1) The document discusses the effect of connection eccentricity on the behavior of steel tension members. Connection eccentricity occurs when the location of bolt connectors does not coincide with the member's centroidal axis, inducing bending.
2) Finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS on various steel angle sections (ISA 50x50x6, ISA 65x65x6, ISA 75x75x6) to predict their failure capacities under different eccentric connection configurations. Results were compared to experimental data.
3) Current design specifications do not consider the detrimental bending effects of connection eccentricity, which can significantly reduce a member's failure capacity. Both experimental and computational analyses were performed to better understand these impacts.
Design against fluctuating loads, stress concentration, Goodman and Modified Goodman Diagrams, Factors affecting stress concentration, Use of charts for finding stress concentration facotrs
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abstract:In a typical keyed shaft connection where shock or reversing loads are to be transmitted, the clearance between key and keyway required for fitting is a serious disadvantage. The impact loads, generate a continuous pounding between key and keyway. This pounding frequently leads to shaft failures. The present project work presents a Keyless coupling. The device provides an ultimate solution by incorporating all the advantages of interference fits, while eliminating mounting and removal problems. Analysis is carried using ANSYS. The obtained results are compared with standard values. The standard values are taken for RINGFEDER catalog. The keyless data is taken from RINGFEDER. Here it has made an attempt in analyzing keyless coupling. From the results it can be concluded that keyless coupling is most suitable.
Keywords:coefficient of thermal expansion, interference fit, virtual shrink, Contact surface, wedge principle.
Basic types of screw fasteners, Bolts of uniform
strength, I.S.O. Metric screw threads, Bolts under
tension, eccentrically loaded bolted joint in shear,
Eccentric load perpendicular and parallel to axis of
bolt, Eccentric load on circular base, design of Turn
Buckle.
Design against fluctuating loads, stress concentration, Goodman and Modified Goodman Diagrams, Factors affecting stress concentration, Use of charts for finding stress concentration facotrs
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abstract:In a typical keyed shaft connection where shock or reversing loads are to be transmitted, the clearance between key and keyway required for fitting is a serious disadvantage. The impact loads, generate a continuous pounding between key and keyway. This pounding frequently leads to shaft failures. The present project work presents a Keyless coupling. The device provides an ultimate solution by incorporating all the advantages of interference fits, while eliminating mounting and removal problems. Analysis is carried using ANSYS. The obtained results are compared with standard values. The standard values are taken for RINGFEDER catalog. The keyless data is taken from RINGFEDER. Here it has made an attempt in analyzing keyless coupling. From the results it can be concluded that keyless coupling is most suitable.
Keywords:coefficient of thermal expansion, interference fit, virtual shrink, Contact surface, wedge principle.
Basic types of screw fasteners, Bolts of uniform
strength, I.S.O. Metric screw threads, Bolts under
tension, eccentrically loaded bolted joint in shear,
Eccentric load perpendicular and parallel to axis of
bolt, Eccentric load on circular base, design of Turn
Buckle.
Tilting of arm is easily available in existing design as working arm is for shifting the big sheetmetal body
from one station to another to get drilled. Now task is to design hub which allows turning of robotic arm along with
tilting without affecting its working behavior. In this study design and evaluation of hub body formed by weldment
sheet metal components is done. validation of strength is done by carrying out static structural analysis in ANSYS.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis of Crack Severity on Power Density Increment of GearsIDES Editor
Helical gears are commonly used in industry as
they have advantages of higher power density, quieter
operation etc., compared to spur gears. Conventional gear
design is based on various design criteria, including durability
and bending strength load rating. In recent times, fracture
failure modes are gaining importance in addition to
conventional failure modes. Stresses due to operating fatigue
loads and internal residual stresses can cause fatigue fracture
failure on the surface, sub-surface of gear flanks or at tooth
root of gears. During gear design, various parameters are
optimized, and one such parameter is the helix angle that is
optimized for power density and gear noise. However, effect of
possible defects (voids and inclusions) in the gear tooth is not
usually considered in these calculations. This paper is a study
on severity of defects in a gear blank relative to power density
increment. Three different gear geometries (spur and helical
gears with two different helix angles) each with similar defects
are considered. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to
analyze Tooth Interior Fracture (TIF), and study variation of
Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) with crack size and helix angle.
It is seen that power density increment of a common gear
blank through helix angle increment poses a higher risk of
crack severity, as the same gear blank is exposed to higher
operating loads.
Tilting of arm is easily available in existing design as working arm is for shifting the big sheetmetal body
from one station to another to get drilled. Now task is to design hub which allows turning of robotic arm along with
tilting without affecting its working behavior. In this study design and evaluation of hub body formed by weldment
sheet metal components is done. validation of strength is done by carrying out static structural analysis in ANSYS.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis of Crack Severity on Power Density Increment of GearsIDES Editor
Helical gears are commonly used in industry as
they have advantages of higher power density, quieter
operation etc., compared to spur gears. Conventional gear
design is based on various design criteria, including durability
and bending strength load rating. In recent times, fracture
failure modes are gaining importance in addition to
conventional failure modes. Stresses due to operating fatigue
loads and internal residual stresses can cause fatigue fracture
failure on the surface, sub-surface of gear flanks or at tooth
root of gears. During gear design, various parameters are
optimized, and one such parameter is the helix angle that is
optimized for power density and gear noise. However, effect of
possible defects (voids and inclusions) in the gear tooth is not
usually considered in these calculations. This paper is a study
on severity of defects in a gear blank relative to power density
increment. Three different gear geometries (spur and helical
gears with two different helix angles) each with similar defects
are considered. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to
analyze Tooth Interior Fracture (TIF), and study variation of
Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) with crack size and helix angle.
It is seen that power density increment of a common gear
blank through helix angle increment poses a higher risk of
crack severity, as the same gear blank is exposed to higher
operating loads.
Processo Participativo para a Proposta da Resex de Itacare (Apresentação de 2...Ronaldo Weigand Jr
Processo Participativo para a Proposta da Resex de Itacaré. Obs: A reserva nunca foi criada, devido a um conflito relacionado com áreas exploração de petróleo e gás (apresentação de 2002)
PARAMETRIC STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF FOUR TYPES OF FASTENER MODELING IN CHANNE...ijmech
In this paper, some parametric studies on four types of Channel type tension fitting’s fasteners’ stiffness
modeling is presented. Tension fittings are commonly classified into five types. They are Bathtub fitting,
Channel fitting, Angle fitting, ‘PI’ fitting and Double angle fitting. Tension fittings are conservatively sized
as their weight is usually small relative to their importance. In the previous studies, the channel fitting was
considered to be fixed at all the fastener locations. Thus, the results obtained were conservative because
the load was getting reacted at the first line of fasteners only. In order to study the effect of fastener’s
flexibility and hence the load flow inside the tension fitting two methods (Tate & Swift) of fastener modeling
were employed in the previous study. It observed that, the flexible boundary condition allow for a better
load flow into the channel fitting as compared to the fixed boundary condition. In this study, fastener
flexibility with two more methods (Grumann and Huth) is performed on the distribution of internal stresses
in the channel fitting as compared to the fixed boundary conditions. Also comparison of previous results
(Tate and Swift) is made with Grumann and Huth methods of modeling of fastener. Aluminum alloy 7050-
T7452 is selected for the study.
Study of behaviour of composite beams with truss type shear connectoreSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite action of two concrete members is achieved by the interface shear transfer between the two members; this mechanism is of great significance. The interface shear carrying capacity is dependent on the surface properties and shear connectors provided. In the current research ATENA is used, it is FEM based software in which the interface properties between materials can be modeled to a great level of detail. In the present study the influence of angle of inclination, size and the depth of embedment of truss connector on the load carrying behavior is studied with the help of a beam model. The angles of inclination varied are 30o, 45o, 60o and 75o with varying bar diameters of 8mm, 10mm and 12mm. Angles between 60o to 75o are found most efficient with no significant changes when diameters are varied. The ultimate load for a given connector is found to be independent of the depth of embedment. Composite beams are also modeled to study the influence of cohesion and friction coefficient, and are compared with behavior of solid and non-composite beams.
Keywords: Truss shear connector, Composite slab, ATENA, Slab flexure test, Interface shear capacity
Studies on factors influencing the behavior of bolted flanged jointseSAT Journals
Abstract This article aims to study the parameters influencing the overall behavior of bolted flanged joints. Three dimensional finite ele-ment analysis has been extensively used to study the performance of bolted joints for eccentric tensile loading. Pretension in the bolt is modeled using ANSYS pretension element (PRETS179) which can be used on solid or line element types. Surface-to-surface contact elements are used to account for the contact pressure at various flange interfaces. The parameters considered for the study are bolt load, contact pressure between flanges and washers, flange opening and strains in the bolt. The effect of prel-oad on various parameters is studied. This paper illustrates the behavior of bolted flanged joints in entirety and brings out the effect of prying action on the bolted flanged joint. Index Terms— Bolt Load , Bolted joint, Contact Elements, Contact Pressure, External load, Pretension, Strains
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparative Study on Anchorage in Reinforced Concrete Using Codes of Practice...IJERA Editor
This paper (Part II) reports a comparative study for BS8110 and EC2 of practice and those expressions by Batayneh and Neilsen on tests from literature. These have been treated under straight bar anchorages with transverse pressure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the reliability of the existing equations for bond strength of straight bars by applying to the available tests in the literature .The most important parameters were examined in these tests are concrete strength, anchorage length, concrete covers, bar diameter and transverse pressure. 264 tests from the literature have been chosen, which are all for straight bars with transverse pressure. The specimens are pull-out specimens with small concrete covers, beams ends and slabs. For both comparative studies in Part I and Part II, the conclusions and recommendations are presented here together.
Comparison of stress between winkler bach theory and ansys finite element met...eSAT Journals
Abstract Crane Hooks are highly liable components and are always subjected to failure due to the amount of stresses concentration which can eventually lead to its failure. To study the stress pattern of crane hook in its loaded condition, a solid model of crane hook is prepared with the help of CATIA (Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Application) software. Pattern of stress distribution in 3D model of crane hook is obtained using ANSYS software. The stress distribution pattern is verified for its correctness on model of crane hook using Winkler-Bach theory for curved beams. The complete study is an initiative to establish an ANSYS based Finite Element procedure, by validating the results, for the measurement of stress with Winkler-Bach theory for curved beams. Keywords: Crane Hook, CATIA, ANSYS, Curved Beam, Stress, Winkler-Bach Theory
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Similar to Effect of connection eccentricity in the behaviour of steel tension members (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
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ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
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Session Overview
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- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
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https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
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Speakers:
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Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
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Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
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Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
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of the bolt group and the neutral axis of the member is the eccentricity of the connection. Because the axial force in the
main portion of the member (assumed to act through the centre of gravity of the cross section) is eccentric, with respect
to the connected ends, bending can also be present. So, the main focus of the work is on the detrimental effects of
connection eccentricities on the behaviour of steel tension members.
Present design considerations for statically loaded tension members do not consider the bending effects due to
connection eccentricity. Recent investigations on tension members have shown that connection eccentricity induced
bending effects have the potential to significantly reduce the failure capacity of a section. This paper aims at developing
robust finite element model for accurately predicting the effect of connection eccentricity on the failure capacities of the
experimental specimens. Finite element studies are useful when used in conjunction with an experimental testing
program. In this study, the finite element analysis of the ISA section is carried out using ANSYS SOLID185 element
capable of rep- resenting large deformation geometric and material nonlinearities. The connecting bolts are assumed to
be rigid. An elasto-plastic von Mises yield criterion combined with a tri- linear type constitutive model is used to
represent the material nonlinear effects. The work was focused on examining the effects of connection eccentricity on
load carrying capacity of bolted angle tension members. In this study, experimental as well as finite element analysis of
ISA 50 x 50 x 6, ISA 65 x 65 x 6 and ISA 75 x 75 x 6 using ANSYS was done. The connecting bolts are assumed to be
rigid and a surface-to-surface contact is used to fully transfer the load from the gusset plate to the web. Results of the
finite element analyses are compared with experimental results.
The organization of the paper is as follows. Section 2 describes the present design methodology adopted for
tension members with bolted end connections. Section 3 describes a literature review of the block shear and net section
rupture failure modes of tension members with bolted end connections. The experimental methodology adopted for
testing the specimens is presented in Section 4. In Section 5, a brief description of the experimental behaviour of the ISA
section specimens is given. The effect of connection eccentricity in the behaviour of steel tension members is presented
in section 6. A finite element modeling of the ISA sections that includes both geometric as well as material large
deformation effects is described in Section 7. Section 8, describes the conclusions of the present work. Lastly, Section 9,
presents the scope for future work.
2. PRESENT DESIGN CONSIDERATION
For the design of tension members the designer has to make calculation checks to determine the capacity of a
tension member: yielding of the gross cross sectional area, net section rupture of the critical cross-sectional area and
block shear. The lower of these controls the allowable load capacity of a specified member.
2.1. Gross section yielding
Steel members can sustain loads up to the ultimate load without failure. However, the members will elongate
considerably at this load, and hence make the structure unserviceable. The design strength Tdg is limited to the yielding of
gross cross section which is given by:
Tdg= fyAg / γm0 (1)
where,
fy = yield strength of the material in MPa
Ag = gross area of cross section in mm2
γm0= 1.10 = partial safety factor for failure at yielding
2.2. Net section rupture
This occurs when the tension member is connected to the main or other members by bolts. The holes made in
members for bolts will reduce the cross section, and hence net area will govern the failure in this case. Holes in members
cause stress concentration at service loads. From the theory of elasticity, the tensile stress adjacent to a hole will be about
two to three times the average stress on the net area. This depends on the ratio of the diameter of the hole to the width of
the plate normal to the direction of the stress. When the tension member with a hole is loaded statically, the point
adjacent to the hole reaches the yield stress fy first. On further loading, the stress in other fibres away from the hole
progressively reaches the yield stress fy. Deformations of the member continue with increasing load until final rupture of
the member occurs when the entire net cross section of the member reaches the ultimate stress fu. The rupture strength of
an angle connected through one leg is affected by shear lag. The design strength, Tdn, as governed by rupture at net
section is given by:
Tdn= 0.9 fuAnc / γm1 + β Agofy / γm0 (2)
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where,
β = 1.4 – 0.076 (w/t) (fy / fu) (bs / Lc) ≤ fu γm0 / fy γm1
≥ 0.7
where,
w = outstand leg width
bs = shear lag width
Lc = Length of the end connection, i.e., distance between the outermost bolts in the end joint measured along the load
direction or length of the weld along the load direction.
2.3. Block shear failure
Block shear failure is considered as a potential failure mode at the ends of an axially loaded tension member. In
this failure mode, the failure of the member occurs along a path involving tension on one plane and shear on a
perpendicular plane along the fasteners. The block shear strength, Tdb , of connection shall be taken as the smaller of :
Tdb = (Avgfy /( √3 γm0) + fuAtn / γm1) (3)
Or
Tdb = (Avnfu / (√3 γm1) + fyAtg / γm0) (4)
where,
Avg, Avn = minimum gross and net area in shear along a line of transmitted force, respectively
Atg, Atn = minimum gross and net area in tension from the bolt hole to the toe of the angle, end bolt line, perpendicular to
the line of force
fu, fy = ultimate and yield stress of the material respectively
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
A detailed literature review was conducted. From that it was clear that connection eccentricity induced bending
moments have a potential to significantly reduce the failure load capacities of tension members. So, the main focus of the
work is on the detrimental effects of connection eccentricities on the behaviour of steel tension members. All the
previous tests were conducted on WT sections which are not available in the market here. In this study, experimental as
well as finite element analysis of ISA 50 X 50 X 6, ISA 65 X 65 X 6 and ISA 75 X 75 X 6 to get the effect of connection
eccentricity on the ultimate load capacity. The finite element analysis is to be done using the software, thus developing a
robust finite element model for predicting the effect of connection eccentricity on the failure capacities of the
experimental specimens.
4. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
The purpose of present work is to investigate the effect of connection eccentricity on the failure capacities of
bolted angle tension members. In this work, connection eccentricity is varied, while keeping the pitch and end distance as
constant.
4.1. Experimental Specimen
The literature review showed studies that examined shear lag effects on the net section rupture capacities of
tension members. However, the present study has particular focus placed upon the effects of connection eccentricities
with regards to induced bending moments. The experimental program consists of one set of ISA 50 X 50 X 6, ISA 65 X
65 X 6 and ISA 75 X 75 X 6 that are 600 mm in length and fastened at both ends with a single row of high strength
friction grip (HSFG) bolts through one of the leg. The main focus of the experimental program has been on the effects of
connection eccentricity on the failure capacities as determined by the net section rupture and blocks shear failure modes.
In the experimental specimens, the connection eccentricity is varied. Pitch and end distances are held constant in all
specimens as 40mm and 30mm respectively. As per IS 800, the minimum edge distance to be provided for 12 mm
diameter bolt is 18mm. So in ISA 75 x 75 x 6 eccentricity can be varied by 13mm. ie. Bolts are provided at 31mm,
44mm and 55 mm in specimen 1, 2 and 3 respectively. In ISA 65 x 65 x 6 eccentricity can be varied by 8mm. ie. Bolts
are provided at 31mm, 39 mm and 47 mm in specimen 1, 2 and 3 respectively. In ISA 50 x 50 x 6 eccentricity can be
varied by 5 mm. ie. Bolts are provided at 26 mm, 31 mm and 36 mm in specimen 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
All specimens are fitted with a pair of bar-stock grips, which simulates gusset plate effects. They are used to
transfer the load from 1000 KN capacity universal testing machine (UTM) to the specimen. They are fabricated from 40
mm by 10 mm plate and have 12 mm diameter holes drilled at the appropriate pitch for ISA 50 X 50 X 6 and for ISA 65
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X 65 X 6 and ISA 75 X 75 X 6 the plates are fabricated from 40 mm by 10 mm plate and have 14 mm diameter holes
drilled at the appropriate pitch. To prevent bending of the grip ends and, thus, enabling the UTM wedge-grips to have a
truer contact surface with the bar stock grips, spacer plates of the same thickness as a specimen thickness are to be placed
between the ends of the grips. Also, specimens of ISA 50 X 50 X 5 were fitted with 10 mm diameter bolts and others
were fitted with 12mm diameter bolts, tightened to the snug-tight condition, in standard holes located in the one leg.
Snug tight condition is defined as the tightness that exists when all plies in a joint are in firm contact. Once bolted, the
specimen-grip assembly is to be secured in a 1000-kN capacity universal testing machine with wedge grips. Each
specimen is to be then loaded pseudo statically to failure.
4.2. Specimen Fabrication
ISA 50 x 50 x 6, ISA 65 x 65 x 6 and ISA 75 x 75 x 6 each of length 1800 mm, 50 x 10 mm plate of 9120 mm
length and 40 x 10 mm plates of 4320mm length were bought. In addition high strength bolts of 10mm diameter (12
numbers) and 12mm diameter (20 numbers) were bought. ISA 50 x 50 x 6 are to be fitted with 10mm diameter bolts and
others with 12mm diameter bolts. The pitch and end distance are held constant as 40mm and 30mm respectively. In order
to prevent slipping of the specimen the surface of the plate is made rough by welding. Firstly the angle section and the
plates were cut to exact lengths. Appropriate positions were holed have to be drilled is then marked and bolt holes are
drilled in both sides of the angle specimen and at one side of the plate which is to be attached to the angle. Then the
specimen is assembles so that 4 plates are attached to each of the angle. (ie. 2 at top and bottom). Then the bolts are
tightened by wrenches.
4.3. Testing Procedure
After the appropriate grips were fastened to a ISA section the specimen-grip assembly is to be then placed and
centered in the UTM and then secured fast with the wedge-grips in the UTM crossheads. Each specimen is to be tested to
failure (at which point the load applied by the UTM would drop off considerably) by steadily increasing the applied load.
Fig. 1 shows a typical ISA specimen held in UTM.
Fig 1: ISA specimen clamped in UTM jaws
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Four modes of failure were observed among the tests. The first mode, exhibited by most specimens with non-
zero connection eccentricities, involved necking down and subsequent rupture of the net section from the lead bolt hole
to the edge of the web. The second failure mode observed was a block shear failure evidenced by rupture of the net
tension area and either partial or full rupture of the gross shear area. The third failure mode consisted of full net section
rupture, with near-simultaneous rupture of both the web and flange areas and the forth one was the bolt failure. These
modes are described as partial rupture of the net section, block shear rupture, and full rupture of the net section
respectively. Table I shows the specimen dimensions as well as the failure loads obtained during the experimental test.
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TABLE I: SPECIMEN DIMENSIONS AND FAILURE LOADS
Spec. no ISA
section
Length of
specimen
No of
bolts
Bolt
diameter
Gauge
distance
Failure
load
Spec. failure
type
1 50 x 50 x 6 600 2 10 26 108 BF
2 50 x 50 x 6 600 2 10 31 94 PNS
3 50 x 50 x 6 600 2 10 36 77 PNS
4 65 x 65 x 6 600 3 12 31 167 BS
5 65 x 65 x 6 600 3 12 39 130 PNS
6 65 x 65 x 6 600 3 12 47 94 PNS
7 75 x 75 x 6 600 3 12 31 253 FNS
8 75 x 75 x 6 600 3 12 44 194 PNS
9 75 x 75 x 6 600 3 12 57 139 PNS
a. All capacities are in shown in KN.
b. All dimensions are in mm.
c. PNS = Partial net section rupture, FNS = Full net section rupture, BS = Block shear, BF = Bolt failure.
5.1. Partial Rupture of the Net Section
The typical specimen failure (specimens: 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9) consisted of a partial rupturing of the net section
followed by the tearing of the web. The peak load was reached before fracturing of the full net section, but after rupture
of the partial net section. Fracturing of a specimen’s web initiated at the lead bolt hole and propagated to the web’s
outside edge. Necking down of the tension plane area preceded fracture. Specimens with small eccentricities exhibited a
significant amount of bolt hole deformation. However, it was observed that the amount of deformation decreased with
increasing eccentricity. Those specimens with the largest eccentricities demonstrated very minor hole deformation.
Fig. 2 shows a typical partial net section failure.
Fig 2: Partial Net Section Rupture Followed by the Tearing of Leg (Specimen 5)
Specimens also exhibited in-plane bending. Specimens with larger eccentricities had larger degrees of in-
plane bending. Fig. 3 shows in-plane bending of a specimen. After partial net section rupture had occurred, the
specimens experience significantly more in-plane bending compared with bending prior to fracture. This is due to a
plastic hinge being formed in the web opposite the fracture. Rotation of a connection is easily visible in the bolt hole
deformation patterns shown in the lead and last bolt holes in a connection. As a result of in-plane eccentricity, moments
produced in a specimen were resisted by the specimen’s connections and thus the deformation patterns observed. The
resisting moment of the connection was centered about the connection length’s centre. The evidence of this connection
rotation, as given bolt hole deformation patterns, decreased with decreased eccentricity.
Fig 3: In-plane Bending of the Specimen
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5.2. Full Rupture of the Net Section
Full rupture of the net section occurred in specimens 7 which had a near zero eccentricity. There occurred a
rupturing of the leg on either side of the lead bolt hole, which propagated thorough the rest of both the leg areas
simultaneously. Fig. 4 shows specimen 7 failed in full net section rupture.
Fig 4: Full Net Section Rupture (Specimen 7)
5.3. Block Shear
Block shear failure occurred in specimens 4 which had a near zero eccentricity. The specimen failed in block
shear by a partial rupturing of the net shear area. Fig. 5 shows a typical block shear failure mode.
Fig 5: Block Shear Failure (Specimen 4)
Table II shows the variation of deflection under loading. In each specimen, as the eccentricity is increased the
deflection is increasing. Fig. 6 shows the Graph between load and deflection for typical partial net section, full net
section and block shear failure modes.
TABLE II: DEFLECTION OF SPECIMEN UNDER LOADING (FROM EXPERIMENT)
Load
(kN)
Deflection (mm)
Spec 1 Spec 2 Spec 3 Spec 4 Spec 5 Spec 6 Spec 7 Spec 8 Spec 9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 2 4.9 7 3.9 5.8 3 3.6 6 6
10 3.1 6.6 8.75 6.1 8.4 4.6 5.35 7.8 8
15 3.9 7.98 9.75 7.45 9.4 6 6.8 9 9.6
20 4.2 8.66 10.8 8.4 10.35 7.7 8 9.9 10.6
25 5 10.55 11.8 9.3 11.05 8.9 8.9 10.4 11.4
30 6.4 11 12.58 9.9 11.6 9.7 9.5 10.9 12.1
35 6.8 11.6 13.1 10.5 12.3 10.3 11.5 12.65
40 7.5 12.4 13.98 11.1 12.8 10.8 11.8 13
45 8.1 13.2 14.7 11.4 13.4 11.5 12.3 13.65
50 8.4 13.9 15.15 12.1 14 12.5 12.6 14
55 9.1 14.82 16.3 12.55 14.4 13.2 14.5
60 9.8 13.95 14.95 14.4 15.2
65 10.3
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Fig 6: Graph between load and deflection for typical partial net section, full net section and block shear failure modes
6. EFFECTS OF CONNECTION ECCENTRICITY
Eccentricity is readily observed to have a direct impact on a connection’s net section efficiency. From the
experimental study it is clear that as the eccentricity increases there is a reduction in the load carrying capacity of the
members. This is because of the induced bending moments due to the eccentricity in connection. The effects of an axial
load will be increased because of an eccentricity induced flexural load. This will have the greatest effect on the leg,
causing a premature rupture of the partial net section area. Therefore, the eccentricities should properly be accounted for
in the design equations, but are not. Current design practices do not include the bending effects due to connection
eccentricity. So provisions need to be considered that account for connection eccentricity effects. Presently, eccentricity
induced bending effects are disregarded in design, but as shown in this study the effects of eccentricity reducing the net
section efficiency of bolted connections needs to be considered.
7. FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING
In this section, finite element modelling of the experimental ISA specimens is described. FEA as applied
in engineering is a computational tool for performing engineering analysis. The FEA is performed using 3D structural
solid elements that are capable of representing large deformation geometric and material non-linearities. In the current
study, each of the ISA specimens, shown in Table 1, is analyzed. SOLID185 is used for the 3-D modeling of solid
structures. It is defined by eight nodes having three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x, y, and z
directions. The element has plasticity, hyperelasticity, stress stiffening, creep, large deflection, and large strain
capabilities. It also has mixed formulation capability for simulating deformations of nearly incompressible elastoplastic
materials, and fully incompressible hyperelastic materials. An elasto-plastic von Mises yield criterion is adopted to
represent the material non- linear effects. The finite element model included both geometric as well as material nonlinear
effects. The leading edge of the gusset plate is constrained in all the directions except for the longitudinal direction. A
longitudinal displacement boundary condition is applied at the leading edge of the gusset plate. Figure shows the stress
contours, strain contours and deformation at failure. The maximum stress and strain is obtained around the bolt hole. The
results of the work are tabulated in table III. Table IV shows the variation of deflection under loading as obtained from
finite element analysis. In each specimen, as the eccentricity is increased the deflection is increasing.
Fig 7: Finite Element Model (Specimen 8)
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Fig 8: Stress contour at failure (specimen 8) Fig 9: Strain contour at failure (specimen 8)
Fig 10: Deformation diagram (specimen 8)
TABLE III: RESULTS OF THE WORK
Specimen Yield point Failure load Stress at failure Strain at failure Deformation
SP-1 77 108 350.172 0.001691 0.485554
SP-2 66 94 372.901 0.001805 0.444047
SP-3 62 77 314.099 0.001511 0.379868
SP-4 75 167 550.932 0.002695 0.764691
SP-5 60 130 553.399 0.002707 0.634167
SP-6 57 94 418.202 0.002031 0.490776
SP-7 110 253 648.127 0.003181 0.944891
SP-8 98 194 432.192 0.002111 0.571577
SP-9 65 139 539.541 0.002638 0.609589
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TABLE IV: DEFLECTION OF SPECIMEN UNDER LOADING (FROM FEA)
Load Deflection (mm)
(kN) Spec 1 Spec 2 Spec 3 Spec 4 Spec 5 Spec 6 Spec 7 Spec 8 Spec 9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 1.13 1.46 1.66 1.25 1.41 1.49 1.36 1.85 1.44
10 2.27 2.92 3.32 2.51 2.82 2.99 2.73 2.76 2.88
15 3.41 4.38 4.98 3.77 4.23 4.49 4.1 4.15 4.32
20 4.55 5.84 6.64 5.03 5.64 5.98 5.47 5.53 5.76
25 5.69 7.3 8.3 6.28 7.05 7.48 6.83 6.92 7.2
30 6.83 8.76 9.96 7.54 8.47 8.98 8.2 8.3 8.64
35 7.96 10.22 11.62 8.8 9.88 10.47 9.57 9.69 10.08
40 9.1 11.68 13.28 10.06 11.29 11.97 10.94 11.07 11.52
45 10.24 13.14 14.94 11.31 12.7 13.47 12.3 12.75 12.96
50 11.38 14.6 16.6 12.57 14.11 14.96 13.67 13.84 14.4
55 12.52 16.07 18.27 13.83 15.52 16.46 15.04 15.23 15.84
60 13.66 17.53 19.93 15.09 16.94 17.96 16.41 16.61 17.28
65 14.8 18.99 21.59 16.39 18.35 19.45 17.77 17.99 18.72
8. CONCLUSION
Single angles or symmetrically placed double angles with gusset plate in between are often used in civil
engineering structures. In such cases the centroidal axis of the member will not coincide with the bolt gage line. Since the
axial force in the main portion of the member is eccentric, with respect to the connected ends, bending can also be
present. But this bending effect due to connection eccentricity is not considered in current design specifications for
statically loaded tension members. The present work was focused on examining the effects of connection eccentricity on
bolted angle tension member capacities. Here the connection eccentricity is varied while keeping the pitch and end
distance as constant and the failure load was obtained from the test for each experimental specimen. All the three modes
of failure were observed during the test viz, partial net section failure, full net section failure and block shear failure.
Stress and strain contours at failure as well as the yield point were obtained from finite element analysis. Eccentricity is
readily observed to have a direct impact on a connection’s net section efficiency. From the experimental study it is clear
that as the eccentricity increases there is a reduction in the load carrying capacity of the members. This is because of the
induced bending moments due to the eccentricity in connection. Presently, eccentricity induced bending effects are
disregarded in design. Provisions need to be considered that account for connection eccentricity effects. A more
extensive review of specimens needs to be made to see if the present findings are applicable to other specimen
configurations and connection geometries.
9. SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
The present work was focused on examining the effects of connection eccentricity on bolted angle steel tension
member capacities. Here the connection eccentricity is varied while keeping the pitch and end distance as constant and
the failure load was obtained from the test for each experimental specimen. The above work can be extended for different
metals. Also the work can be extended by varying connection length and by using punched holes instead of drilled holes
as in present work. Higher order elements can be used to get more precise results.
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