AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which infects and destroys CD4+ T cells. This leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers. HIV is transmitted via bodily fluids and progresses from an acute infection stage to asymptomatic latency before manifesting as AIDS-related complex and finally AIDS, characterized by severe immune deficiency. Diagnosis involves immunological and virological tests to detect HIV antibodies, antigens or viral RNA. Treatment focuses on antiviral drugs and managing opportunistic infections, though there is no cure currently.
Secondary Immunodeficiency
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
Reference: Included in Slides
Include causes of secondary immunodeficiency including AIDS and other viral infections
Secondary Immunodeficiency
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
Reference: Included in Slides
Include causes of secondary immunodeficiency including AIDS and other viral infections
At the end of the session, the students shall be able to
Describe the HIV AIDS introduction, epidemiology of HIV AIDS, diagnosis of HIV AIDS, treatment of HIV AIDS and prevention control of HIV AIDS.
Identification of AIDS? And what is HIV infection and mode of transmission?Hassan Shaker
This presentation includes the following:
1) What are viruses and its classification
2) Over view of HIV infection
3) Development of HIV infection into AIDS.
4) HIV infection's clinical features and its complications.
5) Life cycle of HIV infection.
6) Mode of transmission of HIV infection.
7) How to diagnose HIV infection.
8) How to manage HIV infection.
9) Explain different preventive measures to prevent sexually transmitted viral infection
At the end of the session, the students shall be able to
Describe the HIV AIDS introduction, epidemiology of HIV AIDS, diagnosis of HIV AIDS, treatment of HIV AIDS and prevention control of HIV AIDS.
Identification of AIDS? And what is HIV infection and mode of transmission?Hassan Shaker
This presentation includes the following:
1) What are viruses and its classification
2) Over view of HIV infection
3) Development of HIV infection into AIDS.
4) HIV infection's clinical features and its complications.
5) Life cycle of HIV infection.
6) Mode of transmission of HIV infection.
7) How to diagnose HIV infection.
8) How to manage HIV infection.
9) Explain different preventive measures to prevent sexually transmitted viral infection
As donor funding for HIV in Vietnam declines, the Social Health Insurance scheme is the likely solution to ensure the sustainability of an adequate response.
Cutaneous manifestations of hiv infectiontashagarwal
Dermatological problems occur in more than 90% of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In some patients, skin is the first organ affected. Skin diseases have proved to be sensitive and useful measures by which HIV progression can be monitored.
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is an immune mediated disease due to complex interaction between donor (lymphoid tissue) and recipient’s immunity occurring after transplantation.
Two types
Acute (less than 100 days)
Chronic (more than 100 days)
Oral Manifestation of Human Immunodeficiency VirusDr Jinki Singha
A seminar on HIV. In part one, I have covered the basic information about viruses, classication, the structure and life cycle of HIV, stages and clinical manifestations. In part two, I have covered the oral manifestations, diagnosis and treatment.
Wisdom Global Islamic Mission വിതരണം ചെയ്യുന്ന ജീവിതം എന്തിനു വേണ്ടി എന്ന വിഷയത്തിൽ ഉള്ള പുസ്തകത്തിന്റെ ONLINE കോപ്പി ഫ്രീ ആയി DOWNLOAD ചെയ്യാം ..ഷെയർ ചെയ്യുക
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. INTRODUCTION
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
First indication in 1981 with reports from
New York and Los Angeles-sudden outbreak
of two rare diseases-kaposi’s sarcoma and
Pnuemocystis carinii
3. HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
Causative agent of AIDS
Spherical enveloped virus about 90-120 nm in
size
Genome is diploid composed of two identical
single stranded positive RNA copies
Along with viral RNA – reverse transcriptase
enzyme-characteristic feature of retrovirus
When virus infects cell-reverse trancriptase
transcribe the single stranded RNA to double
stranded RNA nand then to double stranded
DNA(PROVIRUS)-integrates into human
genome!
4.
5.
6. During viral replication , when the virus buds out of
the host cell surface membrane-acquires a lipoprotein
envelop-consists of lipid derived from the host cell
membrane and glycoproteins which are virus coded
Major virus coded envelop protein –projecting knob
like spikes and anchoring transmembrane pedicles
Spikes-major surface component of virus which binds
to CD4 receptors on host cells…transmembrane
proteins help in cell fusion
7. PATHOGENESIS
Transmitted mainly through sexual contact or
through blood transfusion
Transmitted when the virus enters the blood or
the tissues and come in contact with suitable
host cells
Receptor for virus –CD4 antigen-thus infect any
cells bearing CD4 antigen on surface-primarily
the CD4+ helper T cell
Others include B lymphocytes,monocytes and
macrophages such as specialised macrophages
of lungs langerhan cells in dermis.
8. After fusion of virus with the cell-HIV genome
uncoated and internalised into the cell
Action of reverse transcriptase enzyme-double
stranded DNA integrated into the human
genome with the help of integrase-causes
latent infection
Long and variable incubation period is due to
latency
Primary pathogenic mechanism-due to
damage caused to the CD4 T lymphocytes
T4 cells decrease in number,CMI reduces
T4:T8 ratio reverses
Helper T cell function-essential for B cell
function-polyclonal activation of Bcells -
hypergammaglobulinemia
9. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Not primarily to viral cytopathology but due to
failure of immune responses
AIDS – only the last stage in the wide
spectrum of clinical features
10. STAGES OF EVOLUTION
Acute HIV infection
Asymptomatic or latent infection
Persistent generalised lymphadenopathy
AIDS related complex
AIDS
11. ACUTE HIV INFECTION
Within 3-6 weeks of infection
Low grade fever,malaise,head
ache,lymphadenopathy,sometimes with
rashes arthropathy resembling glandular
fever.Spontaneous resolution within weeks
Tests for HIV antibodies negative in early
stage and get positive during its course-
seroconversion illness.
12. ASYMPTOMATIC AND LATENT INFECTION
Symptomless infection
Positive HIV antibodies test
Passes through various stages-CD4
lymphocytopaenia,minor oppurtunistic
infection,persistent generalised
lymphadenopathy,ARC and full blown AIDS
Viral multiplication goes on-immune response
mounnted by host-only helps in limiting viral
load
Tcell-500 from 1000/microlitre-acute infection
and when 200 or less , clinical AIDS
13. PGL
Enlarged lymph nodes
Atleast 1 cm or more
In two or more non contiguous extrainguinal
sites-that persists for more than 3 months in the
absence of any current illness or medication
19. CNS-toxoplasmosis and
cryptococcosis,lymphomas of CNS also
seen.also can cross blood brain barrier and
cause encephalopathy leading to loss of
higher function-then dementia
Malignancies-kaposi’s
sarcoma(nonmetastasing mucosal or
cutaneous tuour of endothelial orgin)Hodgkin
and Non Hodgkin lymphomas
Babies born to infected mothers-also
positive-
23. DIAGNOSIS
IMMUNOLOGICAL TESTS:
Total luecocyte and lymphocyte count
Tcell subset assay-ratio inversion.Absolute
CD4 cell count less than 200/cubic mm
Platelet cout will show thrombocytopaenia
Raised IgG and IgA levels
Diminished CMI by skin tests
Lymph node biopsy
24. Specific tests:
Antigen detection:major core antigen-
p24-earliest marker-p24 antigen capture
assay
Viral isolation:cocultivation of patient’s
lymphocyte with uninfected lymphocyte in
the presence of interluekin 2.viral replicatio
detected by demo of reverse transcriptase
activity as well as antigen
PCR:golden standard for diagnosis of all
stages of HIV infection
25. Antibody detection:
ELISA Test
Western blot test-HIV proteins seperated
by their electrophoretic mobility by poly
acrylamide gel electrophoresis are blotted
on to the strips of nitrocellulose
paper.strips are reacted with test sera and
then with enzyme conjugated anti human
globulin
26. TREATMENT
Treatment and prophylaxis of infections and
tumours
General management
Immunorestortive measures(administration of
interluekin 2,thymic factors etc)
Specific anti-HIV drugs(anti retroviral drugs)