Barley Crop.ppt slidshare

Communication Series
Shiv Singh Yadav
Study – Banda University Of Agriculture
and technology Bnada,
Havenly Miss. Sapna
Study- CSAUAT , Kanpur
THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com
BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

Status of Barley Production Leading
Countries (2019-2020)
Countries Area harvested
(000 ha)
Production
million metric
ton
Yield
(kg/ha)
% of world
production
European
Union
4.297 63 3059 9.9
Russian
Fed.
8.165 19.94 1380 8.5
Canada 4.540 10.38 5879 9.5
Turkey 3.623 8.1 2072 5.6
USA 2.131 3.76 3235 5.2
Spain 3.316 9.871 2962 7.4
All Total 50.74 mha. 154.69 mMT. 2374 kg/ha
Source : https://ipad.fas.usda.gov

Area Production and
Productivity(2019-2020)
Area Production Productivity
World 50.74 million
hectare
154.69 million ton 2374 kg/ha.
India 575.6 (000 hectare) 1.63 million metric
ton
2837 kg/ha.
State Normal
Area
(000 ha.)
Production
(000 Tonnes)
Productivity
(Q./ha)
1 Uttar Pradesh 151 455.4 30.16
2 Rajasthan 225.9 812 35.97
3 MadhyaPrades
h
83 164 16.81
4 Haryana 14.9 57.6 38.66
5 Punjab 6.8 25.5 37.47
Sources : http://www.worldagriculturalproduction.com
www.krishijagran.com

Importance
 Barley is one of the most important cereals of the world.
 It ranks fourth in the world after rice, wheat & maize.
 It cultivated in almost all part of the world except the tropical
regions.
 Barley is a major source of food for large number of people
living in the cooler semi arid areas of the world, where wheat
and other cereals are less well adapted, it is a staple food of
the people in Tibet, Nepal, and Bhutan.
 In European countries it issued only as breakfast food.
 The leading countries of its production are USSR, China,
France, Canada, USA, Spain.
THE STUDY
sapnacsauat@gmail.com
BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -

Conti…
 Use as Animal feed, Beverages(Nonalcoholic
drinks- barley water and barley tea & Alcoholic
beverages- malt, beer, whisky), Food(Chapatis,
Missi Rotti, Bread, Sattu etc.), Biscuit making
Medicinal value, etc.
 Barley grain contains Protein-11.5%,
Carbohydrates-74%, Fat-1.3%, Crude fibre-
3.9%, Ash-1.5% Moisture-12.5%
THE STUDY

Origin and history
 Archaeological evidences dates back to 8000 B.C. at
Mureybaton the Europhrates in Syria.
 Abyssinia as the centre of origin for hulled & awned
type.
 South-East Asia centre of origin for hull less 6 rowed
varieties.
 The barley must have been introduced to India soon
after the coming of the Aryans.
 All the cultivated forms of Barley are thought to have
arising from a wild species Hordeum spontaneum.
THE STUDY

Area and distribution
 Barley is one of the important cereal of the world cultivated
over and area of 50.74 million hectare with a production of
154.69 million metric ton of grain.
 The important Barley growing countries are European Union,
Russian Fed., Canada, Turkey, USA, Spain and India.
 Russian rank first in acreage as well as production followed by
Canada.
 India cultivation of Barley is done is about 575.6 thousand
hectare with a total production of 1.63 million ton.
 It is cultivated on a large scale in Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh Bihar Haryana Punjab.
 Uttar Pradesh alone produces nearly half of India’s total
production of barley.

Classification
Aberg and wiebe 1946 classified all the cultivated Barley
varieties in 3 district species based on the number of row of
grain and their arrangement.
SIX ROW BARLEY
(a) Hordeum vulgare
In this species all the three spikelets at each node of the spike
and fertile. the spikelets are in the six distinct row and
arranged at a uniform distance around the tough rachis. This
species is cultivated in India.
Hordeum vulgare six row barley
Recent genetic studies have revealed a mutation in one gene, vrs1
is responsible for the transition from two-row to six-row barley.
THE STUDY
BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

Conti…
TWO ROW BARLEY
 Two-row barley has a lower protein content than six-row
barley, thus more fermentable sugar content.
 Malting barley is usually lower protein which shows more
uniform germination, needs shorter steeping, and has less
protein in the extract that can make beer cloudy.
(b) Hordeum distichon
In this species only the medium spikelets are fertile and sets
grain. Although the lateral spikelets are infertile possess all
the floral organs this species is also cultivated in India.
(c) Hordeum irregulare
In this species Central florets are fertile where as the lateral
florets are reduced to rachilla.

Botanical description
Barley belong to Gramineae family plant very much resembles
the wheat plant and usually grow 0.75- 1.0 metre in height.
The botanical description of main part of plant is given below:
Root system
 It consists of shallow and deep
roots.
 The shallow roots arise near the
soil surface and spread out
literally about 15- 30 cm almost at
right angle to the tillers.
 The deep roots extend downward
into deep layers of soil.
 The depth of penetrations varies
from 0.75 to 150 cm.

Conti…
Stem
 Stem is cylindrical and processes 5 to
7 hollow internal separated by solid
nodes, at which the leaves arise.
 The internode are short at the base of
the plant and the length increases from
the base of the culm upwards .
 The nodes may be either exposed are
hidden by the sheath depending on the
kind of Barley variety.
 The usual number of tiller per plant
varies from 2 to 5.

Conti…
Leaves
 Leaves arise from node of the stem and are borne alternate
on opposite side of the stem.
 Each leaf consists of a sheath blade, ligule and auricle.
 The leaf sheath a generally glabrous but in a few varieties it is
covered with hair.
 The surface of leaf is rough.
 Two row Barley have leaves less than 6 row barley.
THE STUDY

Conti…
Inflorescence
 The inflorescence is called spike or head.
 The spike at the top of the stem consists of spikelets at the
nodes of a zigzag rachis.
 Each spikelet has two glumes and a floret.
 In 2 row barley only the central spikelet is fertile where as in
six row Barley all the three spikelets are fertile.
 The Barley flower has three stamens and pistil with a single
ovule and a stigma.
Kernel (grain)
 The grain of Barley is a caryopsis of consisting of Lemma
and palea and a rechilla.
 The caryopsis is composed of the pericarp, endosperm and
embryo.

Climatic Requirements
 Barely requires cool weather during early growth and warm
and dry weather at maturity.
 It grows fairly well in temperate as well as in sub tropical
region .
 This crop has low water requirement than wheat.
 In India it is grown in the plains and in higher regions of the
Himalayas up to 4000 meter altitudes.
 It require approximately mean daily temp. of 12-15 *C during
growing season and about 30 *C for ideal grain maturity.
THE STUDY
8381912586

Soil
 Barley thrives best on well drained, fertile deep loam soils.
 Beings a salt tolerant crop, it can do well even in salt affected
soils during the early phases of the reclamation of those soils.
 It gives higher yield than wheat and other cereal crop of
moderately saline alkali soil.
 Soils having a pH range of 7-8.
 Soils having higher available boron content are not suitable for
barley cultivation.
THE STUDY

Barley Crop Varieties for Bundelkhand
S
l
Variety
Name
Released by
Suitable
Areas
Yield and Maturity
Special
characterist
ic
1
RD
2794
-
Central Zone Grain yield: 29.90 q/ha
Maturity: 130-133 days
Timely sown,
Salt tolerant
2
RD
2786
- Central Zone
Fodder yield: 150 q/ha,
grain yield: 50.20 q/ha
Timely sown
Used for
grain and
fodder both
3
BG –
25
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hissar
Grain yield: 30 q/ ha
4 BG 108
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Late sowing
regions
Grain yield: 20-25 q/ ha
Maturity: 120-125
THE STUDY

Varieties
A number of promising barley varieties have been evolved
cultivation under different production zone.
Region Timely sown
irrigated condition
Late sown
irrigated
condition
Rainfed
conditions
North
Western
Plains
Zone
RD-2552, RD-2503,
RD-2035, PL-172,
PL-426, PRAGATI,
REKHA, KAREN-16,
DWR-28
RD-2508, DL-88,
MANJULA,
PREETI
RD-2508, PL-
419, HARITMA,
GEETANJALI,
JAWAHAR,
LAKHAN
North
Eastern
Plains Zone
RD-2503, RD-2552,
PRAGATI, REKHA,
RITAMBHARA
RD-2808, K-603,
HARITMA,
GEETANJALI
North Hills
Zone
BHS-169, HBL-113,
HBL-276, HBL-316,
HIMANI, DOLMA,
SON

Barley Crop Varieties for Different
Production Conditions in India
S
l
Variety
Name
Released by
Suitable
Areas
Yield and Maturity
Special
characterist
ic
1 Amber
Chandra Shekhar
Azad University,
Kanpur
Eastern Uttar
Pradesh
Grain yield: 25-30
q/ha Maturity: 130-
133 days
Fine quality
grains for
malt
production
2
Azad
(K.125)
Chandra Shekhar
Azad University,
Kanpur (1982)
Eastern Uttar
Pradesh,
Bihar and
West Bengal
Fodder yield: 150
q/ha, grain yield: 20
q/ha
Maturity: 115-120
days
•Resistance
to yellow
rust disease
•Used for
grain and
fodder both
3
BG –
25
Haryana
Agricultural
University, Hissar
Grain yield: 30 q/ ha
Maturity: 120-130
days
4 BG 108
Haryana
Agricultural
University, Hissar
Late sowing
regions
Grain yield: 20-25 q/
ha Maturity: 120-125

Sl
Variety
Name
Released
by
Suitable Areas
Yield and
Maturity
Special
characteristic
5 Clipper Australia
Grain yield:
28-30 q/ha
Maturity: 135-
140 days
Ideal for malt
making and
brewing
6 C -164 Irrigated areas
Grain yield:
30-32 q/ha
Resistance to
yellow rust
7 Dolma Shimla
Rainfed regions of
medium to high
elevation of H.P and
U.P. hilly zones
Grain yield:
35-40 q/ ha
Maturity: 140-
150 days
8 Himani
Medium to lower
hill-valleys of
H.P.and U.P.
Grain yield:
32-36 q/ha

Sl
Variety
Name
Released by Suitable Areas
Yield and
Maturity
Special
characteristic
9 Jyoti
C.S.A.,
Kanpur
(1974)
Irrigated areas
of Haryana,
Punjab, U.P.
Delhi, and W.B.
Grain yield: 35-
40 q/ha Maturity:
120-125 days
10
Karan
201,
231 &
264
All India
Coordinate
d Barley
Improveme
nt Project
Haryana,
Eastern areas of
Madhya
Pradesh and
Rajasthan
Karan 201 – 38
q/ha
Karan 231 –
42.5 q/ha
Karan 264 – 46
q/ha
Suitable for
multiple and
relay
cropping
systems
11 Kailash
Medium to low
elevation of H.P.
rainfed hilly
areas
Grain yield: 40
q/ha
Maturity: 145-
150 days
Unaffected by
yellow rust
disease
12 Kedar
IARI, New
Delhi
Late sowing
regions
Dwarf variety,
resistant to
yellow rust
and insects

Cropping system
Barley is include in following common cropping
system.
 Rice - Barley
 Maize - Barley
 Sorghum - Barley
 Cotton - Barley
 Pearl Millet - Barley
 Groundnut - Barley
 Black gram - Barley
Note- Barley is grown mixed with crop like
mustard, chickpea, linseed, etc.
THE STUDY

Field Preparation
 A good seedbed is required for raising a barley crop, though
the land preparation required is not as though as that for
wheat.
 Barley is mostly grown on light soil where 4-5 ploughing with
local plough are 3-4 harrowing followed by planking are
sufficient to prepare a good seedbed.
 Areas field preparation should be done with great care as
conservation of moisture is dependent on it.
 In areas where crops are attacked by termites mix 2% methyl
parathion dust in soil at the rate of 25 kg per hectare at the
time of last ploughing.
THE STUDY

Seed and sowing
 For sowing in rainfed and saline areas soak the seed in water
over night at room temperature for better and quicker
germination.
 Under irrigated normal condition soaking of seed is not
required.
 Before sowing, the seed should be treated with 1:1 mixture of
thiram + Bavistin at the rate of 2.5gm per kg of seed.
THE STUDY

Time of sowing
 Time of sowing is an important aspect in
successful cultivation of barley.
 Barley gives best results when sown between
October 15 and November 15.
 There is a gradual decline in yield when sowing
gets progressively delayed up to the end of
December.
 In rainfed areas sowing should be done in third
and fourth week of October.
 In irrigated areas sowing should be done in first
and second week of November.
THE STUDY

Seed Rate and Spacing
 In irrigated areas for normal sowing 75 kg seed per hac.
 late sown condition seed rate 100 kg per hectare.
 Under rainfed condition 80-100 kg seed per hectare is
required depending on soil moisture availability.
 For saline soil use 100 kg seed per hectare to ensure better
stand of the crop.
 For normal sown irrigated crop a spacing of 22.5 cm between
rows is recommended. Sowing should be done at the depth of
4-5 cm.
 In rainfed crop a spacing of 23-25 cm between rows is
recommended. Sowing should be done at the depth of 6-8 cm
depending upon soil moisture.
THE STUDY

Method of Sowing
 Method of sowing is an important aspect particularly under
rainfed condition.
 Seed should be dropped with the help of ‘pora’ or ‘nai’
attached to a local plough, with the help of seed drill to ensure
uniform distribution of seed at the optimum depth.
 In irrigated areas seed may be sown by ‘kera’ method, where
seed is dropped by hand into the furrow.
 There should be enough moisture in soil for proper
germination.
THE STUDY

Manures and fertilizers
 About 10-15 tonnes of compost or farm yard manure could be
applied about a month before sowing.
 Irrigated -80 kg N, 50 kg P, 50 kg K per hectare.
 Rainfed -50 kg N, 30 kg P, 30 kg K.
 Late sowing -40 kg N, 30 kg P, 20 kg K.
 Half of the nitrogen and total total amount of phosphorus
should be applied at the time of sowing.
 The remaining half quantity of nitrogen should be top dressed
at the time of first irrigation.
THE STUDY

Water Management:-
 Barley is generally grown as rainfed crop because it has low
water requirement.
 It needs two to three irrigation to give good yield.
 One extra irrigation shall be required on sandy soils.
 Critical stages of irrigation are boot stage, dough stage.
 If only one irrigation is available it should be given near active
tillering stage (30-35 days after sowing).
 When two irrigation available one should be applied at active
tillering and the other at flowering stage.
 On highly saline and sodic soil, frequent light irrigation give
better result than favour highway irrigation.
THE STUDY

Weed control:-
 The major weeds are Chenopodium album(bathua), Cirsium
arvense (kateli), Melilotus alba and Mililotus indica (senji) and
Avena fatua wild (oat).
 Broad- leaved weeds can be controlled by an application of
2-4 D sodium salt (80 percent) or 2,4-D amine salt (72
percent) at 0.75 kg a.i per hectare in 700 – 800 litres of water
per hectare, 35-40 days after sowing of the crop.
 Under rainfed conditions the rate of herbicide should be
slightly lower, i.e., 0.5 kg a.i. per hectare.
 For the control of Phalaris minor and wild Oat spray
Isoproturan 75 WP at the rate of 1.0 kg a.i. per hectare or
Pendimethalin (stomp) 30 EC at the rate of 3.3 litres in 600-
800 litres of water 2-3 days after sowing.

Diseases:-
Stripe Disease:-
 This disease is caused by fungus
Helminthosporium gramineum Rabh.
 The symptoms start appearing from
the late tillering stage and continue
up to maturity.
Control measures:-
 Treat the seed with 1:1 mixture of
Thiram + Bavistin or Vitavax at the
rate of 2.5 gram per kg of seed.
THE STUDY

Net Blotch disease:-
 The disease is caused by Helmintho
sporium teres Sacc.
 The initial symptoms on the seedling leaf
are the development of brown reticulate
blotched at or near the tip of the blade.
 The blotches coalesce longitudinally dark
brown strip with irregular margin.
Control measure:-
 Spray the crop three to four times with
Mancozeb 75WP or Zineb at the rate of 0.2
percent at an interval of 10-15 days.
THE STUDY

Rust :-
These are of three type:-
Yellow rust:-
 This rust is caused by Puccinia
glumarum.
 The arrangement of uredosori in
Linear fashion forming long stripes
and lemon yellow colour of the
uredia, are the main diagnostic
symptoms of this rust.
THE STUDY
8381912586

Brown rust :-
 This rust is caused by Puccinia hordei Otth.
 It is a minor disease and occurs rarely at irregular
intervals. Round to slightly oblong pustules which
are brown or orange in colour usually appear on the
leaf blades and are less common on a leaf sheaths
and stalks .
Black stem rust :-
 This rust is caused by Puccinia graminis tritici.
 Reddish- brown to dark brown and oblong pustules
appear on culms and leaf-sheaths. Losses in yield
are not appreciable due to the fact that the rust does
not appear before March in northern barley belt

Control measures :-
 Cultivation of rust resistant varieties like RD-2503, RD-2508
,RD-2552 ,DL-88, Alfa-93 etc. offers the best control.
 Four sprays of Zineb at the rate of 2 Kg per hectare in 700-
800 litters of water, at fortnightly intervals offer an effective
control.
Note:- Yellow rust is the most destructive of all the rusts which
attack barley.
THE STUDY
8381912586

Powdery Mildew
 This disease is caused by fungus Erysiphe
graminis.
 It develop as a powdery growth over the
surface of leaf, leaves sheet and floral bracts.
 The characteristic symptom is the grey
powdery surface lesions secreted or completely
covering the leaf blade with yellowing,
Browning, and gradual drying out of the leaf
tissue.
 Control measure
 Sulphur dusting @ 15 to 20 kg per hectare
offers an effective check.
THE STUDY
8381912586

Smuts
 Barley is attacked by loose and covered
smut.
Loose Smut
This disease is caused by Ustilago nuda, and in
internally Seed Borne.
The fungal hyphae produce the smut spores in
the grain which is full of black powdery mass.
Control measure
 Treat the seed with systemic fungicide such
as vortex or benlate @of 2.5 gm per kg of
seed.
THE STUDY

Conti…
Covered smut
This disease is caused by Ustilago
hordei pers.
The disease first become noticeable
at heading time, when smutted
heads emerage from the boot.
Control measure
 Seed treatment with vertex at the
rate of 2.5 kg of seed offers
complete control.
 Grows resistance variety
THE STUDY

Molya disease of Barley
 This disease is caused by nematode Hetero
deraavanae.
 It occurs in small patches. Due to this disease
plant are stunted in growth, leaves are
discoloured to yellow and often become reddish
from the trip. Tillering is also reduced. The
growing point of root is in habitat and often killed.
The plants produce new root near the point
causing a rosetting effect.
Control measure
 Two or three deep ploughing during summer will
also reduce the nematode population
 Grow resistant variety like RD-2035, Karan-16
etc.
THE STUDY
8381912586

INSECT PESTS
Soil insect
 There are a number of soil insect that damage the crop soon after
sowing. The important soil insect are white ants (Odontoterms
obsesus) for the control of this insect use 2% methy parathion or 5%
malathion dust @ 20 to 25 kg per hectare and mix it well 10 wild at
the time of last ploughing before sowing.
Foliage Pests
 Aphid are serious pest in humid region they are green to dark
coloured small insects. These insect cluster in large number are
suck the sap from leaves stem etc.
 They also spread disease barley yellow dwarf transmission the virus
there insect can be controlled by spraying Oxydemeton methyl 25
EC or Dimethoare 30 EC at the rate of 1.0 litre in 1000 of water per
hectare. Repeat the spray at 10-15 days intervals.
THE STUDY

Rodents
 Field rats caused heavy loose to
barley crop and do call cedar River
damage to the harvest crop laying in
stacks in the field.
 Control fumigate live burrows with
aluminium phosphide at the rate of
one tablet of 0.5 gm per Small burrow,
and 3.0 gm per large burrow.
 In case of reappearance in the same
field, bait with cumarin (Ratafin) at the
rate of 1 kg of prepared bait (1 part
Cumarin 19 part wheat or maize flour,
1 part molasses and 1 part mustard
oil).
THE STUDY

HARVESTING AND
THRESHING
 The crop should be harvested immediately after it ripens
otherwise it might lodge and shatter grains.
 This crop shatters more easily than does wheat.
 It should be harvested in the forenoon before the heads
become too dry and fragile for handling.
 Harvesting of crop is done with sickles by manual labour .
 Threshing is done ether by trampling bullocks or by stationary
threshers.
THE STUDY

Yield
When cultivation of high yielding varieties of barley
is done with improved scientific method they
produce about 30 to 35 quintal of grain and 40-45
quintal of straw per hectare.
THE STUDY
8381912586

Yield contributing character of
barley crop
 1.No of effective penicle per unit area
 2.No of fertile spike per penicle
 3.No of grain per spiklets
 4.No of grains per penicle
 5.Weight of 1000 grains(test weight)
THE STUDY
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Yield estimation of barley
crop
 Y = a. ×. b × c. /1000×1000
 Y= yield kg/ha
 A=plant population/ha
 B= no of grain per plant
 C= test weight.
THE STUDY
8381912586

Growth attribute character
 Total dry matter
 leaf area index
 crop growth ratio and
 net assimilation eaf area ratio,
 relative leaf growth rate,
 specific leaf area and leaf weight ratio
THE STUDY
8381912586

Reference
 Ministry of agriculture and farmer welfare
 www.agricoop.gov.in
 www.upagripardarshi.gov.in
 www.krishijagran.com
 https://ipad.fas.usda.gov
Modern Techniques of Raising Field Crop
 Chhidda Singh
 Prem Singh
 Rajbir Singh
Textbook of Field Crop Production
 Dr Rajendra Prasad
THE STUDY

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