Our Age Forensic Medicine product is designed to assist medical professionals in accurately determining the age of individuals based on various biological markers. This tool is essential in forensic investigations, helping to provide crucial information for legal proceedings and identification purposes. With advanced technology and precise algorithms, our Age Forensic Medicine product ensures reliable and accurate results, making it a valuable asset in forensic science.

1. AGE

2. +
AGE
It is the total time from birth to death.
The age of an individual especially in earlier years can be determined from
1.Teeth 2. Ossification of bones 3. Secondary sex characters 4. General
development in case of children.
Estimation of age
Zygote : Up to 12 days of conception.

3. Embryo :
Up to 3 months ( before formation of placenta )
1. End of 1st month
-- Length : 1 cm
-- Weight : 2 gm
-- Eyes : 2 dark spots
-- Mouth : as cleft

4. 2.End of 2nd month
-- Length : 4 cm
-- Weight : 10 gm
-- Placenta : begins to form
-- Hands & feet : Webbed
-- Anus : Seen as a dark spot
-- First ossification center in clavicle ( 4-5 weeks )
Fetus
Beyond 3 months up to delivery

5. 1. End of 3rd months
-- Length : 9 cm
-- Weight : 30 gm
-- Closed, pupillary membrane appear
-- Nail : Appear
-- Neck : Formed
2. End of 4th month
-- Length : 16 cm
-- Weight : 120 gm

6. -- Sex : can be recognized
-- Lanugos : Seen
-- Convolution : Begins to develop in brain
-- Meconium : duodenum
3. End of 5th months
-- Length : 25 cm
-- Weight : 400 gm
-- Nail : Distinct & soft
-- Light hair : Appears on the head

7. -- Skin : Covered by vernix caseosa
-- Meconium : At the beginning of large intestine
4. End of 6th month
-- Length : 30 cm
-- Weight : 700 gm
-- Eyebrows & eyelashes : Appears
-- Skin : Red & wrinkled
-- Subcutaneous fat : Begins to be deposited
-- Testis : Close to the kidney

8. 5. End of 7th months
-- Length : 35 cm
-- Weight : 900 to 1200 gm
-- Eyelids : open, pupillary membrane disappear
--Skin : Dusky red, thick, fibrous
-- Testis : External inguinal ring
-- Gall bladder : Contains bile
-- Caecum : At right iliac fossa
-- Ossification center : Talus

9. 6. End of 8th month
-- Length : 40 cm
-- Weight : 1.5 -2 kg
-- Nails : R each the tip of finger
-- Scalp hair : Thicker
-- Skin : Not wrinkled
-- Left testis : Present in scrotum
-- Placenta weight : 500 gm

10. 7. End of 9th months
-- Length : 45 cm
-- Weight : 2.5 – 3 kg
-- Scalp hair : Dark & about 4 cm long
-- Meconium : Is seen at the end of the large intestine
-- Scrotum : Wrinkled & contains both testis
-- Placenta weight : 500 gm
-- Ossification center : Lower end of femur & capitates bone

11. 8. End of 10th months
-- Length : 50 – 53 cm
-- Weight : 2.5 -5 kg
-- Crown rump length : 30 – 33 cm
-- Head circumference : 30- 36 cm
-- Brain surface : Show convolution & grey matter begins to form .
-- Scalp hair : 3-5 cm long
-- Lanugos : Absent except shoulder

12. -- Skin : Pale & covered with vernix caseosa
-- Nails : Projects beyond the end of finger
-- Cartilage : Formed in the nose & ear
-- Testis : In scrotum
-- Vulva : closed
-- Labia minora : Covered by developed labia majora
-- Rectum : Contain dark brownish, green or black meconium

13. -- Placenta : 500 gm
-- Umbilicus : Midway between pubis & xiphoid cartilage
-- Ossification center : Lower end of femur & upper end of tibia.
-- Fontanelle : Six fontanelle are present in neonatal skull
# Ant. Fontanelle ( bregma ) junction of sagittal & coronal suture. It is about 4 x
2.5 cm
# Post. Fontanelle ( lambda ) : Junction of sagittal & lambdoid suture
# Lateral fontanelle : At each spheno parietal junction.

14. Infant
-- Up to 15 days of its birth
-- The changes in the umbilical cord
-- Absence of Meconium in intestine
-- Color of skin : Normal ( 10 -12 days )
-- Weight : 5-7 Ib ( 2.5 – 5 kg )
-- Height : 50 cm
-- Ossification center : Lower end of femur & upper end of tibia.

15. Medicolegal questions of different ages
1. Criminal responsibilities
# Any act which is done by a child below 7 years is not an offence.
# A child between 7-12 yrs. Is presumed to be capable of committing an
offence.
# A child under 12 yrs. Cannot give valid consent.
# A person above 16 yrs. Can give valid consent.

16. `2. Judicial punishment
# Juvenile means a boy who is below 16 yrs. & a girl below 18 yrs.
When a juvenile commits an offence the court may be kept in a juvenile home
or a special home in which there are facilities for education. Vocational training
& rehabilitation etc. The period of stay should not exceed the age of 18 yrs. in
case of boy & 20 yrs. incase of a girl.

17. 3. Rape
Sexual intercourse by a man with a girl under 15 yrs.even she is his wife or any
other girl under 16 yrs.even with her consent is rape.
4. Kidnapping
It means taking away a person by illegal means . It is an offence –
# To kidnap a child with the intention of taking dishonesty , any movable
property , if the age of the child is under 10 yrs.

18. # To kidnap a minor from lawful guardianship if the age of a boy is under 16 yrs.
& that of a girl under 18 yrs.
# To kidnap a woman to compel her marriage.
# To procure a girl for prostitution if the age is below 18 yrs.
5. Employment
A child below 14 yrs. can not be employed to work in any factory or mine or in
other risky employment. A person completing 15 yrs. Is allowed to work in a
factory .

19. If a fitness certificate is issued by a certifying surgeon.
6. Attainment of majority
A person attains majority on completion of 18 yrs. But when a person is under a
guardian appointed by the court he attains majority on completion of 21 yrs.
7. Evidence
Competency for giving evidence depends on understanding but not age. A child
of any age gives evidence if the court is satisfied that the child is truthful.

20. 8. Marriage contract
Female less than 18 yrs. & male less than 21 yrs can not contract marriage.
9. Infanticide
The charge of infanticide can not be supported if the infant can be proved
under the age of seven month ( 210 days , viable age ) of intrauterine life.
10. Criminal abortion
A woman who has passed the child bearing age can not be charged for occurring
criminal abortion.

21. 11. Identification
An approximate age is important in any chain of identify data e.g. when a
few days old child is alleged to be the new born child.
12. Impotence & sterility
A boy is sterile though not impotent before puberty women become sterile
after menopause.

22. Medicolegal aspects of different ages
1. 7 years :
A child under this is not responsible for any offence & hence can not be
convicted of crime.
2. 15 years
# Sexual intercourse with his own wife below this constitutes rape.
# Completing 15 years is allowed to work in a factory as an adolescent.

23. 3. 16 years
# Age of consent of sexual intercourse in female .
# Offender under this age is juvenile offender.
# Taking away a boy under this year from lawful guardianship amounts
kidnapping.
4. 18 year
# Marriageable age of female
# Attainment of majority except who are under lawful guardianship.

24. 5. 21 years
# Attainment of majority who is under a lawful guardian skip.
# Marriageable age of a male.
# A prince of ruling kingdom attains majority.
# Up to this age a juvenile offender can stay in a Broastal school.
# Age of casting of vote.

25. # Taking away a girl under 18 yrs. Amount s kidnapping.
# All legal , social responsibility & valid consent of all kind.
# Adult in factory act.
# To procure a girl for prostitution under this age is an offence.
# Age of entering into government service .
# Age of casting of voice.

26. 6. 21 years
# Attainment of majority who is under a lawful guardianship.
# Marriageable age of male.
# A price of ruling kingdom attains majority.
# Up to this age a juvenile offender can stay in a Brostal school.
7. 25 years : Minimum age for contesting MP or other legislative.

27. 8. 25-25 years : Age limit for entering government service.
9. 35 years : Minimum age for appointment as president. Vice president ,
Government of the status.
10. 55 -65 years : Age of of retirement.

28. Procedure of determination of age
a) Preliminary requirements
-- Receipt of requisition from the investing officer (I.O). The requisition should
contain name, particulars, history etc.
-- Written consent for medical examination duly attested by two witness.
-- A third person attendant with his/her name, designation, signature etc.
-- Proper identification.

29. b) Medical examination proper
# Date & time of examination
# Name with particulars
# Police station concerned
# Name of I.O or police constable who identified
# Name of attendant
# Two marks of identification
# Height & weight
# General configuration

30. #Eruption of teeth
# Breasts
# Growth of hair ( Axillary and pubic hair )
# Menstrual history
# Radiological examination of bone & joints.
Upper extremity
Shoulder joint
Elbow joint
Wrist joint

31. Lower extremity
Hip joint
Knee joint
Ankle joint
Fusion of bones/joints
16 years : Elbow joint
16 to 17 years : Ankle joint
17 to 18 years : Hip joint

32. 17 to 19 years : Shoulder. Wrist & knee joint
20 to 21 years : Fusion of iliac crest, ischial tuberosity & inner end of clavicle.

33. -
Age certificate
From physical & radiological examination of ------------------------- bearing
the identification marks .
1. ------------------------------------------------------
2. ------------------------------------------------------
I am of my opinion that the individual is aged about --------- years.
Station Name
Date Rank

34. Determination of age in prenatal life
1. Rule of Haase
2. X-ray examination
3. Ultra sonography
4. Height of the uterus

35. RULE OF HAASE ( 1895 )
The is a rough method of calculating the age of the foetus.
A) Before birth :
The length of the fetus is measured from the crown to heel in cm
During first 5 months of pregnancy :
The square root of the length gives the approximate age of the foetus in month
i.e a foetus of 16 cm is four months.

36. During last 5 months of pregnancy :
The length in cm divided by 5 gives the age of the foetus e.g a fetus of 35 cm is
7 months.
After birth :
# Length
-- Length of an infant : 50 cm
-- At 6 months : 60 cm
-- At 12 months : 68 cm
-- At 4th years : 100 cm

37. # Weight
-- Double at 6th months
-- Triple at 1 year
# Head circumference : Increased about 12 cm in 1st year
# Children

38. Children
16 days to puberty ( 12 years )
-- 15 days to 6 months.
-- Partial closure of anterior fontanelle & fusion of of two halves of mandible,
-- Ossification center : Capitates & hamate in 1st month
-- Lifting of head, holding of neck, smiling, crawling & sitting are helpful.

39. 6 months to 2 years
-- Definite & accurate data is milk teeth ( 4 incisors, 2 canine & 4 molar in each
jaw )
-- Weight:
* At 6 months : Double the weight in birth
* At 1st years : 3 times weight then at birth .
-- Height :
* No definite & accurate
* At the months : 24 inches

40. * AT the end of the 1st year : 27 inches
* At the end o the 4th years : Double the length of birth
-- Ossification in tarsal & carpal & appearance of of center in epiphysis of long
bones. The number of carpal bone seen on X-ray indicates the approximate age
in years.
-- 6th years & above
* The permanent teeth help in estimation of age . A boy between 10-12 years
has 24 teeth

41. -- At 9 years : 12 are permanent teeth (4 central incisor, 4 lateral incisor & 4
first permanent molar ) 12 temporary ( 4 canines, 4 first temporary molar & 4
second temporary molar ).
-- At 10th years : 16 are permanent ( 4 central incisor , 4 lateral incisors, 4first
premolar & 4 first permanent molar ) & 8 temporary ( 4 canines & 4 second
temporay molar )
-- At 11 years : All the 24 teeth are permanent. Ossification appears at medical
epicondyle of humerus.

42. Adolescent
It is the period of life which extends from the first establishment of sexual
function to that maturity.
Period : Between 12 -18 years
-- Height & weight : They are to be taken in a routine manner but cannot be
relied upon precisely in estimation of age.
-- General configuration & developments
-- In boys : Rounded & softer lines of childhood disappears & instead traces of
heavy muscularity specially limbs

43. In girl
* Gradual increase in the subcutaneous fat.
* Increase size of breast
* Widening of the hip
-- Eruption of teeth
* Between 13-14 years: 28 permanent teeth
* Between 14-17 years: 28 permanent teeth & in addition
There would be a spacing behind 2nd permanent molar tooth ( first lower then
upper )

44. -- Growth hair
-- Hair appear on the pubis at 14 years ( male ) & 13 years ( female )
-- Axillary hair grow at 15 years ( male ) & 14 years ( female )
-- Hair on chin & upper lip in male between 16 – 18 years.
# Changes in the external genetalia

45. # Establishment of menstruation in female : Between the ages of 12 – 13 years
# Alteration of voice : Deep voice in male between 15 -18 years.
# Ossification & union of bones : Skiagram of elbow joints, wrist, pelvis,
shoulder be done

46. Adult
After 18 years. After the age of 25 years the estimation of age becomes more
uncertain whether in living or dead.
* 18 -25 years : The union of epiphysis of the most long bones with shaft takes
place.
Union of epiphysis of clavicle end of ribs & iliac crest occur during this period
* 25 -35 years : Coronal, sagittal & lamboid suture of the skull start to close

47. *40 years
-- Decaying changes in teeth
-- Fusion activities of skull vault suture
-- Arcus senilis : A ring of opacity at the edge of cornea.
Old age
* Hair
-- Graying in scalp hair after 4o years usually
-- Graying in hair after 50 years

48. * Arcus senilis
* Wrinkling of the skin : Normally occurs after 45 years
* Changes in the bones
Mandible :
*Distinct thinning
*Mental foramen is closure to the upper margin
* Angle obtuse
Body becomes shallow & reduced in size owing to loss of teeth & absorption of
alveolar margin.

49. • Larynx & ribs : Ossification of cartilaginous parts such as costal & laryngeal
cartilage occurs between 40 – 60 years
• Hyoid bone :
• -- Fusion of greater cornu of hyoid bones to its body occur between 40 – 60
years.
• -- The lesser cornu usually connected to the body of the hyoid bone advanced
old age.