This document provides an overview of Italian and Northern European art from 1200-1500 CE, including important artists, works, styles, and techniques. It summarizes the transition from the Italo-Byzantine style to the Early Renaissance in Italy led by artists like Giotto, Donatello, Botticelli, and others who incorporated more naturalism and classical influences. Northern European artists like van Eyck are also discussed for their innovations with oil painting techniques that allowed for luminous colors. The document outlines the key movements and developments that defined the art of this period.
Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish Baroque painter active in the early 1600s who combined elements of northern European and Italian artistic styles. He was highly prolific and influential, producing over 2,000 paintings in his career. Rubens received many commissions from European royalty to glorify their lives and rule. One such commission was a series of 21 paintings from 1622-1626 memorializing the life of Marie de' Medici. Rubens used allegorical figures, decorative splendor, and mythical imagery to bring a sense of grandeur to Marie's story. His combining of northern realism and Italian theatricality came to define the Flemish Baroque style.
Leonardo da Vinci was one of the most influential artists of the High Renaissance in Italy. He was a true "Renaissance man" with expertise in many fields including art, science, engineering and more. Some of his most famous works include the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper and Madonna of the Rocks. These works reflected his interest in naturalism, complex compositions, and subtle effects of light and shadow. Michelangelo was another towering figure who excelled at sculpture and architecture. His David and works for the tomb of Pope Julius II show his mastery of the human form and ability to imbue stone with dramatic movement and emotion. Raphael was a highly skilled painter known for his harmonious
The document provides an overview of the High Renaissance period in Italy from 1495-1520. It discusses key developments including the rising status of artists, who became international celebrities socializing with royalty. Leonardo da Vinci is highlighted as a quintessential Renaissance man with wide-ranging interests from science to art. The document analyzes several of his most famous works including the Last Supper and Mona Lisa, noting his mastery of techniques like sfumato. Raphael is also discussed for works like School of Athens, combining elements of Michelangelo, Leonardo, and his own teacher Perugino.
The document provides biographical information about Michelangelo and discusses several of his most famous works, including the Pieta, David, Moses, and the ceiling and Last Judgement frescoes of the Sistine Chapel. It describes Michelangelo's personality as brooding and solitary. As one of the premier artists of the High Renaissance, he asserted the artist's authority and drew inspiration from Neoplatonic ideas about releasing divine forms trapped in stone. The Sistine Chapel works were monumental fresco projects that established Michelangelo as the preeminent painter of his time through their complex figures and narratives.
Neoplatonism was a philosophical system that synthesized Platonic, Aristotelian, and Stoic ideas. It experienced a revival during the Renaissance and emphasized that spiritual things were real while material things were not. The goal was to free the soul from the body through knowledge and contemplation. Neoplatonism was embraced by the powerful Medici family in Florence and viewed all sources of inspiration, whether classical mythology or biblical, as means to unite with the divine. Artists like Botticelli produced works allegorizing the relationship between physical and spiritual beauty. Savonarola denounced humanism and Neoplatonism as heretical in 1490s Florence and forced the bonfire of secular art and literature
This document provides information about works by prominent Renaissance artists for a study guide test, including Leonardo da Vinci's Madonna of the Rocks and Last Supper, Michelangelo's David and Sistine Chapel ceiling paintings, and works by Raphael, Titian, and others. It also gives biographical details on Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael, describing their personalities, styles of work, and key commissions.
1) Masaccio was an early 15th century Italian painter who took Giotto's innovations in space and light further in works like the Brancacci Chapel frescoes.
2) In his fresco The Tribute Money, Masaccio introduced techniques like linear perspective, atmospheric perspective, and chiaroscuro to depict realistic three-dimensional space.
3) His fresco Holy Trinity in Santa Maria Novella was one of the first paintings to use mathematical linear perspective to depict space and features ascending figures to represent the journey from death to resurrection.
The document provides an overview of the transition from the Medieval period to the Renaissance in Europe. It describes how the fall of Rome led to the Dark Ages, characterized by feudal systems and a static worldview focused on spiritual realities. The Black Death in 1348 killed 30-60% of Europe's population, weakening social institutions. Meanwhile, the fall of Constantinople brought Greek texts to Italy, sparking renewed interest in antiquity. This led to the humanist philosophy of the Renaissance which celebrated human potential and secular civic virtues. Artists like Giotto began creating more naturalistic, three-dimensional works that marked the shift from the otherworldly Medieval style to the emerging Renaissance perspective.
Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish Baroque painter active in the early 1600s who combined elements of northern European and Italian artistic styles. He was highly prolific and influential, producing over 2,000 paintings in his career. Rubens received many commissions from European royalty to glorify their lives and rule. One such commission was a series of 21 paintings from 1622-1626 memorializing the life of Marie de' Medici. Rubens used allegorical figures, decorative splendor, and mythical imagery to bring a sense of grandeur to Marie's story. His combining of northern realism and Italian theatricality came to define the Flemish Baroque style.
Leonardo da Vinci was one of the most influential artists of the High Renaissance in Italy. He was a true "Renaissance man" with expertise in many fields including art, science, engineering and more. Some of his most famous works include the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper and Madonna of the Rocks. These works reflected his interest in naturalism, complex compositions, and subtle effects of light and shadow. Michelangelo was another towering figure who excelled at sculpture and architecture. His David and works for the tomb of Pope Julius II show his mastery of the human form and ability to imbue stone with dramatic movement and emotion. Raphael was a highly skilled painter known for his harmonious
The document provides an overview of the High Renaissance period in Italy from 1495-1520. It discusses key developments including the rising status of artists, who became international celebrities socializing with royalty. Leonardo da Vinci is highlighted as a quintessential Renaissance man with wide-ranging interests from science to art. The document analyzes several of his most famous works including the Last Supper and Mona Lisa, noting his mastery of techniques like sfumato. Raphael is also discussed for works like School of Athens, combining elements of Michelangelo, Leonardo, and his own teacher Perugino.
The document provides biographical information about Michelangelo and discusses several of his most famous works, including the Pieta, David, Moses, and the ceiling and Last Judgement frescoes of the Sistine Chapel. It describes Michelangelo's personality as brooding and solitary. As one of the premier artists of the High Renaissance, he asserted the artist's authority and drew inspiration from Neoplatonic ideas about releasing divine forms trapped in stone. The Sistine Chapel works were monumental fresco projects that established Michelangelo as the preeminent painter of his time through their complex figures and narratives.
Neoplatonism was a philosophical system that synthesized Platonic, Aristotelian, and Stoic ideas. It experienced a revival during the Renaissance and emphasized that spiritual things were real while material things were not. The goal was to free the soul from the body through knowledge and contemplation. Neoplatonism was embraced by the powerful Medici family in Florence and viewed all sources of inspiration, whether classical mythology or biblical, as means to unite with the divine. Artists like Botticelli produced works allegorizing the relationship between physical and spiritual beauty. Savonarola denounced humanism and Neoplatonism as heretical in 1490s Florence and forced the bonfire of secular art and literature
This document provides information about works by prominent Renaissance artists for a study guide test, including Leonardo da Vinci's Madonna of the Rocks and Last Supper, Michelangelo's David and Sistine Chapel ceiling paintings, and works by Raphael, Titian, and others. It also gives biographical details on Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael, describing their personalities, styles of work, and key commissions.
1) Masaccio was an early 15th century Italian painter who took Giotto's innovations in space and light further in works like the Brancacci Chapel frescoes.
2) In his fresco The Tribute Money, Masaccio introduced techniques like linear perspective, atmospheric perspective, and chiaroscuro to depict realistic three-dimensional space.
3) His fresco Holy Trinity in Santa Maria Novella was one of the first paintings to use mathematical linear perspective to depict space and features ascending figures to represent the journey from death to resurrection.
The document provides an overview of the transition from the Medieval period to the Renaissance in Europe. It describes how the fall of Rome led to the Dark Ages, characterized by feudal systems and a static worldview focused on spiritual realities. The Black Death in 1348 killed 30-60% of Europe's population, weakening social institutions. Meanwhile, the fall of Constantinople brought Greek texts to Italy, sparking renewed interest in antiquity. This led to the humanist philosophy of the Renaissance which celebrated human potential and secular civic virtues. Artists like Giotto began creating more naturalistic, three-dimensional works that marked the shift from the otherworldly Medieval style to the emerging Renaissance perspective.
The document provides information on various 17th century European artists and their works, including Bernini, Caravaggio, Artemisia Gentileschi, Velazquez, Rembrandt, Vermeer, and others. It describes key sculptures and paintings such as Bernini's Ecstasy of Saint Teresa and David, Caravaggio's Calling of Saint Matthew, Artemisia Gentileschi's Judith Slaying Holofernes, and Rembrandt's Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp and Night Watch. The summaries highlight styles, subjects, compositional techniques, and historical contexts of the different
The Renaissance began as a rebirth of ideas and values from antiquity following the decline of the Roman Empire and the cultural stagnation of the Middle Ages. During this period, the Black Death pandemic killed 30-60% of Europe's population, weakening social institutions. Meanwhile, the fall of Constantinople brought Greek texts to Italy, sparking renewed interest in classical philosophy. Early Italian Renaissance artists like Giotto and Duccio began moving away from the flat, abstract styles of medieval art towards greater naturalism by incorporating perspective, anatomy and other techniques from antiquity.
The document summarizes key developments in Renaissance art in Venice and the emergence of Mannerism. It describes the Venetian school's preference for a softer approach to oil painting compared to Florence, as well as their willingness to depict erotic themes. Major Venetian artists discussed include Giovanni Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, and Veronese. The summary also characterizes Mannerism as a reaction against Renaissance ideals of balance, with elongated figures and unusual colors and compositions. Key Mannerist artists mentioned are Pontormo, Bronzino, and Tintoretto.
This document provides an overview of developments in Northern European art from 1400-1500. It notes that Northern Europe had stronger connections to pagan traditions compared to Southern Europe. Artists paid great attention to realistic details. The oil painting technique was invented, allowing for luminous colors. Printmaking also flourished. Early capitalism emerged in places like Flanders. Significant artists mentioned include Jan van Eyck, Robert Campin, and Hieronymus Bosch. Key works summarized are van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece and Arnolfini Portrait for their intricate symbolism, and Bosch's enigmatic Garden of Earthly Delights triptych.
The High Renaissance in Italy was characterized by a focus on humanism and naturalism in art. Leonardo da Vinci epitomized the Renaissance ideal of a universal genius through his mastery of painting, sculpture, science, and engineering. His works, such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, demonstrate innovative techniques like sfumato. Michelangelo was renowned for his sculptural works like David and paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Raphael blended elements of Leonardo and Michelangelo in frescoes like The School of Athens. Venetian artists like Titian developed oil painting techniques to depict sensual subjects through warm colors and atmospheric effects.
The document discusses Dutch and French art from the Baroque period. It provides information on several Dutch artists such as Jacob van Ruisdael, Jan Vermeer, Jan Steen, and Rachel Ruysch who painted landscapes and scenes of everyday life with great attention to realistic details. It also covers French artists like Nicolas Poussin, Claude Lorrain, and Georges de La Tour who painted in a classical style with calm, ordered compositions and idealized landscapes. The rise of the "Sun King" Louis XIV moved the center of European art and culture to France in the 17th century.
The document provides an overview of Baroque art in the Spanish Netherlands and Dutch Republic during the 17th century. It discusses key Flemish artists like Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck who worked under Spanish rule in the Southern Netherlands. Rubens is noted for his energetic style and vast output, combining northern and southern European influences. The document also covers the Dutch Golden Age in the Protestant north, with genre painters like Frans Hals and Rembrandt capturing middle-class life. Rembrandt's psychological portraits and mastery of light are emphasized.
The document summarizes the competition held in 1401-1402 for the commission to design the bronze East Doors of the Baptistery of Florence Cathedral. Brunelleschi and Ghiberti submitted entries, with Ghiberti's winning design showing a more advanced use of linear perspective and a greater sense of emotional complexity. Though he lost, Brunelleschi's studies of classical architecture and development of linear perspective led to his later success as a renowned architect, including his dome for Florence Cathedral. Ghiberti went on to complete the doors and later received another commission to design the Gates of Paradise doors for the Baptistery.
The document provides an overview of the Protestant Reformation and key events that led to divisions within Christianity in 16th century Europe. It discusses figures like Martin Luther who criticized the Catholic church and its sale of indulgences. Over time this grew into conflicts and wars between Protestant and Catholic states, most notably the Thirty Years War. The document also introduces the concept of the Counter Reformation by the Catholic church to stem the growth of Protestantism. It provides examples of influential Baroque artists like Bernini and Caravaggio who worked during this period.
This document provides an overview of art in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance periods. It discusses how art in the Middle Ages focused more on spiritual subjects, while Renaissance art emphasized humanism and a return to naturalism inspired by ancient Greek and Roman art. A key development was the loss of Constantinople in 1453, which brought Greek scholars and knowledge of antiquity to Italy and sparked new interest there. Artists like Masaccio and Donatello developed techniques like linear perspective and freestanding nudes that advanced realism in painting and sculpture. Major Italian city-states like Florence also saw growth in wealth and civic pride during this time, as expressed through large architectural projects and commissions.
The document provides context on the High Renaissance and Mannerism periods. It discusses key events and developments in various regions during this time, including the expanding world through European exploration, the growing power of the Papal States in Rome, Spain's rise to power under Ferdinand and Isabella, and the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. It also covers artistic concepts and styles of the High Renaissance and Mannerism, and profiles influential artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.
The document discusses the Protestant Reformation that began in the 1500s as people grew dissatisfied with corruption in the Catholic Church. Martin Luther was particularly troubled by the selling of indulgences and wrote his 95 Theses calling for church reform. This sparked the Protestant Reformation and religious conflicts like the Thirty Years' War. The Counter Reformation was the Catholic Church's response to try to stem Protestantism. The Baroque period saw dramatic artistic works used by both Protestants and Catholics to persuade people. Key artists discussed include Bernini, Caravaggio, and their highly dramatic works capturing decisive moments.
Companion slideshow for Gardner's Art Through the Ages (Global) textbooks. Prepared for Art 102 at Montgomery County Community College. Jean Thobaben-Adjunct Instructor.
This document provides an overview of important artists and works from the Renaissance through Rococo periods in Europe. It discusses seminal pieces such as Masaccio's Holy Trinity and Michelangelo's David. Key movements like the Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo are defined. Influential artists including Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Caravaggio, Rembrandt and Fragonard are mentioned. Important techniques in painting like chiaroscuro, sfumato and tenebrism are also summarized.
Romanticism was a 19th century artistic and intellectual movement that emphasized emotion, individualism, and nature. It saw a shift from reason to emotion and imagination. Romantic artists often depicted intense emotions, untamed nature, exotic locales, and the supernatural. They also celebrated individual genius and originality of expression. Some key Romantic artists included Eugène Delacroix, Théodore Géricault, Francisco Goya, and Caspar David Friedrich who are known for their dramatic landscapes and emotionally charged subjects.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in art history. It discusses how art was traditionally used to glorify rulers and religious narratives, but a new middle class emerged in the Dutch Golden Age who could patronize art for their homes, like paintings above the couch. It outlines the methodology of art history, including describing the subject matter, interpreting symbols and meaning, and analyzing the style. Art history studies works in their historical and cultural context rather than making judgments of quality.
The document provides an overview of developments in European art from approximately 1000 CE to the early 16th century. It summarizes key artistic innovations and movements during this period, including the emergence of Renaissance art and ideals in the 15th-16th centuries with a focus on naturalism, perspective, and the human form. Major artists discussed include Giotto, Donatello, Masaccio, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and their significant works.
The Burgundian Netherlands refers to the Low Countries (modern Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) and northern France when ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy in the late 14th-15th centuries. Under Burgundian rule, the region became one of Europe's richest centers of cloth production, trade, and art patronage. Artists like Jan van Eyck and Hans Memling were attracted to the Burgundian court and cities like Bruges. Their realistic style differed from the classical ideals of Italian Renaissance art, focusing more on religious experience and accurate depictions of local life.
Late Gothic to E. Renaissance - Italy, 1200-1400Gary Freeman
Late Gothic to Early Renaissance Italy, 1200 to 1400 saw a rejection of medieval artistic elements and a growing interest in classical antiquity and the natural world. Artists developed techniques like spatial depth, solid human figures, and emotional expression. Major city-states like Siena, Florence, and Venice saw growth of patronage systems and civic architecture responding to rising power. The International Gothic style blended elements like linear perspective, realistic figures, and ornate decoration.
The document summarizes artistic movements in Europe between the Renaissance and Baroque periods. It describes how Humanism during the Renaissance led to a focus on depicting physical reality and the human form over religious subjects. Key artists of the Early Renaissance like Giotto, Masaccio, Donatello, and Botticelli incorporated realism and linear perspective. The High Renaissance saw the work of masters like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael who pushed artistic skills to new heights. Northern European artists like Van Eyck and Bruegel also incorporated more realistic depictions of daily life. Mannerism emerged as a reaction against perfected Renaissance styles. The Baroque saw a shift to dramatic emotion and innovative uses of
The document lists 26 artworks created between the 13th and 15th centuries by important Italian and Northern European artists such as Cimabue, Giotto, Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Jan van Eyck, Robert Campin, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Donatello, Sandro Botticelli, Fra Filippo Lippi, Perugino, Andrea Mantegna, and Luca Signorelli. The artworks include paintings, sculptures and altarpieces depicting religious subjects like the Madonna and Child, saints, and scenes from the Bible as well as portraits and secular subjects.
This document provides information on art and architecture in Siena and Florence between the medieval and Renaissance periods. It discusses Ambrogio Lorenzetti's 1338-1339 frescoes depicting the effects of good government in the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena. It also describes Duccio di Buoninsegma's 1308-1311 Maestà altarpiece in the Siena Cathedral, including its central panel and life of Jesus scenes on the back. Brief sections cover condottieri warriors and Francesco Traini's fresco of the Triumph of Death. The document concludes with images of Florence Cathedral between 13th-14th centuries.
The document provides information on various 17th century European artists and their works, including Bernini, Caravaggio, Artemisia Gentileschi, Velazquez, Rembrandt, Vermeer, and others. It describes key sculptures and paintings such as Bernini's Ecstasy of Saint Teresa and David, Caravaggio's Calling of Saint Matthew, Artemisia Gentileschi's Judith Slaying Holofernes, and Rembrandt's Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp and Night Watch. The summaries highlight styles, subjects, compositional techniques, and historical contexts of the different
The Renaissance began as a rebirth of ideas and values from antiquity following the decline of the Roman Empire and the cultural stagnation of the Middle Ages. During this period, the Black Death pandemic killed 30-60% of Europe's population, weakening social institutions. Meanwhile, the fall of Constantinople brought Greek texts to Italy, sparking renewed interest in classical philosophy. Early Italian Renaissance artists like Giotto and Duccio began moving away from the flat, abstract styles of medieval art towards greater naturalism by incorporating perspective, anatomy and other techniques from antiquity.
The document summarizes key developments in Renaissance art in Venice and the emergence of Mannerism. It describes the Venetian school's preference for a softer approach to oil painting compared to Florence, as well as their willingness to depict erotic themes. Major Venetian artists discussed include Giovanni Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, and Veronese. The summary also characterizes Mannerism as a reaction against Renaissance ideals of balance, with elongated figures and unusual colors and compositions. Key Mannerist artists mentioned are Pontormo, Bronzino, and Tintoretto.
This document provides an overview of developments in Northern European art from 1400-1500. It notes that Northern Europe had stronger connections to pagan traditions compared to Southern Europe. Artists paid great attention to realistic details. The oil painting technique was invented, allowing for luminous colors. Printmaking also flourished. Early capitalism emerged in places like Flanders. Significant artists mentioned include Jan van Eyck, Robert Campin, and Hieronymus Bosch. Key works summarized are van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece and Arnolfini Portrait for their intricate symbolism, and Bosch's enigmatic Garden of Earthly Delights triptych.
The High Renaissance in Italy was characterized by a focus on humanism and naturalism in art. Leonardo da Vinci epitomized the Renaissance ideal of a universal genius through his mastery of painting, sculpture, science, and engineering. His works, such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, demonstrate innovative techniques like sfumato. Michelangelo was renowned for his sculptural works like David and paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Raphael blended elements of Leonardo and Michelangelo in frescoes like The School of Athens. Venetian artists like Titian developed oil painting techniques to depict sensual subjects through warm colors and atmospheric effects.
The document discusses Dutch and French art from the Baroque period. It provides information on several Dutch artists such as Jacob van Ruisdael, Jan Vermeer, Jan Steen, and Rachel Ruysch who painted landscapes and scenes of everyday life with great attention to realistic details. It also covers French artists like Nicolas Poussin, Claude Lorrain, and Georges de La Tour who painted in a classical style with calm, ordered compositions and idealized landscapes. The rise of the "Sun King" Louis XIV moved the center of European art and culture to France in the 17th century.
The document provides an overview of Baroque art in the Spanish Netherlands and Dutch Republic during the 17th century. It discusses key Flemish artists like Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck who worked under Spanish rule in the Southern Netherlands. Rubens is noted for his energetic style and vast output, combining northern and southern European influences. The document also covers the Dutch Golden Age in the Protestant north, with genre painters like Frans Hals and Rembrandt capturing middle-class life. Rembrandt's psychological portraits and mastery of light are emphasized.
The document summarizes the competition held in 1401-1402 for the commission to design the bronze East Doors of the Baptistery of Florence Cathedral. Brunelleschi and Ghiberti submitted entries, with Ghiberti's winning design showing a more advanced use of linear perspective and a greater sense of emotional complexity. Though he lost, Brunelleschi's studies of classical architecture and development of linear perspective led to his later success as a renowned architect, including his dome for Florence Cathedral. Ghiberti went on to complete the doors and later received another commission to design the Gates of Paradise doors for the Baptistery.
The document provides an overview of the Protestant Reformation and key events that led to divisions within Christianity in 16th century Europe. It discusses figures like Martin Luther who criticized the Catholic church and its sale of indulgences. Over time this grew into conflicts and wars between Protestant and Catholic states, most notably the Thirty Years War. The document also introduces the concept of the Counter Reformation by the Catholic church to stem the growth of Protestantism. It provides examples of influential Baroque artists like Bernini and Caravaggio who worked during this period.
This document provides an overview of art in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance periods. It discusses how art in the Middle Ages focused more on spiritual subjects, while Renaissance art emphasized humanism and a return to naturalism inspired by ancient Greek and Roman art. A key development was the loss of Constantinople in 1453, which brought Greek scholars and knowledge of antiquity to Italy and sparked new interest there. Artists like Masaccio and Donatello developed techniques like linear perspective and freestanding nudes that advanced realism in painting and sculpture. Major Italian city-states like Florence also saw growth in wealth and civic pride during this time, as expressed through large architectural projects and commissions.
The document provides context on the High Renaissance and Mannerism periods. It discusses key events and developments in various regions during this time, including the expanding world through European exploration, the growing power of the Papal States in Rome, Spain's rise to power under Ferdinand and Isabella, and the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. It also covers artistic concepts and styles of the High Renaissance and Mannerism, and profiles influential artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.
The document discusses the Protestant Reformation that began in the 1500s as people grew dissatisfied with corruption in the Catholic Church. Martin Luther was particularly troubled by the selling of indulgences and wrote his 95 Theses calling for church reform. This sparked the Protestant Reformation and religious conflicts like the Thirty Years' War. The Counter Reformation was the Catholic Church's response to try to stem Protestantism. The Baroque period saw dramatic artistic works used by both Protestants and Catholics to persuade people. Key artists discussed include Bernini, Caravaggio, and their highly dramatic works capturing decisive moments.
Companion slideshow for Gardner's Art Through the Ages (Global) textbooks. Prepared for Art 102 at Montgomery County Community College. Jean Thobaben-Adjunct Instructor.
This document provides an overview of important artists and works from the Renaissance through Rococo periods in Europe. It discusses seminal pieces such as Masaccio's Holy Trinity and Michelangelo's David. Key movements like the Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo are defined. Influential artists including Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Caravaggio, Rembrandt and Fragonard are mentioned. Important techniques in painting like chiaroscuro, sfumato and tenebrism are also summarized.
Romanticism was a 19th century artistic and intellectual movement that emphasized emotion, individualism, and nature. It saw a shift from reason to emotion and imagination. Romantic artists often depicted intense emotions, untamed nature, exotic locales, and the supernatural. They also celebrated individual genius and originality of expression. Some key Romantic artists included Eugène Delacroix, Théodore Géricault, Francisco Goya, and Caspar David Friedrich who are known for their dramatic landscapes and emotionally charged subjects.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in art history. It discusses how art was traditionally used to glorify rulers and religious narratives, but a new middle class emerged in the Dutch Golden Age who could patronize art for their homes, like paintings above the couch. It outlines the methodology of art history, including describing the subject matter, interpreting symbols and meaning, and analyzing the style. Art history studies works in their historical and cultural context rather than making judgments of quality.
The document provides an overview of developments in European art from approximately 1000 CE to the early 16th century. It summarizes key artistic innovations and movements during this period, including the emergence of Renaissance art and ideals in the 15th-16th centuries with a focus on naturalism, perspective, and the human form. Major artists discussed include Giotto, Donatello, Masaccio, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and their significant works.
The Burgundian Netherlands refers to the Low Countries (modern Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) and northern France when ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy in the late 14th-15th centuries. Under Burgundian rule, the region became one of Europe's richest centers of cloth production, trade, and art patronage. Artists like Jan van Eyck and Hans Memling were attracted to the Burgundian court and cities like Bruges. Their realistic style differed from the classical ideals of Italian Renaissance art, focusing more on religious experience and accurate depictions of local life.
Late Gothic to E. Renaissance - Italy, 1200-1400Gary Freeman
Late Gothic to Early Renaissance Italy, 1200 to 1400 saw a rejection of medieval artistic elements and a growing interest in classical antiquity and the natural world. Artists developed techniques like spatial depth, solid human figures, and emotional expression. Major city-states like Siena, Florence, and Venice saw growth of patronage systems and civic architecture responding to rising power. The International Gothic style blended elements like linear perspective, realistic figures, and ornate decoration.
The document summarizes artistic movements in Europe between the Renaissance and Baroque periods. It describes how Humanism during the Renaissance led to a focus on depicting physical reality and the human form over religious subjects. Key artists of the Early Renaissance like Giotto, Masaccio, Donatello, and Botticelli incorporated realism and linear perspective. The High Renaissance saw the work of masters like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael who pushed artistic skills to new heights. Northern European artists like Van Eyck and Bruegel also incorporated more realistic depictions of daily life. Mannerism emerged as a reaction against perfected Renaissance styles. The Baroque saw a shift to dramatic emotion and innovative uses of
The document lists 26 artworks created between the 13th and 15th centuries by important Italian and Northern European artists such as Cimabue, Giotto, Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Jan van Eyck, Robert Campin, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Donatello, Sandro Botticelli, Fra Filippo Lippi, Perugino, Andrea Mantegna, and Luca Signorelli. The artworks include paintings, sculptures and altarpieces depicting religious subjects like the Madonna and Child, saints, and scenes from the Bible as well as portraits and secular subjects.
This document provides information on art and architecture in Siena and Florence between the medieval and Renaissance periods. It discusses Ambrogio Lorenzetti's 1338-1339 frescoes depicting the effects of good government in the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena. It also describes Duccio di Buoninsegma's 1308-1311 Maestà altarpiece in the Siena Cathedral, including its central panel and life of Jesus scenes on the back. Brief sections cover condottieri warriors and Francesco Traini's fresco of the Triumph of Death. The document concludes with images of Florence Cathedral between 13th-14th centuries.
1) A new secular hunger for rediscovering classical texts developed in the 14th century, stimulating widespread study and spread of these works.
2) Many lost classical texts were reintroduced to Europe during the Renaissance from Constantinople and Muslim states, aided by new libraries and the creation of teaching positions in Greek and other classical languages.
3) The printing press allowed widespread dissemination of these rediscovered texts, fueling further Renaissance development and allowing for improved textual analysis.
Ambrogio Lorenzetti painted three frescoes in the town hall of Siena to encourage the leaders of the city-state to rule with wisdom, justice, and virtue. The Allegory of Good Government depicts figures representing ideals like justice, concord, and strength that lead to prosperity. The Allegory of Bad Government shows the effects of vices like tyranny, greed, and cruelty, resulting in a decaying city under assault. The document assigns analyzing examples of the good and bad government ideals in US history and identifying the conditions that lead to each.
This study guide provides an overview of important artists and works from the High Renaissance and Mannerism periods in Italy. It mentions Leonardo da Vinci's Madonna of the Rocks, Raphael's School of Athens, Michelangelo's David and works in the Sistine Chapel. Key artists from Venice like Bellini, Titian, Giorgione and Tintoretto are referenced along with their paintings. Central Italian masters such as Pontormo, Parmigianino, Bronzino, and works depicting religious and mythological scenes are briefly outlined.
The document discusses a class exercise analyzing Michelangelo's sculptures of "bound slaves" for Pope Julius II's tomb. Students are asked to provide two possible explanations for why Michelangelo included such unusual and emotionally intense figures - one explanation for what the poses represent allegorically, and one for what they represent for Michelangelo as an artist.
This 3 sentence summary provides the essential information about the document:
This document is a course syllabus for an Art History 2 class at Palm Beach State College. It outlines the course details including dates, credit hours, required textbook, learning outcomes, assignments, grading procedures, class policies on attendance and electronic device use. The course is a comparative exploration of European and American art from the Late Gothic to early 20th Century focusing on the formal qualities of art and larger social and historical contexts that influenced various art forms.
The Proto-Renaissance in Italy from 1200-1400 saw a transition away from the Italo-Byzantine style. Artists like Cimabue and Duccio incorporated more realistic elements like realistic perspective and proportions in their works. Giotto is considered a pioneer of the Renaissance for works like the Scrovegni Chapel frescoes which used techniques like foreshortening and chiaroscuro modeling to depict religious scenes in a naturalistic style. Simone Martini's Annunciation and Ambrogio Lorenzetti's Effects of Good and Bad Government frescoes further advanced realistic painting techniques.
This document lists several famous works of ancient Greek sculpture from different periods, including geometric kraters, kouroi, the Lady of Auxerre, sculptures from the Temple of Aphaia and the Parthenon, the Diskobolos, the Doryphoros, the Nike of Samothrace, the Barberini Faun, and Laocoön and his sons. It also mentions some Hellenistic sculptures like the Weary Herakles and sculptures depicting Alexander the Great and Demosthenes. Many of the works are listed with their artist or place of origin.
The document provides instructions for an assignment to create a fictional architectural form using 2-point linear perspective. Students are asked to depict a complex geometric shape floating in space or attached to the ground from a low viewpoint. Details should not be added, and planes should be indicated by shifts in value achieved through taping. A landscape or sky must also be included, and atmospheric perspective used to show depth. The objectives are to demonstrate understanding of 2-point perspective and tonal value, show creativity, and have strong technical skills. The rubric evaluates concept/design, craftsmanship, and creativity/originality.
The document provides instructions for an assignment to create a hidden face within an overall pattern. Students are asked to sketch the outline of a face with pencil first, then fill in the negative space around it with patterns and lines of varying thickness using sharpie pens. The goal is to camouflage the face within the pattern so it is not immediately visible but still able to be spotted with clarity. Design fundamentals students should focus on pure pattern while drawing students can incorporate mixed techniques. The assignment will be graded based on concept, professionalism, and originality.
The document provides instructions for a contour line drawing assignment using objects from a still life assembled in class. Students are asked to create a framed composition with plumb lines to place at least 7 objects. The objectives are to depict real objects in space using eye level, foreshortening, vanishing point, composition, scale, contour lines, and line weight. The grading rubric evaluates the concept of proportional and symmetrical objects within a balanced composition, as well as the professionalism of neat, precise work with consistent line quality and a fully completed project.
The student is assigned to create 3 animated GIFs using paintings from art history as source material. Each GIF must be created using a different animation technique: 1) adding extra elements that move across the image, 2) sequentially altering the color of each frame, and 3) applying filters that change from frame to frame. The finished GIFs should have 8-12 frames each and their URLs will be posted to the class blog.
The Christian religious western paintings adopt the palm tree in two major narratives in the life of Jesus:
the Flight to Egypt and his triumphal entrance into Jerusalem at the start of the Passion.
The martyrs were often shown holding a palm frond as an attribute.
Uncommon in the areas of the Roman Campaigna in which landscape painting flourished, the palm tree in the secular landscape paintings of the Mediterranean coast, appear in the 19th century, when they became popular plant
In classical mythological painting is a sacred sign of Apollo, who was born under a palm tree on the island of Delos.
This document provides an overview of art in Northern Europe from 1400 to 1500. It examines how political power influenced art development in France and Flanders. Specific artists and their works are discussed, including the Limburg Brothers, Jan van Eyck, Robert Campin, Hugo van der Goes, Hans Memling, and Rogier van der Weyden. Illuminated manuscripts, altarpieces, portraits, and the integration of sacred and secular themes in art are covered. French royal court art and art in Germany are also briefly addressed. Overall, the document analyzes the variety of media, styles, and subject matter prevalent in Northern European art during this period.
Petrarch was an Italian scholar considered the father of humanism. He was a major proponent of studying classical antiquity and defining the virtuous life. He invented the modern concept of the autonomous individual and helped popularize sonnets. The provided document discusses several influential figures and works in the early Renaissance in Italy and Northern Europe such as Giotto, Duccio, van Eyck, and Bosch. It focuses on the increasing realism and attention to detail in paintings during this period.
Leonardo's painting - Who is Mona Lisa ver 2.0Jerry Daperro
Leonardo was born in or near the town of Vinci, about half way between Florence and Pisa, on 15 April 1452. He was the illegitimate son of a rising Florentine legal official Ser Piero da Vinci. He was good at drawing and was enrolled with the leading Florentine artist of Verrocchio in 1469, at the age of 17. Leonardo was probably the greatest artists of the Renaissance. His studies were strictly based in the scientific methods, on vigorous analysis and on objective reasoning. But it was his inquisitive mind that drove the man forever forward to understand our place in nature. According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history. Apart from portraits, religious themes and historical paintings, Leonardo’s greatest legacies were his notebooks and drawings. He influenced many of his contemporary artists, including Michelangelo Raphael, Giorgione and Bramante. Yet he always had a deep distrust of human society. “Alone you are all yourself.”
Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 in Vinci, Italy. He apprenticed under the artist Verrocchio and developed his skills in painting, sculpture, and science. In 1482, Leonardo entered the service of Ludovico Sforza in Milan where he painted masterworks like The Last Supper and the Virgin of the Rocks. His paintings are noted for their mastery of techniques like sfumato and chiaroscuro as well as their emphasis on scientific observation and human emotion.
The document provides information about the Isenheim Altarpiece painted c. 1510 by Mathis Gothardt Neithardt, also known as Mathias Grünewald. It was a large and elaborate triptych altarpiece commissioned for the hospital chapel of St. Anthony's Monastery. The exterior depicted the crucifixion of Christ and portraits of saints. When opened, the interior featured paintings of biblical scenes. Some art historians believe the portraits may have been self-portraits of the artist or depictions of contemporary figures, possibly even the royal donors themselves. The highly detailed work exemplified the somber style of Northern Renaissance art.
The Renaissance period from 1400-1600 saw a rebirth of classical Greek and Roman influences in Europe. This cultural movement valued humanism and reason over religious doctrine, with individuals seen as capable of shaping their own destiny rather than being controlled by supernatural forces. Renaissance art reflected these ideals through its realistic depictions of the human body and natural world, as well as themes of beauty, balance, and human achievement. Famous artists like Michelangelo, da Vinci, Botticelli, and Raphael produced iconic works that demonstrated the period's artistic innovations and mastery of techniques like perspective, anatomy, and proportion.
The document provides an overview of art during the Medieval period and Renaissance period in Italy. It describes key differences in artistic styles, including a shift from religious-focused artwork with limited realism during Medieval times to more realistic and secular artwork during the Renaissance that featured techniques like linear perspective. Prominent Renaissance artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael are discussed, along with their famous works showcasing new Renaissance ideals and techniques.
This document provides an overview of art in Italy during the 13th and 14th centuries, a transitional period between the medieval and Renaissance eras known as the Proto-Renaissance. It discusses how artists in Florence and Siena, such as Giotto, Duccio, and the Lorenzetti brothers, began moving away from Byzantine conventions towards more naturalistic depictions of space, light, and the human form. While figures were still rendered in a somewhat stylized manner, these artists incorporated elements of realism that would later be expanded on during the Renaissance. The document also notes how this period was marked by the Black Death pandemic and growth of city-states and republics in places like Florence and Sien
The Renaissance was a period between 1400-1700 where new ideas in art, expression, and intellectual works flourished. Major writings from ancient Greece and the Middle East were translated into Latin, spreading new ideas. The Renaissance began in Italy, where wealthy merchant cities like Florence and Venice funded the arts. Notable Renaissance figures included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, who pioneered new styles of art like realistic perspective and emphasis on individual subjects. The Renaissance valued humanism and reason over religious superstition.
The Renaissance was a period between 1400-1700 that saw a rebirth of interest in classical learning and values. Major developments included an emphasis on humanism and reason over religious superstition, and increased access to ancient Greek and Muslim writings through translations into Latin. This led to new ideas exploding across Europe. The Renaissance began in Italy, where wealthy merchant cities like Venice and Florence funded the arts. Iconic Italian Renaissance artists included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Botticelli. The Northern Renaissance saw a continuation of medieval realism with an emphasis on details, landscapes, middle-class life, and portraiture by artists like Jan van Eyck.
The document summarizes and provides context for several 15th century Northern European artworks, including:
- Claus Sluter's Well of Moses fountain and hexagonal base with figures of prophets located originally at the Carthusian monastery of Champmol.
- The Limbourg Brothers' illuminated manuscript pages from Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry depicting months and seasonal scenes.
- Jan van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece with exterior wings depicting salvation and interior panels including God the Father and scenes of Adam and Eve.
- Hugo van der Goes' Portinari Altarpiece painted for a Florentine church associated with a maternity hospital, depicting the
Writing has been depicted in Western paintings for centuries, from ancient Roman depictions of women writing on wax tablets to modern portraits of people writing letters. Some key details that often appear include quill pens, inkwells, books, and sheets of paper or parchment. Writing was traditionally shown as an intellectual pursuit but became more commonplace in domestic interiors by the late 19th century as literacy increased.
The document summarizes key aspects of several important works of Northern European art from the 16th century. It describes the Isenheim Altarpiece by Grünewald and its unflinching depiction of Christ's suffering, intended to help patients in a hospital dealing with gangrene and amputations identify with Christ. It also briefly outlines Altdorfer's Battle of Issus, focusing on its detailed depiction of the battle between Alexander the Great and Darius set against an Alpine landscape, as well as key works by Dürer including Adam and Eve, Knight, Death and the Devil, and Four Apostles. It then summarizes Holbein's Anamorphic portrait of the French Ambassadors,
The document provides summaries of several key works of art from the Renaissance period in Italy and Northern Europe:
- Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper depicts Jesus announcing that one of the Apostles will betray him.
- His Vitruvian Man illustrates the proportions of the ideal human form.
- Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling depicts scenes from Genesis on the vaulted ceiling.
- Albrecht Dürer's Melencolia I reflects the self-doubt artists faced after returning from Italy.
- Raphael's School of Athens depicts Plato and Aristotle surrounded by ancient philosophers.
During the Renaissance, art was commissioned by powerful groups and individuals to glorify themselves and promote particular religious doctrines. Subject matter became more secular over time, depicting myths and portraits that displayed wealth and physical uniqueness. Artists gained more social status and signed their works, seeing themselves as divine creators on par with God. The culture of the Renaissance mainly affected the educated elite and mercantile class.
Virtual Museum II: Museum of Historical Artjamiee_m
The document provides information about an exhibit at the Museum of Historical Art. It includes summaries of 5 exhibit wings covering different historical periods from Renaissance to Modern Age. For each wing, it lists relevant artworks from that period like paintings, sculptures and architecture. It highlights Caravaggio's painting "The Calling of St. Matthew" and provides context. It concludes by announcing a special temporary Greek period exhibit in May and thanking visitors.
Raphael
Fra Bartolommeo:
Fra Girolamo Savonarola
about 1497
Fra Bartolommeo painted this portrait of the Dominican friar and preacher Girolamo Savonarola. Savonarola had become famous for his fiery apocalyptic sermons in Florence, in which he warned of God's imminent punishment for moral corruption and political intrigue. The painting captures Savonarola in a pensive pose, his hands folded as if in prayer, reflecting his devout personality and mission of promoting religious reform.
The document discusses an extended pose called the "Extended Child's Pose" which is a variation of the traditional Child's Pose yoga position. This extended version involves stretching the arms forward on the ground with the head resting on or between the hands. Holding this pose for several minutes provides benefits such as lengthening the spine, opening the shoulders and chest, and relaxing the mind.
This document outlines the objectives and content for a design fundamentals class. The class will (1) identify and define the principles and elements of design, including line, shape, color, texture, value, space, and time/motion. It will also cover principles like balance, contrast, emphasis, proportion, unity, and rhythm. Students will (2) analyze examples of these principles and elements in media and artworks, and (3) create compositions demonstrating principles of design using different mediums. Additional objectives include developing conceptualization, professional, and original works, as well as participating in design critiques.
This document outlines the objectives and concepts for Drawing 1. The 14 objectives include learning to draw simple objects from observation with an understanding of foreshortening and spatial relationships. Students will draw a still life demonstrating scale, proportion and compositional balance. They will also learn to use different drawing media like pen, charcoal and the grid method of reproduction. The goals are to develop technical skills to produce finished works meeting professional standards while demonstrating originality and creativity. Students will perform critiques to identify uses of design principles and elements.
This document provides a list of recommended materials for a drawing 2/life drawing class, including pencils, charcoal, pens, paper, and other drawing tools. Students are advised to purchase graphite and charcoal pencils in various grades, as well as charcoal powder and white pencils. For pens, the list includes various sizes of Sharpie pens and micron pens. The recommended paper is Strathmore toned gray paper. Additional recommended supplies include fixative, erasers, blending sticks, sharpeners, sandpaper, a rag, T-square, tape, portfolio case, canned air or broom, triangle, art supply box, and eraser stick.
This document provides a list of materials needed for a drawing class, including pencils, charcoal, pens, paper, and other drawing tools. Graphite and charcoal pencils in various grades are recommended, as well as vine and compressed charcoal. Specific brands and types of drawing paper, fixative, erasers, blending sticks, and other supplies are called out. Purchase locations and additional details are provided.
This document provides a list of essential materials needed for a design fundamentals class, including specific brands and sizes of bristol paper, pens, acrylic paints, paint brushes, a paint palette, tape, and other drawing tools. Key supplies are a Strathmore Bristol Pad, various sizes of Sharpie and Micron pens, a set of Daler-Rowney acrylic paints, glass jars for paint storage, a Scholastic brush set, freezer paper or plastic plates for a paint palette, blue painter's tape, rulers, pencils, erasers, and various other small tools. Additional supplies may be assigned later.
The document lists the 2023 finalists for the Helen M Salzberg Visiting Artist Fellowship as Gabino Abraham Castelán, Diane Arieta, and Dia Munoz. For each finalist, it provides 10 images from their body of work that were considered for the fellowship.
The document discusses a new paint job for a home. It details that the exterior of the house will be repainted a light blue color to freshen up its appearance. All trim, shutters, and doors will also be repainted the same off-white color to match and provide a unified look. The project is scheduled to begin next week and take approximately 10 days to complete once started.
This document provides guidance for designing a book cover, noting that an effective cover should have appropriate emphasis, fonts, and texture used. It also cautions against unsatisfactory emphasis and designs that are "so bad it's good."
This document discusses repetition, variety, and gestalt as principles of visual design. It defines repetition as using elements more than once to structure a viewer's experience, and variety as incorporating visual diversity to avoid monotony and hold interest through alternating scale, color, or other features. Gestalt is described as an aspect of psychology referring to how the mind perceives unity and closure, relating to the overall feeling or sense of completeness evoked by an artifact for viewers.
point, line, shape, mass, volume, texture, value DEBEAUFORTJacques de Beaufort
This document discusses key elements of art and design including point, line, shape, mass, volume, texture, and value. It defines each element and provides examples. Point is the simplest element that can suggest lines or density. Line can be actual, implied, gestural, contour, or variations thereof. Shape can be geometric, organic, figure/ground, positive/negative. Mass refers to physical bulk while volume is the measurable space an object occupies. Texture can be actual, implied, or invented. Value refers to degrees of lightness and darkness, with contrast being the difference in values.
Contrast refers to the use of opposing elements of art to produce an intensified effect. Visual contrast is the degree of visual difference between elements to emphasize certain parts, while conceptual contrast is an implied opposition of ideas to emphasize unexpected differences.
Balance and weight refer to both the actual and visual equilibrium of elements in a work of art. There are different types of visual balance, including symmetrical balance where visual elements are evenly sized, shaped, and placed, as well as asymmetrical balance where equilibrium is almost but not exactly symmetrical. Visual balance can be achieved through techniques like varying the size, color, shape or frequency of elements to create a sense of equilibrium and tension in a composition.
Rhythm is defined as the movement or variation marked by a regular recurrence of related elements, while an irregular rhythm omits or adds unexpected stresses. Pattern refers to a systematic repetition of an element in a work.
This document discusses principles of visual design including unity, gestalt, repetition/variety, chaos, and proximity. Unity refers to a composition holding together visually as a whole. Gestalt psychology investigates how the mind seeks closure and unity. Repetition and variety use repeating or diverse elements to structure a viewer's experience without becoming monotonous.
This document discusses three principles of design: emphasis, which is using arrangement to make some areas the primary focus; subordination, which also uses arrangement to create a focal point; and focal point, which is the area that grabs and holds a viewer's attention.
Forces can be categorized as either line forces or directional forces. Line forces have magnitude and direction but no line of action, while directional forces have magnitude, direction, and a specific line of action where they apply to an object. Common examples of line forces include tension, compression, and friction. Directional forces include gravity, normal, applied, and reactive forces.
Directional force refers to the compositional means artists use to arrange design elements to move a viewer's eye in a intended way through a work of art. Key directional forces include vertical, horizontal, diagonal, circular and triangular lines or shapes that imply visual lines leading the eye to the focal point. Effective works of art often combine multiple directional forces.
This document discusses size, scale, and proportion in art. It defines scale as the comparative size of elements in relation to other elements or objects. Proportion is defined as the relationship between the sizes of parts and the whole. The document discusses classical proportions like the Golden Rectangle and Golden Section, which are ratios used in art. It also discusses Vitruvian Man, in which Leonardo da Vinci illustrated the harmonious proportions of the human body. The document notes that while Vitruvius defined average body proportions, there is variability between individuals.
Light travels in straight lines until it encounters a new medium, like air and glass, where it can either pass through (refraction) or bounce off of (reflection). Reflection occurs when light hits a smooth surface like a mirror, bouncing at the same angle, while refraction happens when light passes from one medium to another of different density, changing direction as it enters the new medium at a different speed. The bending of light that occurs during refraction can be described using Snell's law, which relates the angle of incidence and refraction based on the densities of the materials.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
AH2 Study Guide Test 1
1. AH2
STUDY GUIDE TEST 1
Italy 1200 to 1400
Italy 1400 to 1500
Northern Europe 1400 to 1500
WORKS
BONAVENTURA BERLINGHIERI, panel from the Saint Francis Altarpiece.
CIMABUE, Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets.
GIOTTO DI BONDONE, Madonna Enthroned.
GIOTTO DI BONDONE, Lamentation, Arena Chapel.
AMBROGGIO LORENZETTI, Peaceful City/Peaceful Country
DIRK BOUTS, Last Supper.
JAN VAN EYCK, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride.
JAN VAN EYCK, Man in a Red Turban.
JAN VAN EYCK, The Ghent Altarpiece.
LIMBOURG BROTHERS October, from Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry.
ROBERT CAMPIN (MASTER OF FLEMALLE), Merode Altarpiece .
LORENZO GHIBERTI, Sacrifice of Isaac.
LORENZO GHIBERTI, east doors (Gates of Paradise), baptistery, Florence.
LORENZO GHIBERTI, Isaac and His Sons (Gates of Paradise).
DONATELLO, David.
DONATELLO, Penitent Mary Magdalene.
SANDRO BOTTICELLI, Birth of Venus.
PERUGINO, Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to Saint Peter.
ANDREA MANTEGNA, Foreshortened Christ.
LUCA SIGNORELLI, Damned Cast into Hell.
Artists
Bonaventura Berlinghieri
Maniera greca (greek style)
Cimabue
Challenges some of the conventions of late medieval art
Giotto
Feelings and physical nature of human beings.
New sense of realism by using light and space.
Re-inventor of “naturalistic” painting.
o Arena Chapel
Chiaroscuro, naturalism
Sacre rappresentazioni
Scrovegni family
“usury”
2. Ambrogio Lorenzetti
Gives visual form to Sienese civic Concerns.
Dirk Bouts
Among the first northern painters to demonstrate the use of a single vanishing
point (as illustrated in his Last Supper).
His work has a certain primitive stiffness of drawing, but his pictures are highly
expressive, well designed and rich in color.
Last Supper
Commissioned by Confraternity of the Holy Sacrement in Louvian (4
members appear in work as servants)
One of the first Northern Renaissance paintings to illustrate the use of a
single vanishing point, although not completely accurate.
Focus is on consecration of the Eucharistic wafer rather than Judas’
betrayal.
Biblical figures dressed in contemporary Flemish attire.
Jan van Eyck
A Flemish painter active in Bruges, considered one of the best Northern
European painters of the 15th century.
Traditionally known as the "father of oil painting.
Court Painter of Philip the good, Duke of Burgundy
Ghent Altarpiece
commissioned by Jodocus Vyd (Chief Magistrate of Ghent)
meticulous attention to detail and also larger concept
Hidden away in a salt mine by Nazis during WWII
Usually closed (like most polyptchs) but would open for special days.
Closed panel is Annunciation theme
Open panel reveals superbly colored painting of humanity’s redemption
through Christ
o God the Father in center, Virgin Mary to left, John the Baptist to the
Right.
o Choir of angels and Adam and Eve at far ends
o Lower panels:
Community of saints gather around altar of lamb (symbol of
Christ) on octagonal fountain of life
Right: 12 apostles and a group of martyrs in red robes
Left: prophets
Far wings: hermits, pilgrims, knights and judges (4 cardinal
virtues Temperance, Prudence, Fortitude, Justice)
Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife
Emerging capitalism leads to urban prosperity and interest in secular
themes (portraiture).
Giovanni Arnolfini-wealthy financier with ties to Medici family
Holds hand of second wife during a ceremony (wedding, legal privileges?)
Every object has symbolic importance.
o Man stands on the left near the window (outside world), woman
stands inside (domestic world).
3. o Bride is not pregnant although fashionable costume makes it
appear so.
o Cast aside clogs indicate holy ground.
o Oranges symbolize wealth and fertility.
o Dog symbolizes marital fidelity (“fido”).
Man in a Red Turban
First known portrait in 1,000 years where sitter looks directly at the viewer.
Widely considered to be a self-portrait.
“As I Can” in greek letters
Possible demonstration piece for prospective clients.
Robert Campin (Master of Flemalle)
Merode Altarpiece
Annunciation theme Isaiah 7:14
Small altarpieces for household prayer become common in the average
household.
Religious themes usually depicted in contemporary, secular settings.
Closed garden symbolic of Mary’s purity.
Donors: wealthy merchant Peter Inghelbrecht (angel-bringer), and wife
Margarete Scrynmakers (shrine-maker)
Outside we can see street scene of contemporary Flanders.
Wash basin refers to Mary’s purity as a vessel for Christ.
Lily flowers symbolize purity
Single extinguished candle represents the presence of the divine.
Joseph has constructed a mousetrap (symbolizes Christ as bait set to catch
Satan)
Axe, saw, and rod are mentioned in Isaiah 10:15
Limbourg Brothers
Dutch miniature painters active in the early 15th century in France and Burgundy,
working in the style known as International Gothic. They created what is certainly
the best known late medieval illuminated manuscript, the Très Riches Heures du
Duc de Berry.
o The Duke of Berry -avid art patron.
o A “Book of Hours” was used for reciting prayers.
o Full-page calendar pictures represent the 12 months and associated
seasonal tasks alternating between nobility and peasantry.
o Reinforces the image of the Duke of Berry as a cultured bibliophile and
sophisticated art patron.
4. Ghiberti
Became famous when he won the 1401 competition for the first set of bronze
doors for the Baptistery of the cathedral in Florence.
o Sacrifice of Isaac
”prefiguration” of sacrifice of Christ
A “covenant” or binding agreement
Baptism is an entry into a covenant
Space recedes- more complex, 0verlapping
Emotional complexity (contemplation)
Also cast in one piece
less $$$
o Gates of Paradise
No longer constrained by the “quatrefoil” the relief can
become a “window” of illusion.
Masaccio
Tommaso de ser Giovanni de Mone Cassai
Artistic heir of Giotto, but takes space and light one step further into unexplored
territory
Dies at age 27
Tribute Money
Mathew 17:24-27
Tax collector meets Jesus and disciples at the entrance of the Roman town of
Capernum, Jesus directs St. Peter to shore of lake Galilee to gather a coin from
the mouth of a fish.
– Linear perspective
– Aerial perspective
– Classical body types (blend of realism with idealizing the human form)
– Chiaroscuro to create a more realistic picture, single light source from the
right, modeling the human anatomy to give figures weigh
Holy Trinty
First application of linear perspective and mathematics to a depiction of space
Vanishing point is 5 feet above the ground, roughly eye level.
.
Used perspective to construct an illusion of figures in three-dimensional space.
o I once was what you are and what I am you also will be.
Donatello
Incorporates Greek idealism into Christian context.
Goes beyond Classical Idealism by incorporating the dimension of personal
expression.
St. Mark
o Commissioned by the Guild of linen makers and tailors.
o Contrapposto is evident in weigh shift.
o Dignity of the individual
5. o Intersection of the spiritual and human.
o Internal focus/awareness
David
o First freestanding nude since Classical antiquity. Nudity usually
associated with shame and sin.
o David vs Goliath
Sword vs Stone
Milan and Naples vs. Florence
Military might vs. Cultural richness
David represents Florence, the always underdog against the
greater powers of Milan(Visconti) and Naples (Ladislaus)
The private sensuality and eroticism are strangely at odds with
this public, civic message
Penitent MaryMagdalene
o Rejection of the material world for a secluded spiritual life
o Sculpture acts as a “moral conscience” for the city of Florence
o Similarities to Greek Realism (Old Beggar Woman)
o
Nanni Di Banco
Four Crowned Saints
Four Christian sculptors defy an order from Diocletian (Roman Emperor) to
carve a statue of a Roman Deity. They are executed
Commissioned by the Guild of stone and woodworkers.
Shows moment of contemplation and communication.
Honors the power of the “group”.
Botticelli
Byzantine influence shown in lyrical use of line.
Decorative and flat space, little illusion of depth.
Strong focus on Classical Mythology.
Birth of Venus
Inspired by a love poem written by Humanist scholar Angelo Poliziano.
Zephyr (west wind), and Chloris on left.
Venus in center, her maiden Pomona on right.
Sacred Island of Cyprus.
First female nude since classical antiquity not associated with shame.
Accommodating culture made possible by powerful Medici family.
Contemplation of worldly (physical) beauty-in theory leads to contemplation of
spiritual and divine beauty.
Primavera
Primavera=springtime
Clothed Venus in center. Cupid above
Zephyr, Chloris and Flora at right.
Three graces to the left, and either Mars or Mercury to the far left.
6. The occasion for the painting was probably Lorenzo de Medici’s wedding in
May 1482
Another Neo-Platonist allegory on worldly and spiritual love, although difficult
to decipher.
Perugino
The leading painter of the Umbrian school, who developed some of the qualities
that found classic expression in the High Renaissance. Raphael was his most
famous pupil.
Christ Delivering the Keys….
Perugino (Pietro Vanucci- Birthplace is Perugia in Umbria)
1481-83 Pope Sixtus IV summons artists to paint walls of Sistine Chapel.
Papacy bases claim to authority on this biblical event.
Triumphal arches modeled on arch of Constantine (first Christian Emperor)
Mantegna
North Italian Renaissance painter, experimented with perspective, e.g., by
lowering the horizon in order to create a sense of greater monumentality.
His flinty, metallic landscapes and somewhat stony figures give evidence of a
fundamentally sculptural approach to painting.
Camera Picta
Painted of Ludovico Gonzaga, the Marquis of Mantua
Depicts scenes of the Marquis greeting guests, and court life.
All the room is painted (trompe l’oel) “fool the eye”
Di sotto in su (from below, upward)
8 fictive reliefs of the first Roman Emperors shows an interest in Rome’s
Imperial past (Florence would be more interested in the Republican past)
Foreshortened Christ
Reduced the size of Christ’s feet to compensate for unusual (foreshortened
angle)
St. John, Virgin Mary, Mary Magdalene
Wounds prominently and realistically displayed
Signorelli
Damned Cast into Hell
Painted for Pope Alexander VI
Saint Michael and Angels cast the damned into hell.
Horrible consequences of a sinful life graphically depicted. Striking
representation of the nude figure.
One part of an “End of Days” Narrative when Christ returns to Judge mankind.
Other scenes included: Deeds of the Antichrist, Resurrection, Elect Being Called
to Heaven
7. Movements and “Schools”
Maniera Greca
Also called the Italo- Byzantine style. This style, which dominated Italian painting
in the tweflth and thirteenth centuries is characterized by shallow space and
linear flatness. (see Berlingheri)
Renaissance
Period in Europe from the late fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries, which was
characterized by a renewed interest in human-centered classical art, literature, and
learning.
Early Renaissance in Italy:
Cimabue
Giotto
Masaccio
Donatello
Boticelli
Perugino
Mantegna
Northern European Renaissance
Absent the memories and ruins of ancient Rome, Northern Europe had
lingering cultural connections to its “pagan” past. A whole pantheon of Norse
gods distinct from Greco/Roman existed as did a closer connection to earth
based pagan superstitions, and holidays. A stronger connection to nature and
the spirit world, as well as a belief in the “immanence” of spirituality persisted
even as Northern Europe Christianized. Much of this is expressed as
attention to worldly DETAILS in art rather than “transcendent” themes. In
other words artists of the European Renaissance saw the spirit immanent in
everyday things and therefore lavished great attention to their depiction.
A focus on seasonal changes and ancient activities and festivals associated
with them were more present in Northern Europe.
Concerned with depicting life in the real world.
Artists like Jan van Eyck used linseed oil paint to achieve a brilliance and
transparency of color that were previously unattainable.
Methods and Techniques:
Chiaroscuro
Italian word meaning “light-dark.” The gradations of light and dark values in two-
dimensional imagery; especially the illusion of rounded, three-dimensional form
created through gradations of light and shade rather than line. Highly developed
by Renaissance painters.
Contrapposto
8. Italian for “counterpose.” The counterpositioning of parts of the human figure
about a central vertical axis, as when the weight is placed on one foot causing
the hip and shoulder lines to counter balance each other-often in a graceful s-
curve. An asymmetrical arrangement of the human figure in which the line of the
arms and shoulders contrasts with while balancing those of the hips and legs
Fresco
Any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on walls or ceilings.
The word fresco comes from the Italian word affresco which derives from the
Latin word for "fresh". Buon fresco, or true fresco, was much used in Italv from
the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries.
Oil Paint
A type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a
drying oil, commonly linseed oil. The viscosity of the paint may be modified by
the addition of a solvent such as turpentine or white spirit, and varnish may be
added to increase the glossiness of the dried film. Oil paints have been used in
Europe since the 12th century for simple decoration, but were not widely adopted
as an artistic medium until the early 15th century.
• Invented by Northern European artists, allowed an unparalleled exactitude of
rendering.
• Transparent glazes of linseed oil built up luminous, rich, jewel-like colors and
an enamel surface.
• Perfect for wood panels, triptychs, and alter-pieces.
Glazing
An oil painting technique by which thin, transparent layers of oil paint are applied
over an opaque layer to modify that layer's color. It is sometimes difficult to
determine exactly the glazes used by the Old Masters because of previous
restoration or cleaning, and also because of the similarity between the
appearance of a glazed paint layer and varnish.
Tempera
A permanent fast drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed
with a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg
yolk or some other size).Tempera paintings are very long lasting, and examples
from the 1st centuries AD still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of
painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of oil painting.
Altarpiece
A picture or relief representing a religious subject and suspended in a frame
behind the altar of a church. The altarpiece is often made up of two or more
separate panels created using a technique known as panel painting. It is then
called a diptych, triptych or polyptych for two, three, and multiple panels
respectively. Groups of statuary can be placed on the altar. Sometimes the
altarpiece is set on the altar itself.
Manuscript Painting
An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented by
the addition of decoration, such as decorated initials, borders (marginalia) and
miniature illustrations.
9. Linear Perspective
A method employed to represent three-dimensional space on a flat surface or in
relief sculpture. Objects in linear perspective are systematically foreshortened as
they receded into the distance. Orthogonal lines converged on a horizon line to a
single vanishing point, which is to correspond to the fixed viewpoint of the
spectator. Reflecting the growth of humanism, the spectator played a new role in
art, as man was to determine the measurement of all things
The Italian artists who experimented with perspective, including Donatello,
Masaccio, Uccello, and Piero della Francesca, sometimes diverged from the
rules for a greater artistic effect. In general, however, the 15th-century Italian
artists tended to work within a geometrical system, whereas the contemporary
Flemish painters used more empirical means to achieve a convincing delineation
of space.
Alberti formalized this system.
Memento Mori
A visual reminder of human mortality.
History/Philosophy/SocialMovements/ETC
The Black Death
Estimated to have killed 30% – 60% of Europe's population, thus reducing the
world’s population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million
in 1400. This has been seen as creating a series of religious, social and
economic upheavals which had profound effects on the course of European
History. It took 150 years for Europe's population to recover.
Because the plague killed so many of the poor population, wealthy land owners
were forced to pay the remaining workers what they asked, in terms of wages.
Widespread death caused odd and varied reactions in people…from celebratory
nihilism, to extreme piety. All belief in social institutions were weakened. Jews
were often persecuted because their hygienic practices meant they did not die in
as great numbers.
Humanism
A cultural and intellectual movement during the Renaissance, following the
rediscovery of the art and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. A philosophy or
attitude concerned with the interests, achievements, and capabilities of human
beings rather than with the abstract concepts and problems of theology and
science.
Humanism changes Culture Italian scholars recovered a large part of Greek and
Roman Literature (Cicero) Humanism emulates Roman Civic Virtues: Self-
sacrifice to the state, stoic indifference to personal misfortune, participation in
10. government. Humans can solve their own problems through reason and don’t
have to turn to a higher authority. Reward for good deeds is “fame” not
“sainthood”. This thought began in Florence, Italy then spread all throughout
Marsilio Ficino
• Translated Plato into Latin
• (from Greek)
Niccolò Machiavelli
• “The Prince”
• “The Prince” A practical manual for young rulers that did not appeal to
Christian Morality. “Machiavellian” today refers to someone who is
scheming and sometimes unethical.
Giordano Bruno
• “infinity”
Renaissance Humanists
• Petrarch
• Giovanni Boccaccio
Introduced an Italian Vernacular (Decameroc)
Neoplatonism
A compilation of Platonic, Aristotelian and Stoic ideas that experienced a strong
revival during the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Central to the
philosophy is the notion that spiritual things are real and that material things are
not. The freeing of the spiritual element, the soul, from the material element, the
body, should be the ultimate goal of all of mankind and could be achieved
through knowledge and contemplation.
All sources of inspiration, whether Biblical or Classical (Pagan)
mythology, represent a means of ascending earthly existence to a
mystical union with “the One”.
Mendicant Orders
Religious orders which depend directly on the charity of the people for their
livelihood. In principle, they do not own property, either individually or collectively
(see corporate poverty), believing that this was the most pure way of life to copy
followed by Jesus Christ, in order that all their time and energy could be
expended on religious work.
Franciscans (Friars Minor, commonly known as the Grey Friars),
founded 1209
Dominicans (Order of Preachers, commonly called the Black Friars),
founded 1215
Condottieri
Mercenary soldier leaders (or warlords) of the professional, military free
companies contracted by the Italian city-states and the Papacy from the late
Middle Ages and throughout the Renaissance. In Renaissance Italian,
11. condottiero meant "contractor", and was synonymous with the modern English
title Mercenary Captain.
Guild
An association of craftsmen in a particular trade. The earliest types of guild were
formed as confraternities of workers. They were organized in a manner
something between a trade union, a cartel and a secret society. They often
depended on grants of letters patent by an authority or monarch to enforce the
flow of trade to their self-employed members, and to retain ownership of tools
and the supply of materials. A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the guildhalls
constructed and used as meeting places.
FLORENCE UNDER ATTACK
• Giangaleazzo Visconti (Duke of Milan) attempts to take over Italian peninsula
• Florence is surrounded
• The theme of personal sacrifice for the common good becomes popular
• Luckily Visconti dies suddenly ending invasion threat.
•
• King Ladislaus of Naples surrounds
• Florence.
• Ladislaus, on the verge of military success dies suddenly in 1414.
Or San Michele
Church, granary, town hall, guild headquarters
Each guild is assigned a “niche”
In which to place a commissioned sculpture
Many works stress the importance of sacrifice, civic pride, and “Florentine Spirit”
Girolam Savonarola
1490’s Florence undergoes political, cultural, religious upheaval.
Dominican monk Savonarola becomes priest-dictator, banishes the Medici.
Denounces Humanism and Neo-Platonism as heretical, prophesied the downfall
of the city unless they undergo large scale repentance. Forces bonfire of secular
art, philosophy and literature (Bonfire of the Vanities).
City comes to its senses and executes Savonarola in 1498.
Burgundian Flanders
Early stages of European Capitalism. New credit and exchange systems
produces a network of commodities and industry.
Flanders, under control of the Duke of Burgundy (Phillip the Bold).
Bruges is the major city
o wool trade, banking
EXTRA CREDIT
The Course of Empire
• The Course of Empire is a five-part series of paintings created by Thomas Cole
in the years 1833-36. It is notable in part for reflecting popular American
12. sentiments of the times, when many saw pastoralism as the ideal phase of
human civilization, fearing that empire would lead to gluttony and inevitable
decay.
• The series of paintings depicts the growth and fall of an imaginary city, situated
on the lower end of a river valley, near its meeting with a bay of the sea. The
valley is distinctly identifiable in each of the paintings, in part because of an
unusual landmark: a large boulder is precariously situated atop a crag
overlooking the valley.
• The Savage State
• The Arcadian or Pastoral State
• The Consumation of Empire
• Destruction
• Desolation
Powerful Families of Italy
Medici, Tornabuoni (Florence)
Montefeltro (Urbino)
Gonzaga (Mantua)
Visconti, Sforza (Milan)
Este (Ferrara)