Children who acquire a second language from a young age are more likely to achieve native-like mastery of both pronunciation and grammar compared to older learners. However, adults and adolescents can still make considerable progress in second language acquisition, especially in the early stages. The optimal time to begin second language instruction depends on the individual learner's situation and goals. Early exposure may help achieve native-like ability but could also interfere with the development of the first language.
Analyzes the factors that affect Second Language Acquisition.
Compare the existence or the applicability of such factors in Children and adult.
Discuss both children and adult SLA.
From Communication to Conversations: Expanding Language Development in the E...milfamln
Children’s language use grows dramatically throughout the toddler and preschool years. Words and phrases expand daily and children begin to form sentences that go beyond sharing their preferences. Their speech sounds continue to develop and include both predictable, and sometimes adorable, error patterns. Pre-literacy skills also emerge during this developmental window and lay the foundation for academic success as children approach elementary school. In this webinar, the presenters will discuss decontextualized language, early developing morphemes, timelines for phonological processes, and preliteracy achievements during the preschool years as well as when to worry that a child’s speech and language doesn’t seem to be progressing as expected.
Analyzes the factors that affect Second Language Acquisition.
Compare the existence or the applicability of such factors in Children and adult.
Discuss both children and adult SLA.
From Communication to Conversations: Expanding Language Development in the E...milfamln
Children’s language use grows dramatically throughout the toddler and preschool years. Words and phrases expand daily and children begin to form sentences that go beyond sharing their preferences. Their speech sounds continue to develop and include both predictable, and sometimes adorable, error patterns. Pre-literacy skills also emerge during this developmental window and lay the foundation for academic success as children approach elementary school. In this webinar, the presenters will discuss decontextualized language, early developing morphemes, timelines for phonological processes, and preliteracy achievements during the preschool years as well as when to worry that a child’s speech and language doesn’t seem to be progressing as expected.
On this Presentation, you will learn how to solve some age problems, and there are exercise in the end of the presentation. So i hope that you'll learn mo about Problem solving and you'll explore yourself to know this section
4.5 First and Second Language Learning Compared With simultaneous .docxgilbertkpeters11344
4.5 First and Second Language Learning Compared With simultaneous bilinguals, both languages are acquired in the same way. There are, as we have seen, cognitive differences that exist in bilingual children because of bilingualism, but the processes they use in acquiring their two languages are the same—the same as each other and the same as those used by monolinguals. In succes- sive bilinguals, however, there may be differences, and most of these are associated with the age of the learner. The age of the learner is highly relevant for the following reasons:
• The experience of learning a first language means that second language learn- ers know more about what language is about and how it is structured. They are experienced in finding patterns in what they hear. Older children might experi- ence some temporary interference from the first language, but generally, the experienced learner is more efficient than the inexperienced and cognitively less well-developed first language learner. • Babies are born with more acute hearing than adults (Pearson, 2008, p. 103). Over time, their hearing acuity attenuates to adult levels. Superior hearing is part of the reason why younger children are better able to discriminate between indi- vidual language sounds and why they are superior mimics of the sound system. Second language learners will acquire the pronunciation of the new language faster and more accurately than children who begin after the onset of puberty. • Babies go through a babbling stage during which they practice the sounds of their language without either the pressure or the ability to produce perfectly formed words. Older learners do not have this practice period, and their hearing will be less acute than infants. Nevertheless, their improved cognitive processing abilities will compensate. • The “input” is different. For school-aged children, the first exposure to a new language may be at school. The language of the school differs in content and in purpose from the language of the home, and the older the learner, the greater the difference. • The older the learner, the more experience he or she has in learning. Even after the first language is essentially established, children continue to learn, and all prior experience in learning is potentially beneficial. For educators, the issue is how best to take advantage of it.
CHAPTER 4Section 4.5 First and Second Language Learning Compared
At the heart of the issue of age is the critical period hypothesis (see Chapter 3). Is there a critical period for language learning, as some believe? Popular wisdom that holds that where language learning is concerned, younger is better, would appear to be true. But is it? For a first language, yes, it does appear that there is an “expire” date on the brain’s abil- ity to acquire language. But the preponderance of bilinguals in the world, many of whom learned the two languages sequentially, is a compelling argument against a critical period for second langua.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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1. Ho Van Ket
Ngo Thi Thao
Doan Anh Huy
Pham Dang Phuc
Le Thi Thuy Trang
Nguyen Thi Quynh Anh
Group members
Instructor: Doan Ngoc Ai Phuong
Methodology 4
4. The rule of the game:
• We will divide into 2 parts corresponding to the 2 factors
which we will present.
• In the first factor, is age of acquisition, we have 5 characters,
there is a lucky character. If you choose lucky character, we
will give gift to you immediately. If the character you chose is
unlucky, you must answer the character’s question. He (She)
will give the answer before or after his (her) presentation.
• In the second factor, we have 5 character as well and have 3
lucky characters. Goodluck!
11. Question: Adult from immigrant families eventually speak
the language of their new community with native-like
fluency. True or false?
A. True
B. False
13. Children from immigrant families eventually speak the
language of their new community with native-like
fluency, but their parents rarely achieve such high
levels of mastery of the spoken language .
14. Many adult second language learners become capable of
communicating very successfully in the language
but, for most, differences of accent, word choice, or
grammatical features distinguish them from native speakers
and from second language speakers who began learning
the language while they were very young.
15. The Critical Period Hypothesis suggests that there is a time
in human development when the brain is predisposed for
success in language learning.
According to this view,
language learning which
occurs after the end of the
critical period may not be
based on the innate
biological structures
believed to contribute to
first language acquisition
or second language
acquisition in early
childhood.
17. Question: “Will there be a difference between learners who
begun to learn English before puberty and those who began
to learn English later?”
A. Yes
B. No
C. Can not determine
18. Mastery of spoken language
Most of studies of the relationship between age of acquisition
and second language development have focused on learners’
phonological
(pronunciation) achievement.
In general, these studies have concluded that older learners
almost inevitably have a noticeable ‘foreign accent’.
19. But what of other linguistic features (Syntax and morphology) ?
One study that attempted to answer these questions was
done by Mark Patknowski (1980).
20. A.Mastery of the spoken language
Mark Patkowski studied the effect of age on the acquisition
of features of second language other than accent.
Even if accent were ignored, only those who had begun
learning their second language before the age of 15 could
ever achieve full, native-like mastery of that language.
21. Patkowski examined:
- 67 highly educated immigrants to United States.
- Started to learn English at various ages
- Lived in the United States for more than 5 years.
22. Patkowski’s main question :
“Will there be a difference between learners who begun to
learn English
before puberty and those who began to learn English later?”
23. The findings:
32 out of 33 subjects who had begun learning English
before the ages of 15 scored at the 4+ or the 5 level.
For this group, success in learning a second language was
almost inevitably could ever achieve.
On the other hand, there was much more variety in the
levels achieved by the post-puberty group.
( around the 3+ level)
26. There were some relationships between these other
factors and learning success. However, it often turned
out that age was so closely related to the other factors
that it was not really separated them completely.
For example:
Length of residence in the USA sometimes seemed to be
fairly good predictor.
27. A person who had lived in the country for 15 years might
speak better than one who had been there for only 10
years, it was often the case that the one with longer
residence had also arrived at an earlier age.
However, a person who had arrived in the USA at the age
of 18 and had lived there for 20 years did not score
significantly better than someone who had arrived at the
age of 18 but had only lived there for 10 years.
28. Patkowski found that age of acquisition is a very
important factor in setting limits on the development of
native-like mastery of a second language and that this
limitation does not apply only to accent.
29. Experience and research have shown that native-like
mastery of the spoken language is difficult to attain by
older learners.
Even the ability to distinguish between grammatical and
ungrammatical sentences in a second language appears
to be affected by the age factor that we will be clearer in
the study of Johnson and Newport.
30. Question: At which age do learners have few individual
differences in learning second language?
A. Before the age of 10
B. After the age of 15
C. Both of them
33. For those who began before the age of 15,
and specially before the age of 10.
There were few individual differences in second
language ability.
34. Those who began later,
They did not have native-like language abilities and were
more likely to differ greatly from one another in ultimate
attainment.
35. There is a critical period for attaining
full native-like mastery of a second
language.
36. Question: How many tasks were used in the research of
Catherine Snow and Marian Hoefnagel-Höhle ?
A. 7
B. 8
C. 9
38. 2
3
4
5
1
- Was tested by having learners pronounce
80 Dutch words twice :
Pronunciation
The first time The second time
1
39. 2
3
4
5
1
2 Auditory discrimination
- Learners saw pictures of four objects. In each
group of four there were two whose names
formed a minimal pair, that is, alike except for
one sound.
- For examples: (in English)
“Hat” and “Cat” “Ship” and “Sheep”
40. 2
3
4
5
1
3 Morphology
- Was tested using a procedure like the “wug test”, which
required leaners to complete sentences by adding the
correct grammatical makers to words which were
supplied by the researchers.
41. 2
3
4
5
1
4 Sentence repetition
- Required learners to repeat 37 sentences.
- The
sentences
were
increasing
length and
grammatical
complexity.
43. 7
8
9
6 6 Sentence judgement task
- Learners were to judge which of two sentences
was better. The same content was expressed in
both sentences, but one sentence was
grammatically correct while the other contained
errors
44. 7
8
9
6
7 Peabody Picture Vocabulary
Test
- Leaners saw four pictures and heard one isolated
word. Their task was to indicate which picture
matched the word spoken by the tester.
45. 7
8
9
6
8 Story comprehension task
- Leaners heard a story in Dutch and were
then asked to retell the story in English or
Dutch (according to their preference)
47. Question: Children are more likely to reach higher levels of
attainment in both pronunciation and grammar than adults.
True or false?
A. True
B. False
49. X:an indication of the rate of learningX:an indication of the rate of learning
Y: an indication of eventual attainmentY: an indication of eventual attainment
Table 3.1: comparison of language learning at different agesTable 3.1: comparison of language learning at different ages
50. The adolescents were by far the most
successful learners.
The adults were better than the children
and adolescents on pronunciation in the
first test session.
In other words, adolescents and adults
learned faster than children in the first few
months of exposure to Dutch.
Snow and Hoefnagel-HöhleSnow and Hoefnagel-Höhle
51. Other interpretation:
Some of the tasks such as sentence judgement
or translation were too hard for young learners.
Adults and adolescent learn faster in the
early stages of second language development.
Ngô Thị Thảo
Snow and Hoefnagel-Höhle concluded that their
results provide evidence that there is no critical period
for language acquisition.
Snow and Hoefnagel-Höhle concluded that their
results provide evidence that there is no critical period
for language acquisition.
52. Children are more likely to reach higher
levels of attainment in both pronunciation and
grammar than adults.
adults and adolescent can make
considerable and rapid progress towards mastery
of a second language in contexts.
Ngô Thị Thảo
53. Fill in the blank: Early intensive exposure to the second
language may .......................the child´s first language.
A. Entail the loss or incomplete development of
B. Help remain
C. Develop
54. At what age should second
language instruction begin
55. •People know nothing about the critical period
research: younger learners are better
• Both experience and research: Older learners
can attain high levels of proficiency in their
second language.
=> It depends on the situations or the purposes
learners want to acheive.
56. Example 1:
A child who is born to an American father and
German mother living in the USA can start to
learn both German and English from the
monent he is born.
The most favorable situation to speak two
languages fluently as an adult.
57. Getting early intensive exposure to the
second language --> the loss or incomplete
development of the child’s first language.
=>The objective of second language learning is
NATIVE-like mastery of target language.
58. Example 2:
A child of school age who emigrates to the USA
has no choice, must start to learn the new language,
English as soon as she arrives.
=>The goal is basic commnicate ability for all
sudents in a school setting, and when it is assumed
that the child’s native language will remain the
primary language, it may be more efficient to begin
second or foreign language teaching later.
59. Summary:
• Age is one of the characteristics which determine second
language learning.
• It is difficult to make precise predictions about how a
particular individual´s characteristics influence his or her
success as a language learner.
• However, in a classroom, a sensitive teacher, who takes
learners´ individual personalities and learning styles into
account, can create a learning environment in which all
learners can be successful in learning an second
language.