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Medieval to Renaissance vs 2
The Renaissance began as a rebirth of ideas and values from antiquity following the decline of the Roman Empire and the cultural stagnation of the Middle Ages. During this period, the Black Death pandemic killed 30-60% of Europe's population, weakening social institutions. Meanwhile, the fall of Constantinople brought Greek texts to Italy, sparking renewed interest in classical philosophy. Early Italian Renaissance artists like Giotto and Duccio began moving away from the flat, abstract styles of medieval art towards greater naturalism by incorporating perspective, anatomy and other techniques from antiquity.
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Medieval to Renaissance vs 2
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- 2. • Renaissance • “re- birth” A RE-BIRTH OF WHAT ?? 2
- 3. Ancient Rome “CLASSICALANTIQUITY” 3
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- 6. 6 Interior of thePantheon, Rome, Italy, 118 – 125 CE.
- 7. Pantheon, Rome, Italy,118 – 125 CE. 7
- 8. By 467 ADRome had fallen, and within a few hundred years only ruins remained… 8
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- 10. The Arcadian orPastoral State 10
- 11. The Consumation ofEmpire 11
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- 14. The Dark Ages …..werereally this dark? ….and why were they called “The Dark Ages” 14
- 15. those who work,those who fight, those who pray 15
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- 17. Farming is notthat fun 17
- 18. Feudal serfs ofthe middle ages had almost no say in the direction of their own lives. 18
- 19. Christian Cosmology The PtolemaicWorld “The World Dome” Understanding of the word was limited, and your place in it was static and unquestioned. 19
- 20. The Great Chainof Being 20
- 21. T he worldof “now” was seen as less real or important the the world after death…the kingdom of heaven Your suffering and pain…soon to be redeemed 21
- 22. “Antiquity vs. Middle Ages WhereGreek and Romans painted everyday subjects like portraits and cityscapes, Art of the “Middle Ages” focused on spiritual rather than physical realities. 22
- 23. In the MiddleAges, the position of the viewer changed.. Instead of individuals observing the world as the artists of classical antiquity did…. 23
- 24. …..the “individual” isdissolved and is looked down upon by larger, intimidating spiritual forces 24
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- 26. Additionally, space becomesflat, Forms become abstract, simplistic 26
- 27. Subject matter isexclusively religious. There is little variety, originality, or idea of art serving a purpose of pleasure or leisure. 27
- 28. It seemed likeeverything would just stay the same forever…… 28
- 29. 29 Italy Around 1400…theonce great “Roman Empire”
- 30. Numerous independent citystates Republics: Venice, Florence, Siena (self-governance) Source of wealth varies from city to city-port cities involved in trade, other cities depend on banking, arms, or textiles 30
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- 33. Widespread death causedodd and varied reactions in people…from celebratory nihilism, to extreme piety. All belief in social institutions were weakened. Jews were often persecuted because their hygienic practices meant they did not die in as great numbers. 33
- 34. 1348 --The BlackDeath • Estimated to have killed 30% – 60% of Europe's population , reducing the world’s population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in 1400. This has been seen as creating a series of religious, social and economic upheavals which had profound effects on the course of European History. It took 150 years for Europe's population to recover. • Because the plague killed so many of the poor population, wealthy land owners were forced to pay the remaining workers what they asked, in terms of wages. • Because there was now a surplus in consumer goods, luxury crops could now be grown. This meant that for the first time in history, many, formerly of the peasant population, now had a chance to live a better life. Most historians now feel that this was the start of the middle class in Europe and England. 34
- 35. …meanwhile The Fall ofConstantinople (formerly the Byzantine Empire) in1453 to the Ottoman Empire meant that many scholars soon arrived in Italy with knowledge of Greek thinkers like Plato that had been lost or forgotten in the Middle Ages. A new interest in “antiquity” is sparked 35
- 36. Humanism changes Culture Italian scholarsrecovered a large part of Greek and Roman Literature (Cicero) Humanism emulates Roman Civic Virtues: Self-sacrifice to the state, stoic indifference to personal misfortune, participation in government. Humans can solve their own problems through reason and don’t have to turn to a higher authority. Reward for good deeds is “fame” not “sainthood”. This thought began in Florence, Italy then spread all throughout Europe. 36
- 37. A focus onhuman beings… Humanism • A cultural and intellectual movement during the Renaissance, following the rediscovery of the art and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. • A philosophy or attitude concerned with the interests, achievements, and capabilities of human beings rather than with the abstract concepts and problems of theology and science. 37
- 38. Marsilio Ficino Translated Platointo Latin (from Greek) 38
- 39. Niccolò Machiavelli “The Prince” Apractical manual for young rulers that did not appeal to Christian Morality. “Machiavellian” today refers to someone who is scheming and sometimes unethical. 39
- 40. Giordano Bruno “infinity” Proposed thatstars were distant suns with their own planets. Burned at the stake for his heresies. 40
- 41. The Decameron Renaissance Humanists •Petrarch • Giovanni Boccaccio – Established a “vernacular” literature 41
- 42. Mendicant Orders and Confraternities Duringthe “Great Schism” (Pope moved to France), Monastic (mendicant) orders like the Augustinians, Franciscans, and the Dominicans became important social forces. Confraternities, organizations of laypersons dedicated to strict religious observance also grew in popularity. 43
- 43. 44 BONAVENTURA BERLINGHIERI, panel fromthe Saint Francis Altarpiece , San Francesco, Pescia, Italy, 1235. Tempera on wood, 5’ x 3’ x 6”.
- 44. “ Maniera Greca” or Italo-Byzantine Style Painted 9 years after Francis’s death Displays “stigmata” (2 nd Christ?) Gold leaf, flatness, other-worldy spiritual nature 4 of 6 narrative scenes depict miraculous healings 45
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- 48. 49 CIMABUE, Madonna Enthronedwith Angels and Prophets , from Santa Trinità, Florence, Italy, ca. 1280 – 1290. Tempera and gold leaf on wood, 12’ 7” x 7’ 4”. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence.
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- 50. A movement slightlyforward… Gold=light of heaven Spatial contradictions Diagonals draw you slightly in Cult of Mary important to the Medieval mind-less intimidating, speaks to god on your behalf Christ is small, but does not have proportions of an infant Shows influence of Byzantine tradition 51
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- 56. Giotto di Bondone “Fatherof Western Art” Student of Cimabue 57
- 57. 58 GIOTTO DI BONDONE,Madonna Enthroned , from the Church of Ognissanti, Florence, Italy, ca. 1310. Tempera and gold leaf on wood, 10’ 8” x 6’ 8”. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence.
- 58. Mary has solidity,stability, substance-not spiritual immateriality Angels stand on a more common level Light and shadow “chiaroscuro”, not flatness 59
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- 70. More Giotto… Enrico Scovegni’sArena Chapel 71
- 71. Next to ancientRoman ARENA 72
- 72. 73 Giotto di Bondone,Arena Chapel (Cappella Scrovegni; interior looking west), Padua, Italy, 1305 – 1306.
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- 78. Enrico Scrovegini Sin of“usury” (charging interest) In Dante’s “Inferno” the elder Scrovegni is singled out for residing in a circle of hell 79
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- 81. Giotto has createdand architectural space for Mary and the Angel Earthly settings-not gold panel paintings 82
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- 84. Figures have massand solidity First “Real” human beings in ART since Ancient Greece and Rome Introduction of “chiaroscuro” 85
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- 101. 103 GIOTTO DI BONDONE,Lamentation , Arena Chapel, (Cappella Scrovegni ), Padua, Italy, ca. 1305. Fresco, 6’ 6 3/4” x 6’ 3/4”.
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