This document analyzes stress concentration in perforated aluminum plates with various cut-out shapes, degrees of bluntness at cut-out edges, and cut-out orientations. Finite element analysis was conducted on plates with circular, square, and triangular cut-outs having different radius ratios representing bluntness. Cut-outs were also oriented at 15, 30 and 45 degree rotations. Stress concentration factor increased with sharper cut-out edges and orientations farther from the loading direction. The highest stress occurred for a triangular cut-out with minimal bluntness oriented at 30 degrees. Understanding how cut-out design affects stress distribution can help optimize lightweight structures.
Structural Integrity Analysis features a collection of selected topics on structural design, safety, reliability, redundancy, strength, material science, mechanical properties of materials, composite materials, welds, finite element analysis, stress concentration, failure mechanisms and criteria. The engineering approaches focus on understanding and concept visualization rather than theoretical reasoning. The structural engineering profession plays a key role in the assurance of safety of technical systems such as metallic structures, buildings, machines, and transport. The first chapter explains the engineering fundamentals of stress analysis.
Engineering Fracture Mechanics. Engineers try to have high-strength, high ductility, high crack resistance, and faultless structures. The most reliable approach is "No cracks - no problems,"
When all is not possible, there are different methods of prevention of catastrophic failure: increase crack resistance by ductile material, by local heating; decrease SIF by placing holes on the crack path, by patching, by stiffing elements or by using composite materials. "Leak-before-break" is an effective strategy to prevent catastrophic failure of pressure vessels. It is better to allow a semi-elliptical crack to grow through the wall and to detect it by leaking than to have the dynamic start and failure of the whole vessel. There are two characteristics of the material: crack resistance for semi-elliptical crack and crack resistance for through crack.
Saint-Venant's principle states that the stresses and strains far away from the load application point are unaffected by the exact nature of the load or its application method, but only depend on the resultant load magnitude and application area. Stress concentrations occur where the cross-sectional area changes abruptly, like holes, notches, or threads, and cause local stress values much higher than the average stress. The stress concentration factor K is used to relate the maximum stress σmax to the average stress σave in a cross-section. Design engineers use stress concentration factors and allowable stress values to determine if a given load will exceed the material's strength at stress concentration locations.
Analysis of Stress Distribution in a Curved Structure Using Photoelastic and ...IOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes stress distribution in a curved structure subjected to uniaxial tension using photoelastic and finite element methods.
2) Photoelasticity is used to experimentally determine stress distribution in models of the curved structure with and without circular and elliptical stress relievers. Finite element analysis is then used to validate the experimental photoelastic results.
3) The study found that an elliptical stress reliever with its major axis normal to the load more effectively reduced stress concentration at the inner boundary of the curved structure compared to a circular stress reliever.
The document discusses stress concentration factors (Kt) which describe how stresses are magnified in areas with geometric discontinuities like holes or cracks. It provides the theoretical equation for Kt of an elliptical hole and mentions some experimental methods for determining Kt including photoelasticity, brittle coatings, strain gauges, and finite element analysis. These methods are used to measure the maximum stress at discontinuities compared to the nominal stress without them.
Diseno en ingenieria mecanica de Shigley - 8th ---HDes
descarga el contenido completo de aqui http://paralafakyoumecanismos.blogspot.com.ar/2014/08/libro-para-mecanismos-y-elementos-de.html
This document discusses various topics related to mechanical design including types of loads and stresses, theories of failure, stress concentration, fatigue, creep, and design of cotter joints. It defines stress and strain, describes different types of loading and the resulting stresses. It discusses various theories of failure for predicting failure under different stress conditions. It also covers stress concentration, factors affecting it, and methods to reduce it. Fatigue behavior is described using S-N curves and endurance limits. Creep behavior and different creep stages are outlined. Design of cotter joints is explained focusing on its components and advantages.
Three primary aspects of strength of materials problem solving are analyzing equilibrium of forces, relating applied forces to structural deformation, and determining compatibility of deformations with structural integrity. Members under axial loads will deform linearly between stress and strain initially, then strain may greatly increase beyond the yield point with partial unloading. Stress is the ratio of load to original area under load, and strain is the ratio of deformation to original length. Combined stresses must consider each stress type independently.
Structural Integrity Analysis features a collection of selected topics on structural design, safety, reliability, redundancy, strength, material science, mechanical properties of materials, composite materials, welds, finite element analysis, stress concentration, failure mechanisms and criteria. The engineering approaches focus on understanding and concept visualization rather than theoretical reasoning. The structural engineering profession plays a key role in the assurance of safety of technical systems such as metallic structures, buildings, machines, and transport. The first chapter explains the engineering fundamentals of stress analysis.
Engineering Fracture Mechanics. Engineers try to have high-strength, high ductility, high crack resistance, and faultless structures. The most reliable approach is "No cracks - no problems,"
When all is not possible, there are different methods of prevention of catastrophic failure: increase crack resistance by ductile material, by local heating; decrease SIF by placing holes on the crack path, by patching, by stiffing elements or by using composite materials. "Leak-before-break" is an effective strategy to prevent catastrophic failure of pressure vessels. It is better to allow a semi-elliptical crack to grow through the wall and to detect it by leaking than to have the dynamic start and failure of the whole vessel. There are two characteristics of the material: crack resistance for semi-elliptical crack and crack resistance for through crack.
Saint-Venant's principle states that the stresses and strains far away from the load application point are unaffected by the exact nature of the load or its application method, but only depend on the resultant load magnitude and application area. Stress concentrations occur where the cross-sectional area changes abruptly, like holes, notches, or threads, and cause local stress values much higher than the average stress. The stress concentration factor K is used to relate the maximum stress σmax to the average stress σave in a cross-section. Design engineers use stress concentration factors and allowable stress values to determine if a given load will exceed the material's strength at stress concentration locations.
Analysis of Stress Distribution in a Curved Structure Using Photoelastic and ...IOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes stress distribution in a curved structure subjected to uniaxial tension using photoelastic and finite element methods.
2) Photoelasticity is used to experimentally determine stress distribution in models of the curved structure with and without circular and elliptical stress relievers. Finite element analysis is then used to validate the experimental photoelastic results.
3) The study found that an elliptical stress reliever with its major axis normal to the load more effectively reduced stress concentration at the inner boundary of the curved structure compared to a circular stress reliever.
The document discusses stress concentration factors (Kt) which describe how stresses are magnified in areas with geometric discontinuities like holes or cracks. It provides the theoretical equation for Kt of an elliptical hole and mentions some experimental methods for determining Kt including photoelasticity, brittle coatings, strain gauges, and finite element analysis. These methods are used to measure the maximum stress at discontinuities compared to the nominal stress without them.
Diseno en ingenieria mecanica de Shigley - 8th ---HDes
descarga el contenido completo de aqui http://paralafakyoumecanismos.blogspot.com.ar/2014/08/libro-para-mecanismos-y-elementos-de.html
This document discusses various topics related to mechanical design including types of loads and stresses, theories of failure, stress concentration, fatigue, creep, and design of cotter joints. It defines stress and strain, describes different types of loading and the resulting stresses. It discusses various theories of failure for predicting failure under different stress conditions. It also covers stress concentration, factors affecting it, and methods to reduce it. Fatigue behavior is described using S-N curves and endurance limits. Creep behavior and different creep stages are outlined. Design of cotter joints is explained focusing on its components and advantages.
Three primary aspects of strength of materials problem solving are analyzing equilibrium of forces, relating applied forces to structural deformation, and determining compatibility of deformations with structural integrity. Members under axial loads will deform linearly between stress and strain initially, then strain may greatly increase beyond the yield point with partial unloading. Stress is the ratio of load to original area under load, and strain is the ratio of deformation to original length. Combined stresses must consider each stress type independently.
This document summarizes a seminar topic on the theory of elasticity. It discusses key concepts in elasticity including external forces, stresses, strains, displacements, assumptions of elasticity theory. It provides examples of plane stress and plane strain conditions. The purpose of elasticity theory is to analyze stresses and displacements in elastic solids and structures. Applications include designing mechanical parts and calculating stresses in beams.
Structural Integrity Analysis features a collection of selected topics on structural design, safety, reliability, redundancy, strength, material science, mechanical properties of materials, composite materials, welds, finite element analysis, stress concentration, failure mechanisms and criteria. The engineering approaches focus on understanding and concept visualization rather than theoretical reasoning. The structural engineering profession plays a key role in the assurance of safety of technical systems such as metallic structures, buildings, machines, and transport. The chapter 9 explains the engineering fundamentals of composite materials and structures. Copyright 2013 Igor Kokcharov, Andrey Burov
The document describes research on optimizing the design of compound pressure vessels. It investigates the effects of interference radius, shrinkage tolerance, working pressure, and the ratio of outer to inner radius (k value) on the equivalent von Mises stress through finite element modeling. The key findings are:
1) Von Mises stress decreases slightly with increasing interference radius up to an optimum point, then increases with further increases in radius.
2) Von Mises stress decreases with increasing shrinkage tolerance up to an optimum point, then increases with further increases in tolerance.
3) Increasing the working pressure leads to a higher percentage reduction in von Mises stress from compounding.
4) Increasing the
This document discusses stress, strain, and deformation of solids. It provides definitions for key terms like rigid bodies, deformable bodies, stress, strain, stiffness, stability, and ductility. It also describes different models used to simulate rigid and deformable body motion, including mass-spring models and finite element method (FEM) models. Additionally, it covers mechanical properties of materials like strength, stiffness, stability, and ductility. It discusses stress-strain diagrams and properties like elasticity, yield strength, plasticity, necking, and breaking strength for ductile and brittle materials. It also defines true stress and true strain which are important for large deformations, and describes different types of stresses like normal stresses (
Structural Integrity Analysis: Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties of MaterialsIgor Kokcharov
Structural Integrity Analysis features a collection of selected topics on structural design, safety, reliability, redundancy, strength, material science, mechanical properties of materials, composite materials, welds, finite element analysis, stress concentration, failure mechanisms and criteria. The engineering approaches focus on understanding and concept visualization rather than theoretical reasoning. The structural engineering profession plays a key role in the assurance of safety of technical systems such as metallic structures, buildings, machines, and transport. The third chapter explains the engineering tests and fundamentals of mechanical properties of materials.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Download Link: https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
UNIT-5
Stress and Strain Analysis Simple stress and strain: Introduction, Normal shear stresses, Stress-strain diagrams for ductile and brittle materials, Elastic constants, One dimensional loading of members of varying cross section, Strain energy, Thermal stresses.
Compound stress and strains: Introduction, State of plane stress, Principal stress and strain, Mohr’s circle for stress and strain.
Pure Bending of Beams: Introduction, Simple bending theory, Stress in beams of different cross sections.
Torsion: Introduction, Torsion of Shafts of circular section, Torque and Twist, Shear stress due to Torque.
This document discusses stresses and deformations in thin and thick cylindrical and spherical shells. It begins by defining thin shells and examining stresses in thin cylinders due to internal pressure, including hoop, longitudinal and radial stresses. Equations are provided for stresses and strains in thin cylinders. The document then considers thick cylinders and spheres using Lame's theory, which accounts for varying circumferential stress through the thickness. Several example problems are presented and solved for thin and thick cylindrical and spherical shells.
Diseno en ingenieria mecanica de Shigley - 8th ---HDes
descarga el contenido completo de aqui http://paralafakyoumecanismos.blogspot.com.ar/2014/08/libro-para-mecanismos-y-elementos-de.html
1) This document outlines the course objectives and syllabus for the Strength of Materials course taught by Dr. B. Janarthanan.
2) The course will cover concepts of stress, strain, deformation of solids, bending of beams, torsion of shafts, and stresses in thin shells.
3) The objectives are for students to understand stress and strain concepts, load transfer mechanisms, torsion and bending analyses, and thin shell design.
Strength of Materials Lecture - 2
Elastic stress and strain of materials (stress-strain diagram)
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology.
Department of Mechanical Engineering.
This document gives the class notes of Unit 3 Compound stresses. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
Effect of connection eccentricity in the behaviour of steel tension membersIAEME Publication
1) The document discusses the effect of connection eccentricity on the behavior of steel tension members. Connection eccentricity occurs when the location of bolt connectors does not coincide with the member's centroidal axis, inducing bending.
2) Finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS on various steel angle sections (ISA 50x50x6, ISA 65x65x6, ISA 75x75x6) to predict their failure capacities under different eccentric connection configurations. Results were compared to experimental data.
3) Current design specifications do not consider the detrimental bending effects of connection eccentricity, which can significantly reduce a member's failure capacity. Both experimental and computational analyses were performed to better understand these impacts.
Chapter 2: Axial Strains and Deformation in BarsMonark Sutariya
This document discusses stress-strain relationships in materials subjected to axial loads. It covers key concepts such as elastic and plastic deformation, ductile and brittle behavior, stress-strain diagrams, and the effects of temperature, strain rate, and time-dependent behavior like creep and stress relaxation. Measurement techniques for strain like strain gages and extensometers are also described. Various stress-strain models are presented, including Hooke's law, the Ramberg-Osgood equation, and idealized perfectly plastic, elastic-plastic, and strain hardening models. The relationships between stress, strain, elastic modulus, yield strength, and other mechanical properties are examined through diagrams and equations.
In this section the concept of stress will be introduced, and this will be applied to components that are in a state of tension, compression, and shear. Strain measurement methods will also be briefly discussed.
The document discusses stress concentration and fatigue failure in machine elements. It defines stress concentration as the localization of high stresses due to irregularities or abrupt changes in cross-section. Stress concentration can be reduced by avoiding sharp changes in cross-section and providing fillets and chamfers. Fatigue failure occurs when fluctuating stresses cause cracks over numerous load cycles. The endurance limit is the maximum stress amplitude that causes failure after an infinite number of cycles. Factors like stress concentration, surface finish, size, and mean stress affect the endurance limit. Designs should minimize stress raisers and protect against corrosion to prevent fatigue failures.
Numerical Simulation of Buckling of Thin Cylindrical Shellskhaja misba
This document summarizes Khaja misba uddin's Master of Technology thesis on numerically simulating the buckling of thin cylindrical shells. It conducted finite element analysis to investigate stress distribution and buckling behavior when thin cylinders are subjected to axial compression and external pressure. The analysis found half sine waves form along the generator and circumference during buckling. Buckling loads increased with thickness. There is scope for further investigating geometric and material nonlinearities on critical buckling loads.
This document provides an overview of various topics related to deflection and stiffness of mechanical components. It discusses spring rates, tension, compression and torsion, deflection due to bending, beam deflection methods including superposition and singularity functions, strain energy, Castigliano's theorem, deflection of curved members, statically indeterminate problems, and compression members including columns of different lengths and with eccentric loading. Beam deflection equations are derived and various examples are provided to illustrate the application of superposition and singularity functions to determine deflections.
Mersin International Port (MIP) has been operating since 1927 and took over management in 2007. It serves a large hinterland in Turkey and neighboring countries. MIP has 21 berths that can accommodate 30 vessels simultaneously. It handles an average of 22 million tons of cargo annually through services like containers, dry and liquid bulk, general cargo, and roll-on roll-off. MIP aims to be an important transit hub and has the facilities and equipment to provide all port services in a single location.
Structural Analysis of Partitioned Vertical ColumnIJMER
This document summarizes a study on the structural analysis of a partitioned vertical storage column used in an ammonium nitrate pyrolysis process plant. The column contains three partitions and is designed to withstand different internal pressures. The study involves modeling the column in CAD software, meshing it, applying boundary conditions such as internal pressure and support, and performing a finite element analysis in ANSYS to analyze stresses and ensure structural stability under the pressure loading conditions. The column is made of structural steel and key dimensions and material properties are provided. The analysis is carried out by varying the thickness of individual components to determine the optimal design.
This document summarizes a seminar topic on the theory of elasticity. It discusses key concepts in elasticity including external forces, stresses, strains, displacements, assumptions of elasticity theory. It provides examples of plane stress and plane strain conditions. The purpose of elasticity theory is to analyze stresses and displacements in elastic solids and structures. Applications include designing mechanical parts and calculating stresses in beams.
Structural Integrity Analysis features a collection of selected topics on structural design, safety, reliability, redundancy, strength, material science, mechanical properties of materials, composite materials, welds, finite element analysis, stress concentration, failure mechanisms and criteria. The engineering approaches focus on understanding and concept visualization rather than theoretical reasoning. The structural engineering profession plays a key role in the assurance of safety of technical systems such as metallic structures, buildings, machines, and transport. The chapter 9 explains the engineering fundamentals of composite materials and structures. Copyright 2013 Igor Kokcharov, Andrey Burov
The document describes research on optimizing the design of compound pressure vessels. It investigates the effects of interference radius, shrinkage tolerance, working pressure, and the ratio of outer to inner radius (k value) on the equivalent von Mises stress through finite element modeling. The key findings are:
1) Von Mises stress decreases slightly with increasing interference radius up to an optimum point, then increases with further increases in radius.
2) Von Mises stress decreases with increasing shrinkage tolerance up to an optimum point, then increases with further increases in tolerance.
3) Increasing the working pressure leads to a higher percentage reduction in von Mises stress from compounding.
4) Increasing the
This document discusses stress, strain, and deformation of solids. It provides definitions for key terms like rigid bodies, deformable bodies, stress, strain, stiffness, stability, and ductility. It also describes different models used to simulate rigid and deformable body motion, including mass-spring models and finite element method (FEM) models. Additionally, it covers mechanical properties of materials like strength, stiffness, stability, and ductility. It discusses stress-strain diagrams and properties like elasticity, yield strength, plasticity, necking, and breaking strength for ductile and brittle materials. It also defines true stress and true strain which are important for large deformations, and describes different types of stresses like normal stresses (
Structural Integrity Analysis: Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties of MaterialsIgor Kokcharov
Structural Integrity Analysis features a collection of selected topics on structural design, safety, reliability, redundancy, strength, material science, mechanical properties of materials, composite materials, welds, finite element analysis, stress concentration, failure mechanisms and criteria. The engineering approaches focus on understanding and concept visualization rather than theoretical reasoning. The structural engineering profession plays a key role in the assurance of safety of technical systems such as metallic structures, buildings, machines, and transport. The third chapter explains the engineering tests and fundamentals of mechanical properties of materials.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Download Link: https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
UNIT-5
Stress and Strain Analysis Simple stress and strain: Introduction, Normal shear stresses, Stress-strain diagrams for ductile and brittle materials, Elastic constants, One dimensional loading of members of varying cross section, Strain energy, Thermal stresses.
Compound stress and strains: Introduction, State of plane stress, Principal stress and strain, Mohr’s circle for stress and strain.
Pure Bending of Beams: Introduction, Simple bending theory, Stress in beams of different cross sections.
Torsion: Introduction, Torsion of Shafts of circular section, Torque and Twist, Shear stress due to Torque.
This document discusses stresses and deformations in thin and thick cylindrical and spherical shells. It begins by defining thin shells and examining stresses in thin cylinders due to internal pressure, including hoop, longitudinal and radial stresses. Equations are provided for stresses and strains in thin cylinders. The document then considers thick cylinders and spheres using Lame's theory, which accounts for varying circumferential stress through the thickness. Several example problems are presented and solved for thin and thick cylindrical and spherical shells.
Diseno en ingenieria mecanica de Shigley - 8th ---HDes
descarga el contenido completo de aqui http://paralafakyoumecanismos.blogspot.com.ar/2014/08/libro-para-mecanismos-y-elementos-de.html
1) This document outlines the course objectives and syllabus for the Strength of Materials course taught by Dr. B. Janarthanan.
2) The course will cover concepts of stress, strain, deformation of solids, bending of beams, torsion of shafts, and stresses in thin shells.
3) The objectives are for students to understand stress and strain concepts, load transfer mechanisms, torsion and bending analyses, and thin shell design.
Strength of Materials Lecture - 2
Elastic stress and strain of materials (stress-strain diagram)
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology.
Department of Mechanical Engineering.
This document gives the class notes of Unit 3 Compound stresses. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
Effect of connection eccentricity in the behaviour of steel tension membersIAEME Publication
1) The document discusses the effect of connection eccentricity on the behavior of steel tension members. Connection eccentricity occurs when the location of bolt connectors does not coincide with the member's centroidal axis, inducing bending.
2) Finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS on various steel angle sections (ISA 50x50x6, ISA 65x65x6, ISA 75x75x6) to predict their failure capacities under different eccentric connection configurations. Results were compared to experimental data.
3) Current design specifications do not consider the detrimental bending effects of connection eccentricity, which can significantly reduce a member's failure capacity. Both experimental and computational analyses were performed to better understand these impacts.
Chapter 2: Axial Strains and Deformation in BarsMonark Sutariya
This document discusses stress-strain relationships in materials subjected to axial loads. It covers key concepts such as elastic and plastic deformation, ductile and brittle behavior, stress-strain diagrams, and the effects of temperature, strain rate, and time-dependent behavior like creep and stress relaxation. Measurement techniques for strain like strain gages and extensometers are also described. Various stress-strain models are presented, including Hooke's law, the Ramberg-Osgood equation, and idealized perfectly plastic, elastic-plastic, and strain hardening models. The relationships between stress, strain, elastic modulus, yield strength, and other mechanical properties are examined through diagrams and equations.
In this section the concept of stress will be introduced, and this will be applied to components that are in a state of tension, compression, and shear. Strain measurement methods will also be briefly discussed.
The document discusses stress concentration and fatigue failure in machine elements. It defines stress concentration as the localization of high stresses due to irregularities or abrupt changes in cross-section. Stress concentration can be reduced by avoiding sharp changes in cross-section and providing fillets and chamfers. Fatigue failure occurs when fluctuating stresses cause cracks over numerous load cycles. The endurance limit is the maximum stress amplitude that causes failure after an infinite number of cycles. Factors like stress concentration, surface finish, size, and mean stress affect the endurance limit. Designs should minimize stress raisers and protect against corrosion to prevent fatigue failures.
Numerical Simulation of Buckling of Thin Cylindrical Shellskhaja misba
This document summarizes Khaja misba uddin's Master of Technology thesis on numerically simulating the buckling of thin cylindrical shells. It conducted finite element analysis to investigate stress distribution and buckling behavior when thin cylinders are subjected to axial compression and external pressure. The analysis found half sine waves form along the generator and circumference during buckling. Buckling loads increased with thickness. There is scope for further investigating geometric and material nonlinearities on critical buckling loads.
This document provides an overview of various topics related to deflection and stiffness of mechanical components. It discusses spring rates, tension, compression and torsion, deflection due to bending, beam deflection methods including superposition and singularity functions, strain energy, Castigliano's theorem, deflection of curved members, statically indeterminate problems, and compression members including columns of different lengths and with eccentric loading. Beam deflection equations are derived and various examples are provided to illustrate the application of superposition and singularity functions to determine deflections.
Mersin International Port (MIP) has been operating since 1927 and took over management in 2007. It serves a large hinterland in Turkey and neighboring countries. MIP has 21 berths that can accommodate 30 vessels simultaneously. It handles an average of 22 million tons of cargo annually through services like containers, dry and liquid bulk, general cargo, and roll-on roll-off. MIP aims to be an important transit hub and has the facilities and equipment to provide all port services in a single location.
Structural Analysis of Partitioned Vertical ColumnIJMER
This document summarizes a study on the structural analysis of a partitioned vertical storage column used in an ammonium nitrate pyrolysis process plant. The column contains three partitions and is designed to withstand different internal pressures. The study involves modeling the column in CAD software, meshing it, applying boundary conditions such as internal pressure and support, and performing a finite element analysis in ANSYS to analyze stresses and ensure structural stability under the pressure loading conditions. The column is made of structural steel and key dimensions and material properties are provided. The analysis is carried out by varying the thickness of individual components to determine the optimal design.
The document contains code for a simple JavaScript calculator that performs basic arithmetic operations. It includes functions for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus that take two numbers from a user form, perform the calculation, and display the result. The numbers and buttons are input through a basic HTML form while the functions containing the calculation logic are defined in JavaScript code in the head section.
: The main objective of this paper is the systematic description of the current research and
development of small or miniature unmanned aerial vehicles and micro aerial vehicles, with a focus on
rotary wing vehicles. In recent times, unmanned/Micro aerial vehicles have been operated across the
world; they have also been the subject of considerable research. In particular, UAVs/MAVs with rotary
wings have been expected to perform various tasks such as monitoring at fixed points and surveillance
from the sky since they can perform not only perform static flights by hovering but also achieve vertical
takeoffs and landing. Helicopters have been used for personnel transport, carrying goods, spreading
information, and performing monitoring duties for long periods. A manned helicopter has to be used for
all these duties. On the other hand, unmanned helicopters that can be operated by radio control have
been developed as a hobby. Since unmanned helicopters are often superior to manned helicopters in
terms of cost and safety, in recent years, accomplishing tasks using unmanned helicopters has become
popular. Considerable expertise is required to operate unmanned helicopters by radio control, and
hence, vast labor resources are employed to train operators. Moreover, it is impossible to operate
unmanned helicopters outside visual areas because of lack of radio control, and the working area is
hence limited remarkably. For solving the above problems, it is necessary to realize autonomous
control of unmanned helicopters. However, no general method for designing the small unmanned
helicopters has been developed yet – today, various design techniques by different study groups using
different helicopters exist. In this paper the conceptual design process is explained.
The document discusses vocabulary words that are important to know for the SAT. Mastering a wide range of vocabulary words is key to doing well on the SAT, as the test includes many questions that require understanding the meanings of words in different contexts. Learning prefixes, suffixes, and roots can help students more easily determine the definitions of unfamiliar words on the SAT.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Mechanical Characterization of Biodegradable Linen Fiber CompositesIJMER
This document discusses the mechanical characterization of biodegradable linen fiber composites. It begins by introducing linen fiber as a natural fiber that is made from flax plants. The document then discusses the properties of linen fiber and describes how linen fiber composites were prepared by layering linen fibers with an epoxy resin matrix. Four composite samples with different numbers of linen fiber layers were made and tested for their mechanical properties under tensile testing. The results of the tensile tests for the first two samples, which contained 4 and 3 linen fiber layers respectively, are presented. Both samples exhibited relatively high yield strengths and stresses.
A Threshold fuzzy entropy based feature selection method applied in various b...IJMER
Large amount of data have been stored and manipulated using various database
technologies. Processing all the attributes for the particular means is the difficult task. To avoid such
difficulties, feature selection process is processed.In this paper,we are collect a eight various benchmark
datasets from UCI repository.Feature selection process is carried out using fuzzy entropy based
relevance measure algorithm and follows three selection strategies like Mean selection strategy,Half
selection strategy and Neural network for threshold selection strategy. After the features are selected,
they are evaluated using Radial Basis Function (RBF) network,Stacking,Bagging,AdaBoostM1 and Antminer
classification methodologies.The test results depicts that Neural network for threshold selection
strategy works well in selecting features and Ant-miner methodology works best in bringing out better
accuracy with selected feature than processing with original dataset.The obtained result of this
experiment shows that clearly the Ant-miner is superiority than other classifiers.Thus, this proposed Antminer
algorithm could be a more suitable method for producing good results with fewer features than
the original datasets.
Shareware is a type of proprietary software that is provided to users for free for a limited trial period. During the 1980s, Bob Wallace produced the first major shareware product called PC-Write. Shareware is typically lower cost than purchased software, ranging from $1 to $500 depending on the size and functionality, and provides users a way to try software before paying for it. The main differences between shareware and open source software are that shareware maintains the developer's proprietary rights and does not make its source code available while open source involves public availability of source code and a community of developers.
Anartificial Neural Network for Prediction of Seismic Behavior in RC Building...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Report Card Night is an event where teachers meet with parents for 3 minute "mini conferences" over a 90 minute period in the gym to discuss student progress and grades. Teachers are seated alphabetically at tables with students' grades and laptops. Parents pick up report cards, choose which teachers to meet with, and visit them directly for feedback. This format provides more meaningful parent-teacher interaction than traditional open houses. Benefits include immediate feedback, no lost report cards, and parents can target specific teachers. Potential issues are ensuring enough space and technology for conferences within the 90 minute time period.
Numerical Analysis of Header Configuration of the Plate-Fin Heat ExchangerIJMER
Numerical analysis of a plate fin heat exchanger accounting for the effect of fluid flow
maldistribution onthe inlet header configuration of the heat exchanger is investigated. In this analysis , it
was found that flow maldistribution has effect on the flow perpendicular to its velocity direction. The peak
velocity occurs in the central zone of the header while the velocityalong the perpendicular direction of the
inlet flow diminishes more and more. By this investigation,the results of the flow maldistribution are
presented for a plate fin heat exchangerwhich is reduced as compare to theexisting configuration of the
plate fin heat exchanger.
Development of Nanocomposite from Epoxy/PDMS-Cyanate/Nanoclay for Materials w...IJMER
Dicyanate monomer viz bis-4-cyanato-polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS-CY) containing
siloxane known as thermally stable structural unit was prepared. The PDMS-CY/DGEBA-stability, thermal degradation kinetics and microstructures
Este documento describe los fundamentos y clasificación de las eflorescencias en ladrillos de construcción. Explica que las eflorescencias son depósitos de sales solubles que aparecen en la superficie de los ladrillos, reduciendo su calidad estética. Los tipos y causas de eflorescencias son diversos y están influenciados por múltiples factores como la migración de sales, la capacidad de absorción de agua del ladrillo, y las condiciones ambientales. Finalmente, detalla las sales solubles más comunes que causan eflorescencias
Crack in component if undetected may lead to catastrophic failure of the component. The
cracked rotor problem received the first attention in 1970 and after that the interest among the
researchers started. The vibration behavior of cracked structures, in particular cracked rotors, is
important to study as the introduction of the crack alters the vibration characteristics of the structure.
The problem of damage and crack detection in structural components has acquired important role in past
few years. However, cracked rotor studies are mainly deals with single crack. For multiple cracked
structures the problem of crack sizing and location becomes more complex. Only few authors have
pointed out the multiple crack assessment in the rotor. The proposed work is on vibration analysis of
multiple cracked shaft beam. An Euler Bernoulli beam fixed at one end with two transverse cracks is
considered. The vibration characteristics of the shaft are studied using Experimental Modal Analysis and
Finite Element Analysis. The mode shapes and natural frequencies of the beams are studied and their
variation with change in position and depth of the crack is also studied. The study shows good agreement
of the results obtained using Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Modal Analysis.
While many different product protection measures have been developed and established in
recent years, there is still a great risk posed by the leakage of knowledge in production. These risks are
often downplayed by companies, although they directly relate to their own production and engineering
know-how. The various company-specific protection measures in production span a wide range, and
they can be applied both to production relocation (e.g. to China) and to existing facilities. A systematic
approach for identifying critical damage scenarios, and the methodically supported development and
selection of individual protection measures are required for effective protection of critical company
know-how in production
Thermodynamic properties and modeling of sorption isotherms for longer storag...IJMER
Moisture equilibrium data of Urtica urens leaves by desorption and adsorption were
determined at 30, 40, and 50°C. The isotherms were determined by a static gravimetric method for
various temperature and humidity conditions. Five mathematical models were used to fit
the experimental data. A nonlinear least-squares regression program was used to evaluate the constants
of the five desorption and adsorption isotherm models GAB and Modified Halsey models were adequate
to describe the sorption characteristics of the samples. Isosteric heats of desorption and adsorption were
calculated by applying the Clausius-Clapeyron equation to the sorption isotherms at different
temperatures. It decreased with increasing moisture content. We recognized the linear relation exists
between the enthalpy and entropy of the sorption reaction
The document discusses programmed instruction, which is a systematic, self-paced method of instruction designed to ensure learning. It breaks content into small steps with built-in feedback. There are different types, including linear, branched, and mathetics programming. Programmed instruction aims to place the learner at the center and allow them to construct knowledge through active participation, as opposed to passive absorption of information. While it shows promise, programmed instruction has seen limited application in Indian classrooms.
This document summarizes an experiment on using electrocoagulation with iron electrodes to remove mercury from wastewater. Key findings include:
1) Maximum mercury removal of 94.5% was achieved after 40 minutes of electrocoagulation at an applied potential of 9V, agitation of 400 rpm, initial pH of 4.5, and electrolyte concentration of 1.333 g/L.
2) Higher applied potentials and agitation rates decreased mercury removal efficiency due to excessive oxygen generation and unsuitable floc formation.
3) Operating costs were calculated based on energy consumption and electrode material costs. Electrocoagulation was found to be an efficient and fast method for mercury removal compared to conventional techniques.
The document summarizes a research study on the effect of case hardening treatment on the structure and properties of automobile gears. Specifically, it analyzes three gear materials: EN353, 20MNCR5, and SAE8620. The study examines the heat treatment procedures, microstructure, inclusion ratings, hardness gradients, and conclusions. Key findings include that inclusion ratings were within desired limits for all materials, 20MNCR5 showed the highest hardness gradient, and EN353 exhibited a sudden drop in hardness at the case depth of 0.6mm likely due to its lower chromium content.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Investigation of Extrusion of Lead experimentally from Round section through ...inventy
ABSTRACT :The changes of die angle, area reduction in dies, loading rate on the final extruded products, extrusion pressures of lead of circular cross sections has been investigated experimentally. The proposed method is successfully adapted to the forward extrusion of the equilateral triangular section from round billet through converging dies of different area reductions. Computation of extrusion pressure at various area reductions and calculations of different parameters (stress, strain etc.) in wet condition.
Keywords - Extrusion of Triangular section, Converging Dies at different area reductions, Friction Factor, Extrusion Pressure
1. The document analyzes stress distribution in a curved structure subjected to uniaxial tension using photoelastic and finite element methods.
2. It introduces circular and elliptical stress relievers in the low stress region to reduce weight without affecting strength. The elliptical stress reliever with major axis normal to loading reduced stress intensity by 2% compared to the original structure.
3. Results from photoelastic experiments matched well with finite element analysis simulations. The experimental method provided precise stress values regardless of geometric complexity, while finite element analysis was less time consuming and helped optimize the stress reliever geometry.
Analysis of Stress Distribution in a Curved Structure Using Photoelastic and ...IOSR Journals
1. The document analyzes stress distribution in a curved structure subjected to uniaxial tension using photoelastic and finite element methods.
2. It introduces circular and elliptical stress relievers in the low stress region to reduce weight without affecting strength. The elliptical stress reliever with major axis normal to loading reduced stress intensity by 2% compared to the original structure.
3. Results from photoelastic experiments matched well with finite element analysis simulations. The experimental method provided precise stress values regardless of geometric complexity, while finite element analysis was less time consuming and helped optimize the stress reliever geometry.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis of Extrusion of Lead from Round Secti...IOSR Journals
Abstract : An experimental investigation has been done on the changes of die angle, area reduction in dies,
loading rate on the final extruded products, extrusion pressures of lead of circular cross sections of different
length. The proposed method is successfully adapted to the extrusion of the equilateral triangular section from
round billet through converging dies of different area reductions. Computation of extrusion pressure at various
area reductions and finite element analysis of different parameters (stress, strain, velocity) both in dry and wet
condition.
Keywords - Converging dies, Extrusion of the equilateral triangular section, Extrusion Pressure
Stress reduction using semi elliptical slots in axially loaded plate having c...IAEME Publication
This document analyzes stress reduction in an axially loaded plate with a circular hole using semi-elliptical slots. Finite element analysis is used to study how the maximum stress is affected by varying the geometric parameters of the elliptical slots. Stress reduction of 42% is achieved for optimized parameters of a=100mm, b=20mm, l=20mm. Relations for the optimum parameters are determined as a=2.5D, b=0.5D, l=0.5D, where D is the diameter of the circular hole. The semi-elliptical slots provide higher stress reduction than auxiliary circular holes.
Stability of Simply Supported Square Plate with Concentric CutoutIJMER
The finite element method is used to obtain the elastic buckling loads for simply supported isotropic square plate containing circular, square and rectangular cutouts. ANSYS finite element software had been used in the study. The applied inplane loads considered are uniaxial and biaxial compressions. In all the cases the load is distributed uniformly along the plate outer edges. The effects of the size and shape of concentric cutouts with different plate thickness ratios and having all-round simply supported boundary condition on the plate buckling strength have been considered in the analysis. It is found that cutouts have considerable influence on the buckling load factor k and the effect is larger when cutout ratios greater than 0.3 and for thickness ratio greater than 0.15.
Determination of Stress Concentration factor in Linearly Elastic Structures w...IJERA Editor
Stress concentration is the localization of stress around stress raisers. Sudden changes in the geometry of
structures give rise to stress values that are higher than those obtained by elementary equations of solid
mechanics. Therefore the evaluation of stress state at such locations needs specialized techniques such as Finite
Element Method (FEM).The finite element method is a numerical procedure that can be used to obtain solution
to a large variety of engineering problems such as structural, thermal, heat transfer, electromagnetism and fluid
flow.
In the present investigation, focus has been kept on the finite element modeling and determination of stress
concentration factor (SCF) in linearly elastic structures with different stress-raisers such as circular and elliptical
holes and double semicircular notch at different locations in a finite plate. The results obtained from FEM are
compared with those obtained by analytical relations as given in literature. A commercially available finite
element solver ANSYS has been used for the modeling and analysis in the investigation. Throughout the
investigation, plane82, which is an eight node two-dimensional element is used for the discretization.
OPTIMIZATION AND FATIGUE ANALYSISOF A CRANE HOOK USING FINITE ELEMENT METHODijmech
Stress analysis plays an important role in the design of structures like crane hook under loading conditions.
Crane hook is a reliable lifting component being used in industries. Structure failure of crane hook occurs
because of the stress induced due to repetitive loading and unloading conditions. In this study, solid
modeling of crane hook having trapezoidal cross-section referring to one of its existing design is done
using SOLIDWORKS. Further, analyses are carried out in ANSYS Workbench and nCode DesignLife. The
lengths of two parallel sides of the cross-section of crane hook are varied and different candidates are
obtained for loading capacity of 30 ton on the basis of Mass, total Displacement and Von-Mises stress.This
is done to reduce weight and balance economy. Further, out of these candidates, best candidates are
considered and fatigue analysis is performed on these candidates.
A closed form solution for stress concentration around a circular hole in a lIAEME Publication
1) The document presents a closed-form solution to determine stress concentration around a circular hole in an infinite plate with linearly varying stress.
2) The equation developed can determine stress field around the hole without need for computationally intensive numerical methods.
3) Results from the closed-form solution are compared to finite element analysis and show close agreement.
A closed form solution for stress concentration around a circular hole in a lIAEME Publication
This document presents a closed-form solution for determining stress concentration around a circular hole in an infinite plate with linearly varying stress. The plate is subjected to a tensile stress that varies linearly from the top edge to the bottom edge. An equation is derived for the stress field in polar coordinates using stress functions. Boundary conditions are applied at the hole edge and at a large distance from the hole. A solution is obtained for the stresses around the hole in terms of constants and the original varying stress field, without requiring numerical methods. The results are compared to finite element analysis and show close agreement.
IRJET-Experimental Study on Spring Back Phenomenon in Sheet Metal V- Die BendingIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the spring back phenomenon in sheet metal V-die bending. The study investigates how factors like angle, sheet thickness, and varying width cross-section affect the amount of spring back that occurs in CRC-D steel sheets. Experiments were conducted using a design of experiments approach based on response surface methodology. 20 bending experiments were performed according to the experimental design matrix. The results show that spring back decreases with increasing angle and first increases then decreases with increasing thickness. Spring back also increases linearly with increasing width. A regression model was developed to predict spring back based on the experimental results.
The document summarizes a numerical study that investigated the influence of gear pressure angle and rim thickness on gear tooth crack initiation and propagation. Three pressure angles (15°, 20°, 22°) and three rim thicknesses were analyzed using finite element programs FRANC2D and ABAQUS. The results showed that pressure angle and rim thickness significantly affected crack initiation position, crack propagation path, and fatigue life. Pressure angle and rim thickness are important design factors that can help reduce gear weight while preventing bending fatigue failures.
ANALYTICAL BENDING ANALYSIS OF A CIRCULAR SANDWICH PLATE UNDER DISTRIBUTED LOADijmech
In this paper, bending analysis of a circular sandwich plate under distributed load with simply supported and clamped boundary conditions is investigated. First, the governing equations of the circular sandwich plate are obtained and they are solved using the Bessel functions. Then in order to validate the correctness of analytical results, numerical finite element method is used and its results are presented in the forms of
contours and graphs. The results indicate that under distributed load, maximum deflection happens at 0.3
of outside radius, away from centre, and minimum deflection occurs at the outer edge of the circular sandwich plate. The results from analytical and numerical methods are compared and it shows that analytical method provides an acceptable accuracy.
This document analyzes the vibration of a square plate with a circular cutout using finite element analysis. It studies how the natural frequency of the plate is affected by the diameter of the circular hole. The plate is modeled in ANSYS using solid elements with simply supported and clamped-free boundary conditions. Results show the natural frequency decreases with increasing hole diameter, with a more significant effect at higher modes. Mode shapes are also generated. Parametric studies are performed to analyze the relationship between hole diameter and natural frequency. The results are verified with data from previous studies.
Empirical relation to estimate the reduction of root fillet stress in spur ge...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to analyze stress concentrations at bolt hole locations in lap joints. A 3D finite element model of a lap joint was developed using Abaqus software. Non-linear analysis considered the stress-strain behavior of materials and interactions between bolt and plate surfaces. Parametric studies varied the end distance and compared results to failure criteria in design codes. Stress patterns were compared to bearing capacity equations to determine the optimum end distance that prevents premature failure.
Simulation and experimental studies for lateral extrusion of square and penta...eSAT Journals
This document discusses simulation and experimental studies of lateral extrusion of square and pentagonal heads from round shafts. Finite element analysis was used to simulate the process and predict extrusion loads and metal flow patterns. Experiments were conducted using a test rig to laterally extrude square and pentagonal shapes from lead billets and extrusion loads were measured. The finite element predictions matched well with experimental results, with peak load variations between them being less than 7.4%. Metal flow patterns from simulations and experiments showed initial filling of die corners followed by flow toward the top corners.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Composite dome Shape and Pressure Vessels Optimizationalilimam2
This document presents a multi-level optimization strategy for composite pressure vessels with nonmetallic liners. In the first level, different head shapes (geodesic and ellipsoidal) and winding angles are compared based on maximizing a "modified shape factor" objective function calculated using finite element analysis. In the second level, the stacking sequence and number of layers are further optimized for the best head shape and winding angle selected in level 1. The goal is to optimize design variables like head shape, winding angle, layer thickness, number of layers, and stacking sequence to improve burst pressure, internal volume, and reduce vessel weight.
Similar to Study on the Effect of Stress Concentration on Cutout Orientation of Plates with Various Cutouts and Bluntness (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
This document discusses integrating the Spring, Struts, and Hibernate frameworks to develop enterprise applications. It provides an overview of each framework and their features. The Spring Framework is a lightweight, modular framework that allows for inversion of control and aspect-oriented programming. It can be used to develop any or all tiers of an application. The document proposes an architecture for an e-commerce website that integrates these three frameworks, with Spring handling the business layer, Struts the presentation layer, and Hibernate the data access layer. This modular approach allows for clear separation of concerns and reduces complexity in application development.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
This document introduces and studies the concept of δˆ s-locally closed sets in ideal topological spaces. Some key points:
- A subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and a δˆ s-closed set.
- Various properties of δˆ s-locally closed sets are introduced and characterized, including relationships to other concepts like generalized locally closed sets.
- It is shown that a subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if and only if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and the δˆ s-closure of A.
- Theore
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
This document discusses natural language ambiguity and its effect on machine learning. It begins by introducing different types of ambiguity that exist in natural languages, including lexical, syntactic, semantic, discourse, and pragmatic ambiguities. It then examines how these ambiguities present challenges for computational linguistics and machine translation systems. Specifically, it notes that ambiguity is a major problem for computers in processing human language as they lack the world knowledge and context that humans use to resolve ambiguities. The document concludes by outlining the typical process of machine translation and how ambiguities can interfere with tasks like analysis, transfer, and generation of text in the target language.
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
This document describes the implementation of an I2C slave interface using Verilog HDL. It introduces the I2C protocol which uses only two bidirectional lines (SDA and SCL) for communication. The document discusses the I2C protocol specifications including start/stop conditions, addressing, read/write operations, and acknowledgements. It then provides details on designing an I2C slave module in Verilog that responds to commands from an I2C master and allows synchronization through clock stretching. The module is simulated in ModelSim and synthesized in Xilinx. Simulation waveforms demonstrate successful read and write operations to the slave device.
Application of Parabolic Trough Collectorfor Reduction of Pressure Drop in Oi...IJMER
Pipelines are the least expensive and most effective method for the oil transportation.
Due to high viscosity of crude oil, the pressure drop and pumping power requirements are very high.
So it is necessary to bring down the viscosity of crude oil. Heated pipelines are used reduce the oil
viscosity by increasing the oil temperature. Electrical heating and direct flame heating are the common
method used for heating the oil pipeline. In this work, a new application of Parabolic Trough Collector
in the field of oil pipeline transport is introduced for reducing pressure drop in oil pipelines. Oil
pipeline is heated by applying concentrated solar radiation on the pipe surface using a Parabolic
Trough Collector in which the oil pipeline acts as the absorber pipe. 3-D steady state analysis is
carried out on a heated oil pipeline using commercial CFD software package ANSYS Fluent 14.5. In
this work an effort is made to investigate the effect of concentrated solar radiation for reducing
pressure drop in the oil pipeline. The results from the numerical analysis shows that the pressure drop
in oil pipeline is get reduced by heating the pipe line using concentrated solar radiation. From this
work, the application of PTC in oil pipeline transportation is justified.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and Milvus
Study on the Effect of Stress Concentration on Cutout Orientation of Plates with Various Cutouts and Bluntness
1. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.3, May-June. 2013 pp-1295-1303 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 1295 | Page
M Mohan Kumar, 1
Rajesh S, 2
Yogesh H, 3
Yeshaswini B R4
1
Senior Scientist, STTD, CSIR-NAL, Karnataka, India
234
Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SVCE, Karnataka, India
Abstract: Plates with variously shaped cut-out are often used in engineering structures. The understanding of the effect of
cut-out on the load bearing capacity and stress concentration of panels is very important in designing of structures.
Different cut-out shapes in structural elements are needed to reduce the weight of the structure or provide access to other
parts of the structure. Extensive studies have been carried out on stress concentration in perforated panels which consider
cut-out shapes, boundary conditions and bluntness of cut-outs. This study focuses on the stress concentration analysis of
perforated panels with not only various cut-outs and bluntness but also different cut-out orientations. Therefore, at the
design stage, once the direction of a major tensile force is known, the cut-outs can be aligned properly based on the findings
of the work to reduce the stress concentration at the cut-outs thereby increasing the load bearing capacity of the panel.
Keywords: Bluntness, Cut-out, Load Bearing capacity, Orientation, Stress concentration factor, etc
1. INTRODUCTION
Plates and shells of various constructions find wide uses as primary structural elements in aerospace, mechanical
and civil engineering structures. In recent years, the increasing need for lightweight efficient structures has led to structural
shape optimization. Different cut-out shapes in structural elements are needed to reduce the weight of the system and provide
access to other parts of the structure. It is well known that the presence of a cut-out or hole in a stressed member creates
highly localized stresses at the vicinity of the cut-out. The ratio of the maximum stress at the cut-out edge to the
nominal stress is called the stress concentration factor (SCF). The understanding of the effects of cut-out on the load bearing
capacity and stress concentration of such plates is very important in designing of structures.
The study of the importance of SCF in isotropic plates is well established. Previous works on stress concentration
presented a series solution for stress field around circular holes in plates with arbitrary thickness [1]. A wide range of holes
diameters to plate thickness was presented. Also Schwarz–Christoffel transformation was used to evaluate
the stress concentration factor for an infinite plate with central triangular cut-out [2]. Stress and strain distributions along the
boundary of rectangular cut-out in an infinite elastic plate were presented [2]. The relaxation element method was used to
determine the stress fields in a plate with three circular cut-outs subjected to uni-axial tensile load [3]. And numerical results
based on generalized work–energy method for rectangular plates with circular cut-out and circular plates with a
rectangular cut-out was presented [4]. Ultimate strength of metallic plates with central circular cut-out under shear loading
was also investigated [5]. The bluntness effects on stress concentration in perforated composite plates were also presented
[6]. Optimum design of holes and notches by considering fatigue life were presented [7]. For a variety of materials, for
various geometry of notches and fillets, stress concentration factor was presented [8].
However, it seems to be difficult to locate a work that quantifies the rotation effect of polygonal cut-outs on stress
concentration. Therefore, this study mainly focuses on stress concentration analyses of aluminium plates according to cut-out
orientation. Therefore, this study mainly focuses on stress concentration analyses of perforated aluminium plates with not
only various cut outs (circle, triangle, and square) and bluntness (a counter measure of radius ratio, r/R) but also for different
cut-out orientation (θ = 15, 30, 45). For the analyses, first, we select three different cut-outs: circle, triangle, and square;
secondly, we identify a number of degrees of bluntness to describe the radius ratio; and finally, we consider the rotation of
cut-outs. In the paper, stress concentration analyses are performed by, a general using MSC Patran & MSC Nastran, a
general purpose finite element program. From the the analysis we estimate the stress concentration of plates with various
cut-out shapes, bluntness and orientation.
2. Finite Element Model
Finite element analyses are conducted for the stress concentration analyses of perforated aluminium plates. The
structural aluminium plates have dimensions 200 mm (x-direction), 200 mm (y-direction), and 5 mm (z-direction) as shown
in Fig.1. Material properties are shown in Table 1 and the location of cut-out is the centre of the plates. To clearly observe
the concentration effect, the plate size is modeled as rather large for the cut-out size. MSC NASTRAN, a general purpose
finite element program, is used for the analysis. A 4-node shell element is used for modelling. To investigate stress
concentration in an elastic range, the plates are modeled as a linear elastic material. The loading condition is a uni-axial
tensile force at the left and right sides as shown in Fig.1. Based on Rezaeepazhand and Jafari (2005), stress concentration
reaches up to eleven times, depending on cut-out shapes; hence, in the study, to limit the maximum stress to the elastic
range, 20 MPa is loaded as the tensile loading condition. Since element size is critical for precise analysis, in the study, the
size is 2 mm in most parts and 0.5 mm near the cut-out areas.
Study on the Effect of Stress Concentration on Cutout
Orientation of Plates with Various Cutouts and Bluntness
2. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
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www.ijmer.com 1296 | Page
Figure 1: Loading condition: uni-axial tensile force
2.1 Material Properties
Table 2: Material properties of Aluminium 2024-T3
Material Properties Values
Young’s Modulus, (GPa) 73.1
Poisson ratio, µ 0.33
Tensile yield strength (MPa) 345
Tensile Ultimate strength (MPa) 483
3. Cut-Out Shapes, Bluntness and Rotation
We consider three cut-out shapes – circle, square, and regular triangle. For the square and triangle cut-outs the
concept of inscribing circle is used, as shown in Figs.2 and 3, to compare with the corresponding circular cut-out. In the
figures, the solid-lined circles are the inscribing circles in the polygons. The radius size of the circular cut-out is 10 mm. In
general, to reduce the stress concentration at the edges of cut-outs, the edges are fabricated to be rounded. In the study, rather
than ‘roundness’, we use ‘bluntness’ as a physical terminology to effectively describe stress concentration. As shown in
Fig.4, a term ‘radius ratio’ is defined as the ratio of the edge radius (r) to the inscribing circle radius (R).
Figure 2: Square cut-out with r/R = 0.3(left), 0.5(centre), 0.7(right)
Figure 3: Triangle cut-out wit r/R = 0.3(left), 0.5(centre), 0.7(right)
3. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
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Accordingly, bluntness is a counter measure to the radius ratio (r/R) because bluntness decreases as the radius ratio
increases. For an extreme example, a circular cut-out has a unit radius ratio but it has zero bluntness. In other words, the
degree of bluntness decreases as r/R increases. Here, again, we emphasize that the term ‘bluntness’ is used to describe that
the edges of polygons are blunt. We consider a total of six different degrees of bluntness, including 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, and
1.0 for the polygon cut-outs. Figs.2 and 3 only show three of the six cases for the square and triangle cut-outs.
Figure 4: Radius ratio (r/R) defined by edge radius (r) and Inscribing circle radius (R)
Figure 5: Rotation of cut-out
In addition to the shapes and bluntness, the last design consideration for cut-out patterns is orientation. Fig.5 shows
the definition of orientation. The rotation angle θ represents how the cut-outs are oriented from the baseline (+x axis). As
shown in the figure, the loading directions are fixed as they are. Fig.6 shows a number of parts of the rotated cut-outs for
each case. By considering the symmetry of the polygonal cut-outs, the angle increment 15° is applied; hence, a total of three
cases are considered (15°, 30° and 45°) for the square cut-outs and three cases (15°, 30° and 45°) for the triangular cut-outs.
Figure 6: Square and Triangular cut-out with θ= 15° (left), 30° (centre), and θ=45° (right
4. Results
By considering the design variables or factors – cut-out shape, the degree of bluntness, and cut-out rotation – the
stress concentration pattern, the maximum von-Mises stress and the stress concentration factor are obtained. These results
are as shown in the following sections.
4.1 Cut-Out Shapes and Bluntness
As mentioned previously, there are three different cut-out shapes – circle, square, and triangle. In addition, for
considering bluntness (a counter measure of r/R), a total of six radius ratios are considered: r/R = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and
1.0 respectively. This section discusses the variation of stress concentration with respect to the cut-out shapes and bluntness.
All of the other factors remain the same, for example the uni-axial tensile forces are fixed at 20 MPa.
4. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
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Table 2: The maximum von-Mises stress and stress concentration factor
r/R
Triangle Square
σmax,
MPa
SCF
σmax,
MPa
SCF
0.1 178 8.9 89.6 4.48
0.3 115 5.75 70 3.5
0.5 93.1 4.65 60.1 3
0.7 78.7 3.9 61 3.05
0.9 68 3.4 58.7 2.93
1 64.3 3.2 64.3 3.2
Figure 7: SCF with respect to radius ratio
It should be noted here that the zero bluntness (r/R = 1) actually means that the cut-out shape is a circle; hence,
from the Table 2, we can see how the shapes and the degrees of bluntness vary the maximum von-mises stress and stress
concentration factor. Fig.7 shows how the stress concentration factor (SCF) varies with respect to cut-out shapes and the
radius ratio (a counter measure of degree of bluntness).
In the case of the circular cut-out, the maximum stress is 64.3 MPa and the stress concentration factor is 3.2.
According to previous studies, the maximum stress is about three times the tensile force [8]. Since our tensile force is 20
MPa, the magnitude of 64.3 MPa exactly concurs with the previous observation. As shown in Table 2, the maximum von-
Mises stresses and accordingly stress concentration factors change, depending on the cut-out shapes and bluntness.
In the case of the square cut-outs, although the quantities range between 89.6 and 64.3 MPa, they do not
significantly differ from 60.26 MPa, which is the maximum von-Mises stress that occurred in the circularly-perforated
aluminium plate. It is interesting to note that: (1) the stresses for r/R = 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 are smaller than that of r/R = 1.0
which is the circular cut-out case, and (2) the maximum stress (89.6 MPa) occurs in the case of r/R = 0.1.
In the case of the triangular cut-outs, the results are quite consistent because: (1) all the stresses exceed that of the
circular cut-out case, and (2) unlike the square cases, starting from the maximum stress (178 MPa) the stresses decrease as
the degrees of radius ratio increases. In other words, the stresses increase as the degree of bluntness increases.
To visualize the stress patterns, two stress contours are shown in Figs.9 and 10. Fig.9 shows the stress contour in the
case of the square cut-out with r/R = 0.1. The circle on the contour indicates the area having the maximum von-Mises stress.
In addition, the left and right balloon shapes represent the areas under 11 MPa. Fig.10 shows the stress contour in the case of
the triangle cut-out with r/R =0.1. The circle on the contour shows the area having the maximum von-Mises stress. Similarly,
the left and right balloon shapes represent the area under 16 MPa. It is interesting to note that stress concentration occurs in
the broad range of the top and bottom sides in the case of the square cut-out while stress concentration occurs in the narrow
range of the top and bottom edges in the case of the triangle cut-out. From the observation, we can conclude that the
bluntness effect on the stress concentration patterns is also dependent on cut-out shapes. However, in general, as bluntness
increases, stress concentration increases.
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Figure 9: Stress contour of plate with square cut-out (r/R = 0.1)
Figure 10: Stress contour of plate with triangle cut-out (r/R = 0.1)
4.2 Rotation of cut-outs
This section discusses the stress analysis results by considering the rotation of the cut-outs. In the cases of the
square cut-out, three rotation angles are considered 15°, 30° and 45°, while three angles 15°, 30° and 45°, are considered in
the case of the triangle cut-out. Table 3 shows the maximum von-Mises stresses and stress concentration factors for the
aluminium plates with square cut-outs, which have the four rotations. As a result, we can see that many differences occur in
the maximum stresses, depending on the rotation angle. However, for all of the cases consistently, the stresses increase as the
rotation angles increase. By combining the rotation effect with the bluntness effect, the maximum stress (141 MPa) occurs in
the case of the r/R = 0.1 (maximum bluntness) and the rotation of 45° (maximum rotation). In addition, we can see that with
the exception of the zero rotation case, all the cases show that the maximum stress increases as the bluntness increases, as
shown in Fig.11. Table 4 shows the maximum von-Mises stresses and stress concentration factors for the aluminium plates
with triangle cut-outs, which have the three rotations. For all of the cases, the stresses increase as the rotation angles
increase, as clearly shown in Fig.12. With both effects of the rotation angle and bluntness, the maximum stress (166 MPa)
occurs in the case of the bluntness of r/R = 0.1 (maximum bluntness) and the rotation of 30°. Fig.13 shows the stress contour
in the case of the square cut-out with r/R = 0.1 and rotation 45°, which gives the maximum stress. This figure represents
different patterns from that of Fig. 9 showing the case of 0°. The maximum stress concentration occurs in the top and bottom
edges. Fig.14 shows the stress contour in the case of the triangle cut-out with r/R = 0.1 and rotation 30°, which also gives the
maximum stress. The maximum stress concentration occurs in the top edge.
7. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
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Figure 12: SCF with respect to rotation for triangle cut-outs
From the results (see Figs.9, 10, 13, and 14), in the case of the square cut-out, it is more advantageous to orient two
sides of the square cut-out to be perpendicular to the applied tensile force because this reduces the maximum stress. For
example, in the case of square cut-outs with r/R = 0.1, the maximum stress decreases from 141 (θ = 45°) to 74 MPa (θ = 0°),
which is a 67 MPa or 47% decrease. Similarly, in the case of the triangle cut-out, it is also preferable to orient one side of the
triangle cut-out to be perpendicular to the applied tensile forces because of stress reduction. For example, in the case of
triangle cut-outs with r/R = 0.1, the maximum stress decreases from 166 (θ = 45°) to 141 MPa (θ = 0°), which is a 25 MPa or
15% decrease. Accordingly, at the design stage, determining the direction of a major tensile force is required. By aligning
these polygon cut-outs as observed here, we can then reduce stress concentration.
Figure 13: Stress contour for square cut-out (r/R = 0.1, θ = 45°)
In addition to rotation, similarly to the previous section, for all the degrees of orientation, it is also observed that the
stress concentration decreases as the bluntness of the cut-outs decreases. For example, in the case of square cut-outs with 45°
rotation, the maximum stress decreases from 141 (r/R = 0.1) to 65 MPa (r/R = 0.9), which is a 76 MPa or 54% decrease.
Similarly, in the case of triangle cut-outs with 30° rotation, the maximum stress decreases from 166 (r/R = 0.1) to 66.3 MPa
(r/R= 0.9) with a 100 MPa or 60% decrease.
8. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
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Figure 14: Stress contour for triangle cut-out (r/R = 0.1, θ = 30°)
Therefore, the next question among these two factors (rotation and bluntness) is which factor should preferably be
controlled to minimize the stress concentration. Based on Tables 3 and 4 and Figs.11 and 12, we can clearly see that
bluntness is a more effective factor. For example, as the bluntness approaches zero (r/R approached to unit), the maximum
stresses tend to converge to 64.3 MPa (the maximum stress in the case of circular cut-out) and naturally the rotation effect
vanishes. However, this does not reflect the manufacturing ease and cost. In a sense, it may be preferable to control
orientation to reduce the manufacturing costs and cumbersome manufacturing. Therefore, at this analysis stage, the judgment
should be handed over.
In summary, to minimize the stress concentration of the aluminium plates with polygon cut-outs, the cut-outs
should have smooth edges and proper rotations. In other words, by controlling the smoothness (or bluntness) and rotation,
we can minimize the stress concentration of the perforated aluminium plates. Among bluntness and rotation, controlling
bluntness is analytically preferable to minimize the stress concentration.
5. Conclusions
This study presents stress concentration analyses of perforated aluminium plates with various shapes, bluntness, and
rotation of polygonal cut-outs. For the analysis we intentionally limit resulting stresses in an elastic range by controlling the
applied uniaxial tensile forces. We observed that the maximum stress in the perforated aluminium plate with the circular cut-
out is about three times the applied force; hence, the previous observation performed by Pilkey et al. (2008) is verified. From
the finite element analyses, the following findings are reported. Depending on cut-out shapes, bluntness and rotation effects
on stress concentration vary. However, in general, as bluntness increases, the stress concentration increases, regardless of the
shape and rotation. A more important finding is that the stress concentration increases as the cut-outs become more oriented
from the baseline, which is the positive horizontal axis (+x) and one of the directions of the applied tensile forces. This fact
demonstrates that the orientation is also a relatively significant design factor to reduce stress concentration. In general, in the
case of the triangle cut-out, it is preferable to orient one side of the triangle cut-out to be perpendicular to the applied tensile
forces. Similarly, in the case of the square cut-out, it is more advantageous to orient two sides of square cut-out to be
perpendicular to the applied tensile force. Therefore, at the design stage, determining the direction of a major tensile force is
required. By aligning these polygon cut-outs properly, we can then reduce stress concentration. This finding is mainly for
uni-axial tensile forces in an elastic range. Other cases such as uni-axial compressive forces and bi-axial tensile and/or
compressive forces should be considered for the future work. In addition, stress concentration analyses in a non-elastic range
could be an interesting topic for future work.
Acknowledgement
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without
the mention of the people whose constant guidance and encouragement aided in its completion. The authors would like to
express the voice of gratitude and respect to all who had directly or indirectly supported for carrying out this study.
The authors would like to thank and acknowledge Mr. Shyam Chetty, Director, and Dr. Satish Chandra, Head,
STTD, CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore, India for their support and encouragement during this work. Also
sincere thanks are acknowledged to The Principal, SVCE Bangalore for the support. Special thanks are acknowledged to The
Head of the Department, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SVCE for his overwhelming support & encouragement.
9. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.3, May-June. 2013 pp-1295-1303 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 1303 | Page
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