The document summarizes the food and nutrition situation in Bangladesh. It finds that malnutrition remains a major problem, with underweight prevalence among under-5 children at 47% in 2005-2006. The prevalence has declined but the rate of reduction is slowing. Key causes of malnutrition include poverty, food insecurity, poor maternal nutrition, and frequent illnesses. Evidence-based interventions to address undernutrition include promotion of breastfeeding, complementary feeding, vitamin A and zinc supplementation, and treatment of severe acute malnutrition. However, coverage of interventions needs to increase substantially to have a greater impact on reducing stunting and deaths.
Nutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition before pregnancy
unhealthy eating trends
Nutrition during pregnancy
important of good Nutrition during pregnancy
Key Nutrition during pregnancy
Optimal weight gain during pregnancy
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
Nutrition during lactation
protein
Sources of vitamins
Nutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition before pregnancy
unhealthy eating trends
Nutrition during pregnancy
important of good Nutrition during pregnancy
Key Nutrition during pregnancy
Optimal weight gain during pregnancy
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
Nutrition during lactation
protein
Sources of vitamins
What are the causes and effects of childhood obesity, and what strategies can health and government bodies use to tackle the issue? Nathalie Farpour-Lambert, President of the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), examines scientific data and presents recommendations. This presentation was delivered as part of a Global Active City and Ciudad Activa Summit in Buenos Aires in October 2018. EASO is a supporting partner of the Active Well-being Initiative, which runs the Global Active City programme. The world’s first Global Active Cities are Buenos Aires, Hamburg, Lillehammer, Liverpool, Ljubljana, and Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. Visit http://www.activewellbeing.org or follow @AWBInitiative on Twitter.
Weighing of the child at regular intervals, the plotting of that weight on a graph (called a growth chart) enabling one to see changes in weight, and giving advice to the mother based on this weight change is called ‘GROWTH MONITORING’
National Nutrition Strategy (NNS) has been published by NITI Aayog in 2017. The salient features of the National Nutrition Strategy are as follows:
Vision 2022: “Kuposhan Mukt Bharat”.
PRESENTATION GIVEN BY ME AT Central Food and Technology Research Institute (CFTRI), MYSORE WHICH ALSO FETCHED ME A PRIZE. THIS WAS ONE OF THE BEST AND PROUD MOMENTS IN MY CAREER
What are the causes and effects of childhood obesity, and what strategies can health and government bodies use to tackle the issue? Nathalie Farpour-Lambert, President of the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), examines scientific data and presents recommendations. This presentation was delivered as part of a Global Active City and Ciudad Activa Summit in Buenos Aires in October 2018. EASO is a supporting partner of the Active Well-being Initiative, which runs the Global Active City programme. The world’s first Global Active Cities are Buenos Aires, Hamburg, Lillehammer, Liverpool, Ljubljana, and Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. Visit http://www.activewellbeing.org or follow @AWBInitiative on Twitter.
Weighing of the child at regular intervals, the plotting of that weight on a graph (called a growth chart) enabling one to see changes in weight, and giving advice to the mother based on this weight change is called ‘GROWTH MONITORING’
National Nutrition Strategy (NNS) has been published by NITI Aayog in 2017. The salient features of the National Nutrition Strategy are as follows:
Vision 2022: “Kuposhan Mukt Bharat”.
PRESENTATION GIVEN BY ME AT Central Food and Technology Research Institute (CFTRI), MYSORE WHICH ALSO FETCHED ME A PRIZE. THIS WAS ONE OF THE BEST AND PROUD MOMENTS IN MY CAREER
RDA (Resource Description and Access) is a new standard for describing library resources, designed to replace AACR2. Library staff, including public services, systems personnel, and catalogers, may have heard mention of RDA but not know much about it or how it will change their daily work. You may have many questions. What is RDA? We'll give a very little bit of history and theoretical background. What is this going to mean for catalogers, ILS managers, and users in the near term? What are the future implications, or, why are we doing this? What are the juicy bits of controversy in cataloger-land? And finally, Do we HAVE to? We'll talk for a while, have some activities that get you thinking, and find out your thoughts on RDA.
Presented at "Captains & Crew Collaborating," the 8th annual paraprofessional conference at J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University.
Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Lalit Kumar
Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) is a cost-effective approach
Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) - Focuses on the child and not on the illness
Please note this presentation was presented on 10 April 2013 at the College of Medicine at the University of Illinois at Chicago, sponsored by the Center for Global Health. While you can see what I displayed, you cannot hear what I said, and I am sorry about that. Please let me know how I may be able to be of help to you in your work, or how I may be able to get a transcript to you.
Cheers, Chris
http://about.me/DrChrisStout
Research priorities to ensure better equity for childrenUnicefMaroc
Présentation de Gordon Alexander, Directeur de la recherche, l’UNICEF, à la Conférence Internationale d'Experts sur la mesure et les approches politiques pour améliorer l'équité pour les nouvelles générations dans la région MENA à Rabat, Maroc du 22 au 23 mai 2012.
Clinical Cases from Resource Limited Settings: Suzinne Pak-GorsteinUWGlobalHealth
Participants will be able to: recognize importance and identify resources for learning about a country and local 'disease' profile; local/regional guidelines and algorithms appropriate for the specific clinical setting; how to address limitations in clinical resources for diagnosis and management of clinical cases; and understanding health care service structure and personnel/staffing structure.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ahmed 1 the food and nutrition situation in bangladesh
1. Food & Nutrition Situation
in Bangladesh
Dr Tahmeed Ahmed
Director
Centre for Nutrition & Food Security
ICDDR,B
Professor, Public Health Nutrition
James P. Grant School of Public
Health, BRAC University
4. Different Types of Childhood Malnutrition
Normal height for age
Children
Wasted Stunted Underweight
Normal
Low weight for height Low height for age Low weight for age
5. Stunting in Early Childhood & Later
Development Outcomes
Philippines, n=2489
58 Not stunted
56 Mildly stunted
54
Moderately/severely
52 stunted
50
48
46
Cognitive score at 8 y
Mendez MA, 1999
7. Trends in Prevalence of Underweight in
Under-5 Children in Bangladesh
80
Percentage below -2SD
NCHS/WHO Reference
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
90 00 4 07
19
7
00 20
99
0
9- -2 2
1
98 99
6-
1 19
9
19
Ahmed T et al. In press.
8. Trends in Prevalence of Underweight in
Under-5 Children in Bangladesh
80
Percentage below -2SD
NCHS/WHO Reference
70
60
50
40
30
20
Reasons for the decline:
10
Increased literacy Fertility rate reduced
Measles vaccination now at 83% Family size smaller
90 00 07
19 04 electrification
7
Vitamin A supplementation coverage at 88% Rural 20
99
0
9- -2 20
1
98 99
6-
Increased food1production & energy intake Microcredit?
19
9
19
Ahmed T et al. In press.
9. Trends in Prevalence of Underweight in
Under-5 Children in Bangladesh
80
Percentage below -2SD
NCHS/WHO Reference
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
90 00 4 07
19
7
00 20
99
0
9- -2 2
1
98 99
6-
1 19
9
19
Ahmed T et al. In press.
10. Trends in Prevalence of Underweight in
Under-5 Children in Bangladesh
80
Percentage below -2SD
NCHS/WHO Reference
70
60
50
40
30
20
Assumptions on reasons for the stagnation:
10
•Increase in inequity (increase in Gini coefficient)
•Reduction in infant mortality rate resulting in more infants surviving but
90 00 07
with malnutrition -19 04
7
20
99
9 20 20
9-
1
98
6-
1 99
9
1
19
Ahmed T et al. In press.
11. Trends in Prevalence of Underweight in
Under-5 Children in Bangladesh
80
Percentage below -2SD
NCHS/WHO Reference
70
60
50
40
30
20 Required rate of reduction, 1.36 percent points/yr
10 Rate of reduction so far, 1.27 percent points/yr
90 00 4 07 15
19
7
00 20 20
99
0
9- -2 2
1
98 99
6-
1 19
9
19
Ahmed T et al. In press.
12. Percentage below -2SD
B NCHS/WHO Reference
an
gl
ad
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
e sh
20
07
In 47.0
di
a
20
05
-0
6
47.8
N
ep
al
20
C 0 6
am
44.9
bo
di
a
20
05
35.6
Et
hi
op
ia
20
0 5
R
38.5
w
an
da
20
05
U
22.6
ga
than in Sub-Saharan Africa
nd
a
20
06
20.2
Malnutrition is more common in Asia
13. Trends of BMI of Women in Bangladesh
60
Percent of women with BMI <18.5
52.0
50
45.4
40
34.3
29.7
30
20
10
0
1996-97 1999-2000 2004 2007
14. On the Causes of Malnutrition
Population increases in a
geometric ratio, while the means
of subsistence increases in an
arithmetic ratio
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
15. Limited Land Mass with the Highest
Population Density
1200
Bangladesh Population density in
Population Density (/ sq.km.)
1000
Bangladesh is 3 to 40
800 times higher than
other ‘mega’ countries
600
Japan
400
Pakistan India
Indonesia
200
USA China
0
Nigeria 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Mexico Russia Brazil Population (millions)
17. •Close to 27% or 40 million live in urban
areas
•About 40% of Dhaka city population lives
in slums
•Dhaka is the fastest growing city
Korail Slum
18. On the Causes of Malnutrition
Famine and malnutrition
are a result of a collapse
of entitlements for a
certain segment of
society and the failure of
the state to protect those
entitlements.
Amartya Sen
23. Severe Acute Malnutrition
2.9% in Bangladesh
~500,000 children
At risk of death from
• Hypoglycemia
• Hypothermia
• Infections
24.
25. Admission 2 weeks
A 2 yr old girl with
dysentery, pneumonia
Weighed only 3.8 kg
Treated with
• therapeutic diets
• antibiotics
4 weeks
• micronutrients
5 weeks
Diagnosed TB and
treated appropriately
31. Interventions with Sufficient Evidence to
Implement in All Countries
Maternal and Birth Newborn Babies Infants and Children
Outcomes • Promotion of
• Promotion of
• Iron folate breastfeeding (individual breastfeeding (individual
supplementation and group counseling) and group counseling)
• Maternal supplements of • Behavior change
multiple micronutrients communication for improved
• Maternal iodine through complementary feeding
• Zinc supplementation
iodization of salt
• Zinc in management of
• Maternal calcium
diarrhea
supplementation
• Vitamin A fortification or
• Interventions to reduce
supplementation
tobacco consumption or
• Universal salt iodization
indoor air pollution
• Handwashing or hygiene
interventions
•Treatment of SAM
Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T et al. Lancet 2008
32. Interventions with Sufficient Evidence to
Implement in All Countries
Maternal and Birth Newborn Babies Infants and Children
Outcomes • Promotion of
• Promotion of
• Iron folate breastfeeding (individual breastfeeding (individual
supplementation and group counseling) and group counseling)
• Maternal supplements of • Behavior change
multiple micronutrients communication for improved
• Maternal iodine through complementary feeding
• Zinc supplementation
iodization of salt
• Zinc in management of
Hygiene interventions:
• Maternal calcium
diarrhea
supplementation
• Vitamin A
• Interventions Reduce incidence of diarrhea
to reduce by 30%, fortification or
supplementation
tobacco consumption or
reduce odds of stunting
indoor air pollution
• Universal salt iodization
• Handwashing or hygiene
interventions
•Treatment of SAM
Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T et al. Lancet 2008
34. Coverage is most important !
Reduction Reduction % of
in deaths in stunting DALYs
averted
99% coverage 25% 35% 25%
90 % coverage 22% 32% 23%
70 % coverage 17% 27% 17%
Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T et al. Lancet 2008
35. To eliminate stunting in the longer term, these
Interventions should be supplemented by improvements
in the underlying determinants of undernutrition, such as
poverty, poor education, disease burden, and lack of
women’s empowerment.
36. Recommendations
• Business as usual will not work
• Need to think out of the box now
• There is no one size that fits all, several
strategies need to be tried
37. Recommendations
• Immediate need is to improve existing services
and scale them up
– Primary health care focusing on child & maternal
health and nutrition should be priority
– Increase number of centers, staff
– Improve quality of counseling
– Rigorous monitoring of quality of services to
reduce dissatisfaction with existing services
38. Recommendations
• Primary health care intervention package should
be expanded and improved
– IFA tablets for adolescent girls, PLW
– Breastfeeding & complementary feeding
– Micronutrient powder for infants & young children
– Management of moderate & severe acute
malnutrition
39. Undernutrition hotspots need special attention
– Monga-prone areas in the north
– The coastal belt and char areas
– Areas in Chittagong & Sylhet divisions with
higher prevalence of child malnutrition
– Rat-infested areas in the Hill Tracts
40. Recommendations
• But the ultimate goal is to prevent/control rapid
unplanned urbanization
– Create livelihoods in rural Bangladesh
– Control population growth drastically
– Improve livelihood & living conditions of people who
are already living in urban areas
Editor's Notes
For paper 3, the authors reviewed 45 interventions, including breastfeeding promotion, complementary feeding promotion strategies with or without provision of food supplements, micronutrient interventions, and general supportive strategies for improving family and community nutrition and disease burden reduction. This table summarizes the various interventions with demonstrated impact on maternal and child undernutrition. Importantly, for each of the conditions contributing to nutrition-related disability and death there are already highly effective interventions available.
Explain that figure shows the sort of information generated by the model. Go through what it shows – what happens to children between birth and 36 months of age – so by 36 months of age about 9% of children have died and of those who survive over half (58%) are stunted.
Explain that figure shows the sort of information generated by the model. Go through what it shows – what happens to children between birth and 36 months of age – so by 36 months of age about 9% of children have died and of those who survive over half (58%) are stunted.