬
‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ َُْ‫ح‬‫ت‬ َ‫م‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ف‬ ٌ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬ِ‫ع‬ ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ب‬
َ‫و‬ ُ‫م‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ي‬ َُّْ‫ل‬‫اهل‬ َ‫و‬ ٌ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬ِ‫ع‬ ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ب‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬َ‫ل‬ َ
‫ْس‬‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ َ‫ون‬
َ‫ون‬ُ‫م‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ت‬ ََْ‫ل‬ ْ
ُْ‫م‬‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬ Ah! Ye
are those who fell to disputing (Even) in
matters of which ye had some knowledge! but
why dispute ye in matters of which ye have
no knowledge? It is Allah Who knows, and ye
who know not!

3.  What is a foundation?
 1. The basis or ground work of any thing
 2. The natural or prepared ground on which
some structure rests
 3. The lowest and supporting layer of a
structure

4.  What is philosophy? Al kindi: “Philosophy
helps the Muslim to understand the truth
using different techniques from those directly
provided through Islam.
 ” Heraclitus: “Philosophy is a sacred disease.”
Marx, Karl ( Theses on Feuerbach, #11) “The
philosophers have only interpreted the world,
in various ways; the point, however, is to
change it.”

5.  Continued……. William James:
 "Philosophy is the unusually stubborn
attempt to think clearly.” Aquinas: “
 The study of philosophy aims not at knowing
what men feel, but at what is the truth of
things.”

6.  Continued……
 George Berkeley ( A Treatise Concerning The
Principles Of Human Knowledge) “ Philosophy
being nothing else but the study of wisdom
and truth, it may with reason be expected
that those who have spent most time and
pains in it should enjoy a greater calm and
serenity of mind, a greater clearness and
evidence of knowledge, and be less disturbed
with doubts and difficulties than other men.”

7.  What is education?
 Plato : “Education the initial acquisition of
virtue by the child, when the feelings of
pleasure and affection, pain and hatred, that
well up in his soul are channelled in the right
courses before he can understand the reason
why… education, then is a matter of correctly
disciplined feelings of pleasure and pain.”

8.  The purpose of Education: What do you think
the purpose of education is? To give
knowledge To transmit culture To help
people adapt to society To give religious
education To provide practical/hands-on
experience/training To provide
learner/human-centered education (self-
realization) Why do some parents choose or
reject certain schools? Your views…….

9.  Philosophical Foundations of Education:
Philosophy influences daily educational life in
many ways (curriculum, teacher role,
assessment, teaching methods..) Idealism
Realism Pragmatism Existentialism

10.  Idealism: History: Idealism is a Greece word.
Having the meanings of A visible form, The
look, Appearance of something. It is oldest
systematic philosophy in western culture.

11.  The Development of idealism: Socrates gave
ideas about idealism but they were oral. Plato
(427-327 B.C.) wrote ideas and dialogues of
Socrates Plato developed one of the most
influential philosophies dealing with
education. Rene Descartes (1596-1650),
George Berkeley (1685-1753), Immanuel Kant
(1724-1804), George Wilhelm Friedrick Hegel
(1770-1831) are considered modern
idealists.

12.  Definitions: Kant ( Kant's idealism, pg:5)
idealism may be defined as the view that
reality or “the world” is a product of the mind.
George Berkeley ( Internet Encyclopaedia of
Philosophy) The claim that everything that
exists either is a mind or depends on a mind
for its existence

13.  Salient Features: Mind, Thought or Spirit are
important World is the projection of mind or
spirit According to Theism God and Universe
are separate Universe is created by God
According to Pantheism this Universe is the
projection of God The creation of this
Universe is purposeful Ideas are eternal and
everlasting Man’s nature is spiritual Ideas are
true reality

14.  Continued…… Idealists use deductive method
Knowledge gained through revelation and
intuition is the best knowledge Knowledge
through senses is uncertain knowledge
wisdom, thoughts and consideration are the
key points Values are unchangeable Values
are created by God Plato believed that matter
has no reality

15.  Goals of Education:
 Educators are interested in the search for
truth through ideas.
 They encourage students to search for truth
as individuals.
 Education is transformation: ideas can
change lives.

16.  Role of a Teacher:
 Dealing with abstract notions through
dialectic method.
 Establishing an environment to ensure the
desired outcomes.
 A role model.

17.  Methods of Instruction:
 Lecturing but particularly using dialectic
approach. Through questioning encouraged
students to discuss, analyze, synthesize, and
apply what they have read.
 Encouraged students to work in groups/
individually on research projects, both oral
and written.

18.  Curriculum: Examining the roots of the
contemporary problems in the past (great
literature/classics etc) Education at any level
should teach students to think Subject-
matter curriculum Back-to-basics approach
in education

19.  Realism: Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
 the pupil of Plato is the founder of realism
He said, ideas may be important in
themselves, a proper study of matter could
lead us to better and more distinct ideas
“Idea of God or the idea of a tree can exist
without matter, but there can be no matter
without form”

20.  Religious Realism: Thomas Aquinas (1225-
1274) Leader of Religious Realism He argued
that: “Since God is pure reason, then the
universe is reason, and by using our reason,
as Aristotle suggested, we could know the
truth of things.” He emphasis on using our
senses in order to obtain knowledge about
world, and his proof of God’s existence
depend heavily upon sensory observation

21.  Development of Modern Realism: Francis
Bacon(1561-1626) He was against Aristotle.
Science must be concerned with pure and
simple inquiry He claimed to take all
knowledge as his field of investigation. John
Locke(1623-1704) Alfred North(1861-1947)
Bertrand Russell(1872-1970)

22.  Salient Features: Universe is not the
projection of idea There is no supreme power
behind this universe Our senses certify this
universe Man is just a physical body having
no relation with spirit Universe is immortal
Real knowledge is that which can certify this
universe Purpose of knowledge is to get
benefits from the universe as much as
possible

23.  Continued….. Revelation can be the source of
knowledge for religious Realists Values are
immortal Individuals are important

24.  Goals of Education: Develop intellectual
abilities To equip students with information
to understand current event

25.  Role of the Teacher: Having a solid grounding
in science, math's, and the humanities.
Competency testing of students with various
methods Read to adopt new technology To
teach disciplined knowledge Teacher should
be competent in subject matter Teacher
presenting ideas in a clear & consistent
manner There are definite ways to judge
works of art, music, poetry and literature

26.  Methods of Instruction: Lecture, question
&answer (formal ways of teaching) Inductive
& scientific reasoning Competency-based
assessments as a way ensuring that students
learnt what they are being taught Emphasis
on critical reason aided by observation (our
experiences) & experimentation Stressing
precision and accuracy in math, science,
social studies and writing

27.  Curriculum : Curriculum consists of the
basics – math's, science, reading etc.
Attention is given to didactic & object studies
in education (use of pictures, TV, videos in
educational process) Use of objects in
education (Montessori) Emphasis is on
subject matter (highly organized & systematic
in approach)

28.  Pragmatism : History : it is a Greek word Its
meaning is “work” It is viewed as a twentieth
century philosophy developed by Americans
This philosophy is linked with “Scientific
revolution”

29.  The American Pragmatists: Charles Sanders
Peirce(1839-1914) True knowledge of any
thing depends upon verification of our ideas
in actual experience William James(1842-
1910) Truth is that which gives benefits to
man John Dewy(1859-1952) He changed
Pragmatism into Instrumentalism He did not
believe in Supreme Power He related
philosophy with the problems of daily life and
their solutions ( benefits)

30.  Salient features: This universe is materialistic
This Universe is just for the benefits of men
Experiences and Observations are the basic
realities man’s status is physical nor spiritual
neither moral Scientific proofs are true
realities Knowledge can gain through wisdom
Just practical knowledge is the right
knowledge Values are temporary and
changeable Values are created by man

31.  Goal of Education: Primary goal of education
is growth. Education is for life. Education
should not be locked upon merely as
schooling and the acquisition of academic
subject matter but as a part of life itself.
Schools should balance the needs of the
society and students Helping people direct,
control and guide personal and social
experience (self-actualization) Education
should promote our individualism (self-
directed learning)

32.  Role of the Teacher: Applies democratic
methods Classroom is a community of
learners Teacher facilitator not authoritarian
Teacher encourages, offers suggestions,
questions and helps plan and implements
courses of study Teacher writes curriculum
and must have a command of several
disciplines to create and implement
curriculum

33.  Methods of Instruction: Problem solving,
experiential learning, inquiry methods, field
trips, projects Learning in groups and
individuality Formal instruction is abandoned
(flexible methods are used) moveable chairs,
freedom in class etc. Lockstep, rote
memorization of traditional schools are
replaced with individualized studies. Action-
oriented education (activity-oriented
approach to curriculum)

34.  Curriculum: Learner-centered curriculum
Pragmatist curriculum is composed of both
process (experience) and content (knowledge)
All academic and vocational disciplines in an
integrated and connected way

35.  Existentialism: History: Recent application to
educational theory and the problems of
education Its roots may be traced as far back
as the Sophists These are the philosophers of
Existentialism: Soren Kierkegaard(1813-
1855) Martin Buber (1878-1965) Jean-Paul
Sartre (1905-1980) Martin Heidegger (1889-
1976)

36.  Salient features: Direct relation between man
and God Problems can solve through
subjective thoughts Freedom of man is the
basic reality Man’s consciousness tells about
right or wrong Man is over burdened due to
values Emotions and decision power are the
basic elements of man’s personality

37.  Goals of Education: Education should focus on
the needs of individuals, both cognitively and
affectively. Education should stress individuality.
(Education should include discussion of the
nonrational and rational world) Education is an
activity liberating the individual. Individuals are
responsible of consequences. Individuals should
be given credit for the creation of concepts like
peace, truth, and justice. So, focus is on humans
and their ideas. Good education would encourage
individuals to ask such questions: “Who am I?”,
“Where

38.  Role of the Teacher : Emphasizes individual
choices (there is no common way of viewing
world) Both Teacher and students learn from
each other & their relation is more friend to
friend Thus the role of teacher is an intensely
personal one that carries with it a tremendous
responsibility. Due to the greater experience &
knowledge, it is the Teacher’s responsibility to
develop an educational environment that
promotes awareness of the past and present, and
of the future possibilities.

39.  Methods of Instruction: Stressing individual
freedom Empowering students to make
choices about what and how they will learn
Educational methods which help Teacher in
the opening of a whole new world of
possibilities for students. Students become
more articulate and capable of
comprehension and self-expression with the
help of teacher’s existentialist approach.

40.  Curriculum: Stressing arts an literature, little
emphasis is given on math and science The
humanities are considered in an existentialist
curriculum because they deal with the
essential aspects of human existence, such as
the relations between people, the tragic side
of human life as well as the happy. Through
humanities, the existentialists try to awaken
modern individuals to the dangers of being
swallowed up by the technology (wide
awaken)

41.  Topic Idealism Realism Pragmatism Existentialism Truth
Super force science practical Based on choice Comparison:
& action value Eternal Discovered Created by humans
Based on choice Nature of human beings Super force’s
creation Creature of nature Bio-socio-psycho individuals
Self defining Power Glorify Super force Knowledge
Individuals Responsibility Knowledge Revealed Observation
Social process Self relevant Role of teacher Model of
morality Model of science participant Re searcher
Curriculum Liberal rats Humanities Science, math Social
science Social studies Problem solving Fine arts Creative
work Purpose of education Conform to Super power
Conform to nature Learn how to learn Encourage selfhood
Freedom Within limits of Super power Within limits of
nature Democracy Total freedom