Improving E-Learning by Integrating a Metacognitive Agent IJECEIAES
The major disadvantage of the current Learning Management Systems is the lack of learner assistance in their learning processes and, therefore, they can not replace the presence of the teacher who ensures the progress of learning. In fact, we proposed to integrate, for each learner, a metacognitive agent that supported the metacognitive assistance and extracts the defectsin the learning process and strategies. The goal is to invite the learner to correct himself and improve his learning method. Metacognitive questionnaires were distributed to a group of 100 students before, during and after a computer course. The goal is to evaluatethe metacognitive attributes and to determine their influence on the success of learning. Decision trees were used as data analysis tools to extract a set of rules and to discover the influence of these metacognitive attributes on the result obtained by the learners. The results indicate that there are relationships between the different metacognitive attributes and the learners’ success. We note there is the influence of metacognitive incitement on learner outcomes, which reflects the degree of understanding of a learning pedagogical unit by the learner.
Integrating an intelligent tutoring system into a virtual worldParvati Dev
The project goal was to provide effective training to medical professionals on the SALT Triage Protocol, and to improve communication between medical professionals and military during disaster situations.
Improving E-Learning by Integrating a Metacognitive Agent IJECEIAES
The major disadvantage of the current Learning Management Systems is the lack of learner assistance in their learning processes and, therefore, they can not replace the presence of the teacher who ensures the progress of learning. In fact, we proposed to integrate, for each learner, a metacognitive agent that supported the metacognitive assistance and extracts the defectsin the learning process and strategies. The goal is to invite the learner to correct himself and improve his learning method. Metacognitive questionnaires were distributed to a group of 100 students before, during and after a computer course. The goal is to evaluatethe metacognitive attributes and to determine their influence on the success of learning. Decision trees were used as data analysis tools to extract a set of rules and to discover the influence of these metacognitive attributes on the result obtained by the learners. The results indicate that there are relationships between the different metacognitive attributes and the learners’ success. We note there is the influence of metacognitive incitement on learner outcomes, which reflects the degree of understanding of a learning pedagogical unit by the learner.
Integrating an intelligent tutoring system into a virtual worldParvati Dev
The project goal was to provide effective training to medical professionals on the SALT Triage Protocol, and to improve communication between medical professionals and military during disaster situations.
Artificial intelligence to support human instruction Michael C. Mozera,b,c,, ...eraser Juan José Calderón
Artificial intelligence to support human instruction
Michael C. Mozera,b,c,, Melody Wiseheartd and Timothy P. Novikoff.
PNAS March 5, 2019 116 (10) 3953-3955; first published February 19, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900370116
Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) for online learningBrandon Muramatsu
Kurt VanLehn's presentation at Conversations on Quality: A Symposium on K-12 Online Learning hosted by MIT and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, January 24-25, 2012, Cambridge, MA.
TPACK + MATHEMATICS: A REVIEW OF CURRENT TPACK LITERATUREIJITE
This paper will summarize a review of current literature on the Technology, Pedagogy and Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, discuss innovative technology integration in teacher preparation and mathematics methods courses for teacher candidates studying elementary education. Themes that emerged in the review of current TPaCKliterature included the importance of understanding the TPACK framework, developing self efficacy, the vital role that modeling plays, how collaboration impacts and finally, just how powerful reflection can be in the application of TPACK. This paper will examine and explain these different themes and summarize the current literature as well as highlight trends on technology integration and TPACK.
TPACK + MATHEMATICS: A REVIEW OF CURRENT TPACK LITERATURE IJITE
This paper will summarize a review of current literature on the Technology, Pedagogy and Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, discuss innovative technology integration in teacher preparation and mathematics methods courses for teacher candidates studying elementary education. Themes that emerged in the review of current TPaCKliterature included the importance of understanding the TPACK framework, developing self efficacy, the vital role that modeling plays, how collaboration impacts and finally, just how powerful reflection can be in the application of TPACK. This paper will examine and explain these different themes and summarize the current literature as well as highlight trends on technology integration and TPACK.
Design of a multi-agent system using the "MaSE" method for learners' metacogn...IJECEIAES
This article addresses a multi-agent approach to solving the problem of integrating metacognitive incentives into Learning Management System. The behavior of the teacher in a classroom-teaching situation, where teacher adopting the competency-based approach, is characterized by a set of didactic interventions dynamically adaptable according to the actions-reactions of the learners. These interventions are continually subjected to perfection by experience. In this article, we are interested in modeling the multi-agent system in order to help the learners develop their metacognitive skills in a continuous way. The purpose of this system is to supervise the activities and statements of the learner and communicate them to the metacognitive agent. The latter focuses on the assessment of the learner's metacognitive skills in order to trigger, automatically, metacognitive incentives to provide help messages. Integrating the agent for metacognitive control and assistance, allows learners to maintain motivation and confidence, and elicit their attention to the importance of metacognitive skills during learning activity. The "MaSE" methodology and the "agentTool" are used to model the multi-agent system.
Construct maps are important tools in educational assessment and can serve multiple purposes related to development and validation, as well as score interpretation and use. This chapter outlines a process for developing a construct map from the qualitative ordering of teachers’ responses to open-ended assessment items. The construct of interest pertains to a teacher’s ability to attend to what students say and do, which is a key component of many recommendations for instructional practice within mathematics education. The instrument we are developing is designed to measure teachers’ attentiveness to student thinking in quantitative reasoning problem situations. A key aspect of our instrument development process is the development of a construct map that hierarchically orders qualitatively different levels of teacher attentiveness. In this chapter we describe our process for developing the construct map with the intent of providing an example to others who may be interested in engaging in the development of construct maps.
This was a field research (literature review and exploration) with descriptive quantitative approach. This study aims: (1) to develop a model (scheme) to assess mathematical power, (2) to test the validity of instruments of mathematical power assessment, and (3) to developa valid and reliable test and non-test instrument prototypes as a mathematical power measurement. The research instruments consist of 4 items of essay test, 20 sheets of observation on investigative activities, and 20 items of questionnaires. Validity test was conducted through constructions built up from 3 aspects of mathematical power ability. Result of instrument analysis showed that: (1) the r of instrument test = 0.947, meaning that the instrument is reliable, (2) the r of activity observation sheets = 0.912, meaning that the instrument is reliable, and (3) the r of questionnaires = 0.770, meaning that the questionnaire is reliable on 0.05 significance level. This study concludes: (a) the steps in the model (scheme) of mathematical power assessment may be used as a reference for assessing mathematical power, (b) test and non-test instruments are valid and reliable, and (c) prototypes of test and non-test instruments may be used as a measurement in mathematical power assessment.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Contributors of Teaching Competency in Student Teachersiosrjce
The present study examined the comparative strength of direct and indirect relationship among the
variables Teaching Competency, Emotional intelligence, Emotional maturity and teaching interest through path
analysis. A hypothesized model for teaching competency is developed with other three variables and Model
fitting is done through IBM SPSS Amos and uses maximum likelihood to calculate all the path coefficients
simultaneously. A path model was developed with emotional intelligence, emotional maturity and teaching
interest as a predictor of teaching competency. All fit indexes indicated the model was an excellent fit to the
data. The model was able to account for 45% of variance of the teaching competency of the student teachers
Nanotechnology: Shaping the world atom by atomIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Area Efficient and high-speed fir filter implementation using divided LUT methodIJMER
Traditional method of implementing FIR filters costs considerable hardware resourses,
which goes against the decrease of circuit scale and the increase of system speed. A new design and
implementation of FIR filters using Distributed Arithmetic is provided in this paper to slove this
problem. Distributed Arithmetic structure is used to increase the resourse useage while pipeline
structure is also used to increase the system speed. In addition, the devided LUT method is also used to
decrease the required memory units. The simulation results indicate that FIR filters using Distributed
Arithmetic can work stable with high speed and can save almost 50 percent hardware resourses to
decrease the circuit scale, and can be applied to a variety of areas for its great flexibility and high
reliability
Integrating Environmental Accounting in Agro-Allied and Manufacturing Indust...IJMER
ONLY WHEN THE LAST TREE IS CUT, ONLY WHEN THE LAST RIVER IS POLLUTED, ONLY WHEN THE LAST FISH IS CAUGHT, ONLY THEN WILL THEY REALIZE THAT YOU CANNOT EAT MONEY’ American proverb
Due to growing awareness and concern on the impact of human activity on the ecosystem, there is an
increasing trend to judge organizations in relation to the community in which it operates. The impact of the activities on the environment with regard to pollution of water, air, land and abuse of natural resources are coming under scrutiny of governments, stakeholders and citizens. Education is considered the key to effective development strategies and TVET institutions then must be the master
key that can alleviate poverty, promote peace, conserve the environment, improve the quality of life
for all and help achieve sustainable development. Unless proper accounting work is done, it cannot be determined that both have been fulfilling their responsibilities. The aim of the study was to explore whether distinctive processes of environmental accounting are possible in agro-allied and
manufacturing industries with a view to enhancing sustainability. To accomplish this aim, this research explores environmental accountability practices in TVET institutions. This paper is in part of an exploratory research project and it is limited in that it attempts to be illuminative and theoretically driven. The paper aims to prove that environmental reporting and disclosure will
enable in agro-allied and manufacturing industries undertake a major transformation that includes
approaches that harmonize economic prosperity, environmental conservation and social well-being.
However, while strategies for achieving this goal are not widespread, a range of international experiences is beginning to suggest ways forward. These initiatives include national TVET policy reforms, green campus, green curriculum, green community, green research and green culture. The paper includes suggested templates that can be useful in agro-allied and manufacturing industries
Artificial intelligence to support human instruction Michael C. Mozera,b,c,, ...eraser Juan José Calderón
Artificial intelligence to support human instruction
Michael C. Mozera,b,c,, Melody Wiseheartd and Timothy P. Novikoff.
PNAS March 5, 2019 116 (10) 3953-3955; first published February 19, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900370116
Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) for online learningBrandon Muramatsu
Kurt VanLehn's presentation at Conversations on Quality: A Symposium on K-12 Online Learning hosted by MIT and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, January 24-25, 2012, Cambridge, MA.
TPACK + MATHEMATICS: A REVIEW OF CURRENT TPACK LITERATUREIJITE
This paper will summarize a review of current literature on the Technology, Pedagogy and Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, discuss innovative technology integration in teacher preparation and mathematics methods courses for teacher candidates studying elementary education. Themes that emerged in the review of current TPaCKliterature included the importance of understanding the TPACK framework, developing self efficacy, the vital role that modeling plays, how collaboration impacts and finally, just how powerful reflection can be in the application of TPACK. This paper will examine and explain these different themes and summarize the current literature as well as highlight trends on technology integration and TPACK.
TPACK + MATHEMATICS: A REVIEW OF CURRENT TPACK LITERATURE IJITE
This paper will summarize a review of current literature on the Technology, Pedagogy and Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, discuss innovative technology integration in teacher preparation and mathematics methods courses for teacher candidates studying elementary education. Themes that emerged in the review of current TPaCKliterature included the importance of understanding the TPACK framework, developing self efficacy, the vital role that modeling plays, how collaboration impacts and finally, just how powerful reflection can be in the application of TPACK. This paper will examine and explain these different themes and summarize the current literature as well as highlight trends on technology integration and TPACK.
Design of a multi-agent system using the "MaSE" method for learners' metacogn...IJECEIAES
This article addresses a multi-agent approach to solving the problem of integrating metacognitive incentives into Learning Management System. The behavior of the teacher in a classroom-teaching situation, where teacher adopting the competency-based approach, is characterized by a set of didactic interventions dynamically adaptable according to the actions-reactions of the learners. These interventions are continually subjected to perfection by experience. In this article, we are interested in modeling the multi-agent system in order to help the learners develop their metacognitive skills in a continuous way. The purpose of this system is to supervise the activities and statements of the learner and communicate them to the metacognitive agent. The latter focuses on the assessment of the learner's metacognitive skills in order to trigger, automatically, metacognitive incentives to provide help messages. Integrating the agent for metacognitive control and assistance, allows learners to maintain motivation and confidence, and elicit their attention to the importance of metacognitive skills during learning activity. The "MaSE" methodology and the "agentTool" are used to model the multi-agent system.
Construct maps are important tools in educational assessment and can serve multiple purposes related to development and validation, as well as score interpretation and use. This chapter outlines a process for developing a construct map from the qualitative ordering of teachers’ responses to open-ended assessment items. The construct of interest pertains to a teacher’s ability to attend to what students say and do, which is a key component of many recommendations for instructional practice within mathematics education. The instrument we are developing is designed to measure teachers’ attentiveness to student thinking in quantitative reasoning problem situations. A key aspect of our instrument development process is the development of a construct map that hierarchically orders qualitatively different levels of teacher attentiveness. In this chapter we describe our process for developing the construct map with the intent of providing an example to others who may be interested in engaging in the development of construct maps.
This was a field research (literature review and exploration) with descriptive quantitative approach. This study aims: (1) to develop a model (scheme) to assess mathematical power, (2) to test the validity of instruments of mathematical power assessment, and (3) to developa valid and reliable test and non-test instrument prototypes as a mathematical power measurement. The research instruments consist of 4 items of essay test, 20 sheets of observation on investigative activities, and 20 items of questionnaires. Validity test was conducted through constructions built up from 3 aspects of mathematical power ability. Result of instrument analysis showed that: (1) the r of instrument test = 0.947, meaning that the instrument is reliable, (2) the r of activity observation sheets = 0.912, meaning that the instrument is reliable, and (3) the r of questionnaires = 0.770, meaning that the questionnaire is reliable on 0.05 significance level. This study concludes: (a) the steps in the model (scheme) of mathematical power assessment may be used as a reference for assessing mathematical power, (b) test and non-test instruments are valid and reliable, and (c) prototypes of test and non-test instruments may be used as a measurement in mathematical power assessment.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Contributors of Teaching Competency in Student Teachersiosrjce
The present study examined the comparative strength of direct and indirect relationship among the
variables Teaching Competency, Emotional intelligence, Emotional maturity and teaching interest through path
analysis. A hypothesized model for teaching competency is developed with other three variables and Model
fitting is done through IBM SPSS Amos and uses maximum likelihood to calculate all the path coefficients
simultaneously. A path model was developed with emotional intelligence, emotional maturity and teaching
interest as a predictor of teaching competency. All fit indexes indicated the model was an excellent fit to the
data. The model was able to account for 45% of variance of the teaching competency of the student teachers
Nanotechnology: Shaping the world atom by atomIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Area Efficient and high-speed fir filter implementation using divided LUT methodIJMER
Traditional method of implementing FIR filters costs considerable hardware resourses,
which goes against the decrease of circuit scale and the increase of system speed. A new design and
implementation of FIR filters using Distributed Arithmetic is provided in this paper to slove this
problem. Distributed Arithmetic structure is used to increase the resourse useage while pipeline
structure is also used to increase the system speed. In addition, the devided LUT method is also used to
decrease the required memory units. The simulation results indicate that FIR filters using Distributed
Arithmetic can work stable with high speed and can save almost 50 percent hardware resourses to
decrease the circuit scale, and can be applied to a variety of areas for its great flexibility and high
reliability
Integrating Environmental Accounting in Agro-Allied and Manufacturing Indust...IJMER
ONLY WHEN THE LAST TREE IS CUT, ONLY WHEN THE LAST RIVER IS POLLUTED, ONLY WHEN THE LAST FISH IS CAUGHT, ONLY THEN WILL THEY REALIZE THAT YOU CANNOT EAT MONEY’ American proverb
Due to growing awareness and concern on the impact of human activity on the ecosystem, there is an
increasing trend to judge organizations in relation to the community in which it operates. The impact of the activities on the environment with regard to pollution of water, air, land and abuse of natural resources are coming under scrutiny of governments, stakeholders and citizens. Education is considered the key to effective development strategies and TVET institutions then must be the master
key that can alleviate poverty, promote peace, conserve the environment, improve the quality of life
for all and help achieve sustainable development. Unless proper accounting work is done, it cannot be determined that both have been fulfilling their responsibilities. The aim of the study was to explore whether distinctive processes of environmental accounting are possible in agro-allied and
manufacturing industries with a view to enhancing sustainability. To accomplish this aim, this research explores environmental accountability practices in TVET institutions. This paper is in part of an exploratory research project and it is limited in that it attempts to be illuminative and theoretically driven. The paper aims to prove that environmental reporting and disclosure will
enable in agro-allied and manufacturing industries undertake a major transformation that includes
approaches that harmonize economic prosperity, environmental conservation and social well-being.
However, while strategies for achieving this goal are not widespread, a range of international experiences is beginning to suggest ways forward. These initiatives include national TVET policy reforms, green campus, green curriculum, green community, green research and green culture. The paper includes suggested templates that can be useful in agro-allied and manufacturing industries
An Amalgamation-Based System for Micro aneurysm Detection and Diabetic Retino...IJMER
We propose an ensemble-based framework to improve microaneurysm detection. Unlike
the well-known approach of considering the output of multiple classifiers, we propose a combination of
internal components of microaneurysm detectors, namely preprocessing methods and candidate
extractors. We have evaluated our approach for microaneurysm detection in an online competition,
where this algorithm is currently ranked as first, and also on two other databases.
Performance Analysis of Trust-Aware Routing Framework for Wireless Mesh NetworksIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Performance of MMSE Denoise Signal Using LS-MMSE TechniqueIJMER
This paper presents performance of mmse denoises signal using consistent cycle spinning
(ccs) and least square (LS) techniques. In the past decade, TV denoise technique is used to reduced the
noisy signal. The main drawback is the low quality signal and high MMSE signal. Presently, we
proposed the CCS-MMSE and LS-MMSE technique .The CCS-MMSE technique consists of two steps.
They are wavelet based denoise and consistent cycle spinning. The wavelet denoise is powerful
decorrelating effect on many signal domains. The consistent cycle spinning is used to estimation the
MMSE in the signal domain. The LS-MMSE is better estimation of MMSE signal domain compare to
CCS-MMSE.The experimental result shows the average MMSE reduction using various techniques.
An Effective Policy Anomaly Management Framework for FirewallsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Orientation Effects of Stress Concentrators on the Material Deformation Behav...IJMER
Present investigation pertains to carry out to experimental work to generate data in order to
establish the mode of material deformation and fracture in AISI 316 stainless steel strips of 1.70mm thickness in
the presence of elliptical notches at the center of the specimen whose major axis were designed to incline to the
tensile axis at an angle of 0o
, 45o
and 90o
and the same happens to be the axis of rolling. An elliptical hole of
8.00mm (major axis) with 5.0mm (minor axis) were machined in each specimen so as to correspond to the above
angles of 0o
45o
and90o
and one specimen without any elliptical hole as a notch for comparative analysis of the
experimental data. These flat specimens with and without stress concentrators were tested under tension using
Hounsfield Tcnsomctcr and the changes in notch geometry have been recorded at various loadings. Further, the
visual appearance of the cracks initiation have been continuously observed and recorded. The effect of stress
ratio factors and the strain ratio parameters on the mode of fracture on material deformation in and around the
stress concentrator has been thoroughly analyzed and it has been established that the crack initiation began
either at the inner tips of the minor or the major axis of the elliptical stress concentrator, but, always
perpendicular to the direction of loading irrespective of the rolling direction and the orientations of the stress
concentrators. However, the changes in the rotation of the major and the minor axis of the elliptical stress
concentrators were found to alter, and, this alteration in fact assisted in estimating the strains along the major as
well as the minor axis of the stress concentrators. Relation between a plastic strain ratio with respect to the ratio
between the major and the minor strains was observed to be of extremely complex nature. The overall
observation in the present investigation has indicated that thin strips or sheet specimens containing a single or
multiple or a combined type of stress concentrators will create a keen interest in the research approach of the
investigators and make them aware of the seriousness of the presence of the stress concentrators and caution
them to incorporate any possible design notifications in order to avoid any catastrophic failure (s).
Improving the Stability of Cascaded DC Power Supply System by Adaptive Active...IJMER
When all links are changes in the cascade is the corner of the shape in the dc division
energy orbit (DEO). When resistances are intermission betwixt one by one stylish changes in that
would possibly end up so the cascaded orbits are unsteady. They are antecedent we can place in a
nearer to the useful in the cascaded orbit can be got in compelled to vary the supply they have load
changes in the internal structure of the same regions in the electrical device they can be opposed in
a quality of the characteristic of dc DEO. Throughout the Associate in nursing adaptation active
device in the (AACC) we can know another determined in the cascaded orbit. Therefore the AACC
was connected by side by side in the cascaded orbit’s they can mediate in between the carries and
completely a requirement of a notice then they carries the voltage with none modification in this
subsystems. Then it will have a stylish to the customary have basic units to measuring in the dc
DEO. When the AACC is additionally a similar bus device to cut back the output resistance of the
supply device, therefore averting in a interiority have their load changes in the input resistance, of
the cascaded orbit have their solutions then they becomes constant. We have important carrier
device it will computing in the AACC adaptation in line with they have output energy to the
cascaded orbit, they have energy vesting in the AACC that’s way they will reduced and therefore
they have a lot of energy in a reacting to the orbit so it is a best in the orbit of a submissive device.
What\'s many, since no capacitance have a requirement among an AACC, when the cascaded orbits
have their quantity of it slowly it will extend in time. They have activity fundamental truth to stop
their magnificence thought in the AACC are mentioned throughout of this project, it can have four
thousand eight hundred and zero watts cascaded orbit was contain a strive of process to move in a
full-bridge changes they can be styli shed and evaluated. So when the simulation solutions have to
clear the performance of the arrangement of AACC.
Mechanical Characterization of Biodegradable Linen Fiber CompositesIJMER
The conventional materials like iron, mild steel, cast iron etc are having good mechanical properties. Hence they are widely used in structural engineering applications. These conventional materials have some defects like formation of rust, low weight to strength ratio, high production cost. To
overcome these defects, engineers started fabricating composite materials. Composites exhibit peculiar
properties like different strengths in different directions, rust resistant, high strength to weight ratio, but
they pollute the environment. Now the natural fibre composites are widely used in automobile industry.
The natural fibres and resins are used to fabricate an eco friendly composite material. Lack of resources
and increasing environmental pollution has evoked great interest in the research of materials that are
friendly to our health and environment. Bio polymer composites fabricated from natural fibres is currently
the most promising area in polymer sciences. This is designed to assess the possibility of fibre as
reinforcing material in composites. Epoxy resin was made a stiffened panel to conduct tensile test. In this
paper it is aimed to explain all possible ways to use natural composites in automobile components. The
main advantages of using natural fibers are their degradability and light weight. They are environment
friendly and also increase the fuel economy
User Navigation Pattern Prediction from Web Log Data: A SurveyIJMER
This paper proposes a survey of Web Page Prediction Techniques. Prefetching of Web page
has been widely used to reduce the access latency problem of the Web users. However, if Prefetching of
Web page is not accurate and Prefetched web pages are not visited by the users in their accesses, the
limited bandwidth of network and services of server will not be used efficiently and may face the problem
of access delay. Therefore, it is critical that we need an effective prediction method during prefetching.
The Markov models have been widely used to predict and analyze users navigational behavior. All the
activities of web users have been saved in web log files. The stored users session is used to extract
popular web navigation paths and predict current users next web page visit
Wavelet Based Analysis of Online Monitoring of Electrical Power by Mobile Tec...IJMER
Electrical automation is an important option for obtaining optimal solution while monitoring the electrical power consumption. While using the conventional methods the errors in continuous monitoring of power consumption is more. But the system requires not only the monitoring of the energy but also requires the analysis of the monitored energy. In this paper wavelet analysis is used for the analysis of the monitored energy/power which is monitored by GPRS technology. By using the GPRS mobile technology the energy consumption is monitored continuously and the observed data is interfaced to the computer by RS 232 port. By using MATLAB the monitored data is processed to obtain in depth analysis of the monitored power. The proposed method not only monitors the data but also provides efficient means to analyze the observed data by Wavelet Transform
Mitigation of Fault in the Distribution System by using Flexible Distributed ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Linear and branched programme instructionswaroophoppy
Programmed Instruction is a method of individualized instruction in which the student receives information relating to his own needs in progressive sequences but in small units. Here let us see the difference between Linear and Branched program instruction
Programmed learning, Origin of Programmed learning, Principles of Programmed learning, Types of programming, Linear programming, branched programming, Limitations of linear programming, Intrinsic styles of programming, Features of branched programming, limitations of branched programming, Developing a programmed learning material, Advantages of using Programmed learning techniques, Difference between learner and branching programming styles
STUDENTS’PATTERNS OF INTERACTION WITH A MATHEMATICS INTELLIGENT TUTOR:LEARNIN...IJITE
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine potential identifiers of students’ academic success in
foundation mathematics course by analyzing the data logs of an intelligent tutor.
Design/ methodology/approach: A cross-sectional study design was used. A sample of 58 records was
extracted from the data-logs of the intelligent tutor, ALEKS. This data was triangulated with the data
collected from surveys. Two-step clustering, correlation and regression analysis, Chi-square analysis and
paired sample t-tests were applied to address the research questions.
Findings: The data-logs of ALEKS include information about number of topics practiced and number of
topics mastered by each student. Prior knowledge and derived attribute, which is the ratio of number of
topics mastered to number of topics practiced(denoted by the variable m top in this paper) are found to be
predictors of final marks in the foundation mathematics course with
= 42%.
Students were asked to report their preferred way of selecting topics as either sequential or random.
Results of paired sample t-test demonstrated that the students who selected topics in a sequential manner
were able to retain their mastery of learning after the summative assessment whereas the students who
chose topics randomly were not able to retain their mastery of learning.
Originality and value: This research has established three indicators of academic success in the course of
foundation mathematics which is delivered using the intelligent tutor ALEKS. Instructors can monitor
students’ progress and detect students at-risk who are not able to attain desired pace of learning and guide
them to choose the correct sequence of topics.
STUDENTS’PATTERNS OF INTERACTION WITH A MATHEMATICS INTELLIGENT TUTOR:LEARNIN...IJITE
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine potential identifiers of students’ academic success in
foundation mathematics course by analyzing the data logs of an intelligent tutor.
Design/ methodology/approach: A cross-sectional study design was used. A sample of 58 records was
extracted from the data-logs of the intelligent tutor, ALEKS. This data was triangulated with the data
collected from surveys. Two-step clustering, correlation and regression analysis, Chi-square analysis and
paired sample t-tests were applied to address the research questions.
Findings: The data-logs of ALEKS include information about number of topics practiced and number of
topics mastered by each student. Prior knowledge and derived attribute, which is the ratio of number of
topics mastered to number of topics practiced(denoted by the variable m top in this paper) are found to be
predictors of final marks in the foundation mathematics course with
= 42%.
Students were asked to report their preferred way of selecting topics as either sequential or random.
Results of paired sample t-test demonstrated that the students who selected topics in a sequential manner
were able to retain their mastery of learning after the summative assessment whereas the students who
chose topics randomly were not able to retain their mastery of learning.
Originality and value: This research has established three indicators of academic success in the course of
foundation mathematics which is delivered using the intelligent tutor ALEKS. Instructors can monitor
students’ progress and detect students at-risk who are not able to attain desired pace of learning and guide
them to choose the correct sequence of topics.
Student's Patterns of Interaction with a Mathematics Intelligent Tutor: Learn...IJITE
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine potential identifiers of students’ academic success in foundation mathematics course by analyzing the data logs of an intelligent tutor.
Design/ methodology/approach: A cross-sectional study design was used. A sample of 58 records was extracted from the data-logs of the intelligent tutor, ALEKS. This data was triangulated with the data collected from surveys. Two-step clustering, correlation and regression analysis, Chi-square analysis and paired sample t-tests were applied to address the research questions.
Findings: The data-logs of ALEKS include information about number of topics practiced and number of topics mastered by each student. Prior knowledge and derived attribute, which is the ratio of number of topics mastered to number of topics practiced(denoted by the variable m top in this paper) are found to be predictors of final marks in the foundation mathematics course with = 42%.
Students were asked to report their preferred way of selecting topics as either sequential or random. Results of paired sample t-test demonstrated that the students who selected topics in a sequential manner were able to retain their mastery of learning after the summative assessment whereas the students who chose topics randomly were not able to retain their mastery of learning.
Originality and value: This research has established three indicators of academic success in the course of foundation mathematics which is delivered using the intelligent tutor ALEKS. Instructors can monitor students’ progress and detect students at-risk who are not able to attain desired pace of learning and guide them to choose the correct sequence of topics.
Student's Patterns of Interaction with a Mathematics Intelligent Tutor: Learn...IJITE
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine potential identifiers of students’ academic success in
foundation mathematics course by analyzing the data logs of an intelligent tutor.
Design/ methodology/approach: A cross-sectional study design was used. A sample of 58 records was
extracted from the data-logs of the intelligent tutor, ALEKS. This data was triangulated with the data
collected from surveys. Two-step clustering, correlation and regression analysis, Chi-square analysis and
paired sample t-tests were applied to address the research questions.
Findings: The data-logs of ALEKS include information about number of topics practiced and number of
topics mastered by each student. Prior knowledge and derived attribute, which is the ratio of number of
topics mastered to number of topics practiced(denoted by the variable m top in this paper) are found to be
predictors of final marks in the foundation mathematics course with
= 42%.
Students were asked to report their preferred way of selecting topics as either sequential or random.
Results of paired sample t-test demonstrated that the students who selected topics in a sequential manner
were able to retain their mastery of learning after the summative assessment whereas the students who
chose topics randomly were not able to retain their mastery of learning.
Originality and value: This research has established three indicators of academic success in the course of
foundation mathematics which is delivered using the intelligent tutor ALEKS. Instructors can monitor
students’ progress and detect students at-risk who are not able to attain desired pace of learning and guide
them to choose the correct sequence of topics.
Computers are a familiar sight in classrooms in the 21st century, and technology has been used to streamline many educational tasks. CAL started in the 1950s and 1960s mainly in USA. Term often used interchangeably with Computer-Based Instruction (CBI), Web Based Instruction (WBI), Computer-Assisted Learning (CAL), Computer-Enriched Instruction (CEI), and Web Based Training (WBT). Logo project was the first CAL system that was based on a specific learning approach.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One Prey
Cw3210561060
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Shaik Fathima
Department of Education, Malla Reddy college/osmania university, India
Abstract: This article stresses on adopting appropriate instructional design for providing learner, experiences and
organizing teacher pupil activities which is crucial for effective use of curricular content and achievement of curricular
objectives. In India programmed instruction is still in its infancy, as regards its classroom use is almost nil. While designing
with curricular organization, the curriculum designer should treat teaching learning strategies as an essential component of
curricular cycle and while transacting the curriculum, the curriculum practitioner should be consistently conscious about
careful selection of appropriate programmed instructional design. It would be imperative that, in spite of the mastery over
the content on the part of the teacher, he/she should be appropriately oriented with regard to the importance and various
types of instructional design and the principles that should govern their selection and administration. Programmed
instruction is a systematic, step by step, self instructional programme aimed to ensure the learning of the stated behavior. It
is thought as the way of “growing” or improving instruction. It places the learner at the centre where he himself constructs
knowledge rather than passively absorbing it. An individual’s knowledge is a function of ones prior experiences, mental
structures, and beliefs that are used to interpret objects and events. In some classrooms, the predominant training model is
direct instruction which is called instructivism or objectivism(based on information processing theory).The trainers central
role is to transmit knowledge to learners and learners role is to absorb information(reception and compliances).the
learning experiences in programmed instruction is self corrective. This instruction is an application of the principles of
behavior sciences and technology in the field of education. The National Council of Educational Research and Training has
done some work, yet the application of Programmed instruction has not shown appreciable impact on our classroom
teaching.
Key Words: Branched programme, frames, linear programme, mathematics programme, programmed instruction.
I. Introduction
However, in today’s real- world context, the work environment is becoming a learning Environment (learning
organization).Learners will not make use of concepts and ideas unless they use them through some type of process, that is,
learners master only those activities they actually practice. Both constructivism and instructivism are required as learners
need to be able to solve complex problems and be able to understand the reasons or methods they use to reach their
conclusions. As a field, instructional design is historically and traditionally rooted in cognitive and behavioral psychology,
though recently constructivism (learning theory) has influenced thinking in the field. Behaviorists place "an emphasis on
producing observable and measurable outcomes in students" (Ertmer & Newby, 1993). They believe that learning occurs
when learners show the correct response to a certain stimulus (Smith & Ragan, 1999). The current instructional design
application of behavioral objectives is reminiscent of these behaviorist views. However, most current instructional designers
writing objectives based on action do not share the behaviorists' disinterest in the cognitive processes that also take place.
Rather, they write objectives with an attempt to extract "best evidence" of the cognitive processes that cannot be directly
observed. Programmed instruction owes its origin to the psychology of learning .The psychologist bearing direct relevance to
programming is E.L.Thorndike(1874-1949).Other important psychologist who made significant contribution in the field are:
Sidney.L .Pressy, Robert .M. Gagne, Robert Mager and B.F.Skinner. “GITA” is the first example of programmed learning.
II. Teaching Instruction and Programme Instruction
Teaching is a broad term and instruction is a purposeful, orderly, controlled sequencing of experience to reach a
specified goal. Programmed instruction is a sub-head under instruction and represents a more rigorous attempt to develop a
mastery over specialized goals to secure “insured learning”.
Fig. Teaching, Instruction and Programmed Instruction
Thinking of Programmed Instructional Design: Need of
Today’s Learner
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III. Programmed Instruction
Programmed instruction or programmed learning is one of the important innovations in the teaching learning
process. It is carefully specified, systematically planned, empirically established, skillfully arranged and effectively
controlled self instructional technique for providing individualized instruction or learning experiences to the learner. The
subject matter or learning experiences is sequenced into small segments. In order to help the learner to give assistance primes
and prompts are provided in the introductory frames. Prompts are classified into two types: formal prompt and thematic
prompt.
Formal prompt-one of the optical phenomena which can be studied by using rays of light is reflection. Rays of light
bounce on certain surfaces
The phenomenon that you see in the figure is called re-------------.
Response: reflection.
Thematic prompt -depends on the general properties of the prompting stimulus. It provides a hint.
As a result of experimental studies and research there are different types of programmed instructions-
Linear, Branched and Mathetics Programming- Represents actual basic formats in teaching.
Ruleg system of Programming-deductive and inductive approach in teaching. Here a perfect rule works as a stimulus for
evoking the responses. This system is just the extension of linear or branched programming.
Computer assisted instruction and learner controlled instruction-ways and means of providing instruction.
The idea of Programmed instruction is “if a miracle of mechanical ingenuity, a book can be so arranged that only to
him who had done what was directed on page one and page two would become visible and so on, that requires personal
instruction then the miracle later on becomes reality.” It has exercised a revolutionary impact on teaching learning process.
It is the innovative step in direction towards automation and individualized instruction. It may be treated as “software
approach” for instructional technology.
3.1 Linear/Extrinsic Programming
B.F.Skinner is the originator, Single track or straight line programme, content is broken into sequence of steps
which remain unchanged and presented in a series of small steps (frames), learner respond actively to each frame and
immediate reinforcement is given, the programmer sitting at a distant place controls externally the learner’s responses and
the learner constructs the response, simple linear machine design, 5% rate of error and helpful in the modification of the
behavior of the learner. It depends on the principle of- small steps, active responding, minimum errors, self pacing and
knowledge of results.
Example of linear programming: The angle having 90 degree is called--------------- angle. (Acute, obtuse, right, straight
angle) Response: right angle
3.2 Branching/Intrinsic Programming
Norman.A.Crowder is the originator, Frame is relatively bigger in size compared to linear programming, it contains
two or three related ideas or related sequences, learner has to arrive at the answer by setting the relationship between one
idea and the other and by filling up the gaps not fully covered in the frame, it contains multiple choice items where the
learner selects the response, ,it is applicable where the information of broader concepts is to be given and remedial solution
The ray that is incident on a reflecting surface is called incident ray. The ray which is
reflected by the mirror is called---------------ray.
Response: reflected
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to the difficulties of the learner and rate of error varies according to the programme which is usually 20%,it employs three
principles: principles of exposition, diagnosis and remediation , student’s learn better if the whole content is exposed,
student’s errors help in diagnosis and doesn’t necessarily hinder learning, student’s learn better if the remediation is provided
side by side. Frame package is large, may be paragraph or page in frame. Frame structure consists of three aspects-
exposition, diagnosis and remediation.
Xample: Branched program me in Simple Arithmetic
3.3 Mathetics Programming
Thomas.P.Gilbert is the originator; it is the systematic application of reinforcement theory to the analysis and
construction of complex behavior repertories usually known as subject-matter mastery, knowledge and skills. Mathetics if
applied diligently produces material that exceeds the efficiency of lessons produced by any known method. It involves task
PAGE1
In a multiplication the two numbers that are multiplied together may be called the “factors” and the result is called the
product. Thus in 2x3=6, the numbers 2 and 3 are called factors and the number 6 is called the product.
Below you will find a question. Pick what you think as the right answer to the question and go to the page number given
against the answer.
The question is: what is the result (product) if 3 is used as a factor twice in a multiplication?
Answer: 6-turn to page 3
Answer: 9-turn to page 5
If you do not understand turn to page 7
PAGE 5
Your answer on page 1 was 9.You are correct. If we use as a factor twice, in a multiplication, we get 3x3=9 as a result.
Now, what result would we get if we used the number 2 as a factor three times?
Answer 6-turn to page 4
Answer 8-turn to page 10
PAGE 3
Your answer on page 1 was 6.you seem to have merely used 2 &3 factors in a multiplication. The problem was to use the
number 3 as a factor twice. In other words, we want the result of the multiplication 3x3-? Now return to page 1 and try
again.
PAGE 7
Your answer to page 1 was “I don’t understand.” We are asking you what product you get from a multiplication in which
you use the number 3 as a factor twice: in other words what is the result of the multiplication in which the numbers that
are multiplied together are both 3’s? i.e., what is the product of 3x3?
Now return to page 1 and choose the right answer, and so on.
Continued
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analysis which may be stated as---description of the task which the learner has to learn, isolation of the required behavior,
identification of the conditions under which the behavior occurs and determination and generalization of a criterion of
acceptable performance. It involves three principles: Principle of chain, discrimination and generalizations. The prescription
helps in learning, mastery steps can be placed anywhere in chain of learning. Reverse-contiguity is helpful for the mastery of
the content and completion of task provides motivation to the students. Learning packages are developed in small steps. It
provides three types of frames.
Example: Programme- To find the square of 26
Demonstration frame 1.Multiply the first digit 2 by the next higher consecutive number.
2. Write 76 to the right of the result
3. The square of 26 is 676.
Programme - To find the square of 21
Teaching frame 1.multiply 2 by 2.
2. Write 41 to the right of 4.
3. The square of 21 is 441.
Testing frame Programme- what is the square of 25? --------
IV. Specific Skills Needed For the Construction of Programme
4.1 Skills needed for the planning stage: skill in writing behavioral objectives, skill in defining entry behavior, skill in
content analysis, skill in preparing a criterion test.
4.2 Skills needed at writing stage: skill in differentiating the functional and structural ingredients of frames, skill of using
primes and prompts skill in ordering and arranging frames in a proper sequence.
4.3 Skills needed at revision, editing and testing: linguistic skill, editing skill, skill in individual testing which requires
establishing a rapport, skill in obtaining evidence about the worthiness of the programme.
Illustrative Programme: Silent features of the Constitution of India.
In this programme you will find paragraphs which are called frames. Study each frame carefully and write down what is
required. Answers are given at the end, after stating the answers, check them, if your answer is wrong or you don’t
understand anything, you can again go back to the frame. This is not a test but instead it is called as a self- study programme.
Frame 1-The Constituent Assembly of India was set up under the provisions of the Cabinet Mission Plan to frame the
Constitution of India which was formally adopted on 26th
November,1949 and came into force on 26th
January 1950.It took
nearly three years to complete the work.
What was the work assigned to Constituent Assembly?
Under whose provision was it formed?
When did our Constitution come into force?
When was it adopted?
How much time did Constituent Assembly take to complete its work?
Frame 2- The Preamble of the Constitution has a great significance but is not a part of the Constitution. The Constitution
was framed by the people of India through their representatives. It stresses the fact that the reign of the land lies with the
people of India.
Is the preamble a part of the constitution?
By who was the constitution framed?
In whose hands does the reign of law of India lie?
Frame 3- The Preamble of our Constitution is as under: We the people of India having solemnly resolved to constitute India
into a Sovereign Socialistic Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all citizens: Justice, Social, economic and
political; Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; Equality of status and of opportunity; and to promote
them all; Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation.
Who has given the Constitution of India?
What kind of justice has been ensured by the Preamble?
What type of Republic is to be constituted?
What kind of equality has been given to its citizen?
FRAME 4- People themselves adopted and enacted the Constitution. Thus, the representatives of the people frame the laws
of the country and they have the power to change or amend the Constitution.
Who frame the laws of the country?
Who has the power to amend the constitution?
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Answers:
Frame1- To frame the Constitution of India Provision of the Cabinet Mission Plan, 26th
January 1950, 26th
November 1949,
Nearly 3 years.
Frame 2- No, People of India through their Representatives, People of India.
Frame 3-people of India, Social Economic and Political, Sovereign Socialism Secular Democratic, Equality of status.
Frame4- Representatives of the people, Representatives of the people.
V. Impact of Programmed Learning
Tutorial experiences are provided for individual learners on large scale, control on homework and study enable the
learner to catch up the loss of absence from school, technological solution to the problem of individual difference, eliminates
the teacher variable in the research, immediate scoring promotes the learning process, classroom efficiency may increase
about 30%, difficulties of the students can easily be diagnosed and there can be great increase in interest and improvement in
learning.
VI. Conclusion
I especially favor the idea of using an objective approach to provide the learner with an "anchor" before they set sail
on the open seas of knowledge. A basic understanding of the material in question provides the learner with a guiding
compass for further travel. Another consideration is the distinction between "training" and "education". In today's
competitive world, Programmed instruction may be required to establish and meet the objectives. On the other hand, the
designer may be challenged to provide material that fosters an individual to find divergent approaches to problem solving.
Whichever situation the instructional design finds themselves in, they will require a thorough understanding of learning
theories to enable them to provide the appropriate learning environment.
Finally, the idea of individualized self instructional prompted by programmed instruction approach has reached its
climax by the introduction of computer assisted instruction. The technique of programmed instruction is becoming more and
more technical and empirical by using the systematic and objective principles of mathematics, applied sciences and
engineering. Basically originating from the psychology of learning and instruction, it has now been developed as one of the
important aspects of instructional technology. Programmed instruction may prove a big helping hand in all the tasks and
aspects of education. With intelligent application of learning theory strategies and technology, the modern designer will find
solutions to the learning requirements of the 21st century.
References
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[4] Ely, D.P., T. (1996).Classical writing on instructional technology. Englewood, CO: Libraries unlimited.vol.2.
[5] Gagne, R. (1985).The Conditions of Learning and the Theory of Instruction, (4th
Ed.). New York: Holt Rinehart,
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[6] Good, T., Brophy, J. (1990).Educational psychology: A realistic approach. New York: Holt Rinehart, Winston.
[7] Merrill, M.D. (1983).Instructional Design Theories and Models: An Overview of their Current States. Hillsdale, NJ;
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[8] Reigeluth, C.M. (1979).In search of a better way to organize instruction: The elaboration theory. Journal of
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