Causes of Housing Shortage in India can be list out as following:
• Rapid population growth
• Migration
• Urbanization
• Limited land supply
• Affordability
• War and Violence
• Lack of financing etc
Affordable housing is defined as any housing that meets some form of affordability criterion.
The affordability criterion is different for different countries. For example in United States
and Canada, a common accepted criterion for affordable housing is that the cost of housing
should not be more than 30 percent of a household's gross income. Housing costs include
taxes and insurance for owners, and utility costs.
While the supply side constraints for low cost and affordable housing include lack of availability of land and finance at reasonable rates, the demand drivers include the growing
middle class and urbanisation. Real estate developers, private players in particular, have primarily targeted luxury, high-end and upper-mid housing segment owing to the higher returns that can be gained from such projects.
While the supply side constraints for low cost and affordable housing include lack of availability of land and finance at reasonable rates, the demand drivers include the growing
middle class and urbanisation. Real estate developers, private players in particular, have primarily targeted luxury, high-end and upper-mid housing segment owing to the higher returns that can be gained from such projects.
Chennai the fourth largest metropolis in India. Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) extends over 1189 sq.km.and comprises of
Chennai Corporation,
16 Municipalities,
20 Town Panchayats and
214 villages covered in 10 Panchayats Unions
It encompasses the Chennai District (176 sq.km.), part of Thiruvallur District (637 sq.km.) and a part of Kancheepuram District (376 sq.km.).
Growth pattern of towns Natural and Planned,
Types of zoning and importance,
various road networks(Grid iron pattern, shoe string development,
Surveys for data collection, physical survey, social survey, economic survey, civic survey,
Town aesthetics, landscape architecture,
Rehabilitation of slum and urban renewal,
Review of Mumbai Metropolitan regional development planAnoushka Tyagi
The presentation is a Review of the Mumbai Metropolitan regional development plan with respect to the details of the districts, tehsils, population distribution & density, the content of the regional development plan document, administrative setup in the district, the chronology of earlier plans and the SWOT related to the MMR region.
Self Sustainable Integrated Township : A resource-base planning to improve th...Sahil Singh Kapoor
The objective of this study is to analyze the potential shift towards Integrated Township developmentwith mixed land use, creating employment opportunities close to residential place and requiring minimum land area.
Problems in metropolitan cities by vakharia_siddhiSiddhi Vakharia
Problems in metropolitan cities graduate report under smart metropolitan planning subject in masters of Town and Country planning. 11 major problems of metropolitan cities in India
SMART CITY: FEATURES THAT MAKE A CITY ‘SMART’”Yash Shah
Cities are engines of growth for the economy of every nation, including India. Nearly 31% of India’s current population lives in urban areas and contributes 63% of India’s GDP (Census 2011). With increasing urbanization, urban areas are expected to house 40% of India’s population and contribute 75% of India’s GDP by 2030. This requires comprehensive development of physical, institutional, social and economic infrastructure. All are important in improving the quality of life and attracting people and investments to the City, setting in motion a virtuous cycle of growth and development. Development of Smart Cities is a step in that direction.
The first question is what is meant by a ‘smart city’. The answer is, there is no universally accepted definition of a smart city. It means different things to different people. The conceptualisation of Smart City, therefore, varies from city to city and country to country, depending on the level of development, willingness to change and reform, resources and aspirations of the city residents.
Smart Cities Mission is an urban renewal and retrofitting programme launched by the Government of India on June 25, 2015 with a mission to develop 100 cities all over the country making them citizen friendly and sustainable (Government of India 2015). Each of the 100 Smart Cities will get Rs 100 crore every year for five years, with an equal contribution coming from the respective state government and the urban local body combined. The Mission is carried out through special purpose vehicles (SPVs), registered under the Companies Act, 2013.
A smart city would have a different connotation in India than, say, Europe. Even in India, there is no one way of defining a smart city. Some definitional boundaries are required to guide cities in the Mission. In the imagination of any city dweller in India, the picture of a smart city contains a wish list of infrastructure and services that describes his or her level of aspiration. To provide for the aspirations and needs of the citizens, urban planners ideally aim at developing the entire urban eco-system, which is represented by the four pillars of comprehensive development-institutional, physical, social and economic infrastructure. This can be a long term goal and cities can work towards developing such comprehensive infrastructure incrementally, adding on layers of ‘smartness’.
Chennai the fourth largest metropolis in India. Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) extends over 1189 sq.km.and comprises of
Chennai Corporation,
16 Municipalities,
20 Town Panchayats and
214 villages covered in 10 Panchayats Unions
It encompasses the Chennai District (176 sq.km.), part of Thiruvallur District (637 sq.km.) and a part of Kancheepuram District (376 sq.km.).
Growth pattern of towns Natural and Planned,
Types of zoning and importance,
various road networks(Grid iron pattern, shoe string development,
Surveys for data collection, physical survey, social survey, economic survey, civic survey,
Town aesthetics, landscape architecture,
Rehabilitation of slum and urban renewal,
Review of Mumbai Metropolitan regional development planAnoushka Tyagi
The presentation is a Review of the Mumbai Metropolitan regional development plan with respect to the details of the districts, tehsils, population distribution & density, the content of the regional development plan document, administrative setup in the district, the chronology of earlier plans and the SWOT related to the MMR region.
Self Sustainable Integrated Township : A resource-base planning to improve th...Sahil Singh Kapoor
The objective of this study is to analyze the potential shift towards Integrated Township developmentwith mixed land use, creating employment opportunities close to residential place and requiring minimum land area.
Problems in metropolitan cities by vakharia_siddhiSiddhi Vakharia
Problems in metropolitan cities graduate report under smart metropolitan planning subject in masters of Town and Country planning. 11 major problems of metropolitan cities in India
SMART CITY: FEATURES THAT MAKE A CITY ‘SMART’”Yash Shah
Cities are engines of growth for the economy of every nation, including India. Nearly 31% of India’s current population lives in urban areas and contributes 63% of India’s GDP (Census 2011). With increasing urbanization, urban areas are expected to house 40% of India’s population and contribute 75% of India’s GDP by 2030. This requires comprehensive development of physical, institutional, social and economic infrastructure. All are important in improving the quality of life and attracting people and investments to the City, setting in motion a virtuous cycle of growth and development. Development of Smart Cities is a step in that direction.
The first question is what is meant by a ‘smart city’. The answer is, there is no universally accepted definition of a smart city. It means different things to different people. The conceptualisation of Smart City, therefore, varies from city to city and country to country, depending on the level of development, willingness to change and reform, resources and aspirations of the city residents.
Smart Cities Mission is an urban renewal and retrofitting programme launched by the Government of India on June 25, 2015 with a mission to develop 100 cities all over the country making them citizen friendly and sustainable (Government of India 2015). Each of the 100 Smart Cities will get Rs 100 crore every year for five years, with an equal contribution coming from the respective state government and the urban local body combined. The Mission is carried out through special purpose vehicles (SPVs), registered under the Companies Act, 2013.
A smart city would have a different connotation in India than, say, Europe. Even in India, there is no one way of defining a smart city. Some definitional boundaries are required to guide cities in the Mission. In the imagination of any city dweller in India, the picture of a smart city contains a wish list of infrastructure and services that describes his or her level of aspiration. To provide for the aspirations and needs of the citizens, urban planners ideally aim at developing the entire urban eco-system, which is represented by the four pillars of comprehensive development-institutional, physical, social and economic infrastructure. This can be a long term goal and cities can work towards developing such comprehensive infrastructure incrementally, adding on layers of ‘smartness’.
Smart City Mission’s Financial Implications on Municipal Budgets Ravikant Joshi
This PPT delivered in Workshop on Interrogating Governance and Financial Implications of ‘Smart Cities’ organised by Environmental Support Group Trust (ESG) & Centre for Financial Accountability (CFA) outlines financial implications of SCM on Municipal Budget and Finances of Smart Cities
Regional disparity in India - Animated
Regional disparity in India ,regional disparity and planning ,geography ,rich and poor ,development in india ,india ,developing country ,equity ,equilibrium ,disparity ,environmental geography ,human resources
India Smart Cities Infrastructure Investment OutlookKuicK Research
“India Smart Cities Infrastructure Investment Outlook” Report Highlights:
• Introduction to Smart City
• Core Components of Smart City
• Aspects of Smart City Infrastructure
• Smart Cities in India
• Key Trends in Smart City Development
• Government Support and Policy Outline
• India Smart Cities Infrastructure Guidelines
• India Smart Cities Project Future Outlook
The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper for Sindh proposes five pillars: Fiscal and financial management reforms; improving governance of civil service and public service delivery; promoting private sector development and economic revival; developing women and children; and addressing vulnerability to shocks..
Infrastructure Finance – Building for Growth - SMART CITIES & INFRASTRUCTURE ...Resurgent India
There’s no simple definition for smart cities. The term encompasses a vision of an urban space that is ecologically friendly, technologically integrated and meticulously planned, with a particular reliance on the use of information technology to improve efficiency
TOURISM AS A DRIVER OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTYash Shah
Tourism industry is experiencing tremendous expansion over the years as result of its inclusion into the national economic plan of developed and developing economies of the world. Developing economies have been enacting policies to expand tourism, as a source of reliable foreign exchange earning when traditional foreign exchange earning sector contribution becomes limited in GDP. Over the years, tourism has emerged as a major segment of the Indian economy, contributing substantially to the foreign exchange earnings and creating large-scale employment opportunities.
Tourism is a significant driver of economic and social development. It stimulates economic growth by generating income, employment, investment and exports. It also generates valuable spin-off benefits, including preservation of cultural heritage, improved infrastructure and local community facilities. The World Tourism Organisation (WTO) claims that tourism is currently the world’s largest industry with annual revenues of over $3 trillion dollars. This accelerating tourism industry is proved to be one of the important drivers of growth and prosperity, employment generation, raises national income and improvement in Balance of payments of the economy. It has generated a number of social and economic benefits, promotes national integration and international understanding, and creates employment opportunities to a large number of people and foreign exchange earnings.
Indian tourism sector is one of the most important service sectors of the Indian economy. Its contribution to employment generation, Gross Domestic Product, Foreign Exchange earnings is tremendous and significant. Tourism sector is also considered as the back bone for allied sectors like hospitality, civil aviation, travel and transportation, hotel, resort, home stays, street venders, spice shops, tour operators etc. Every year both Central and State government has been investing huge amount for the development of tourism sector. This enhanced tourism sector is to be one of the important drivers of growth, employment creation, increase of national as well as individual income, improving the balance of payment position and foreign exchange earnings, improving people’s standard of living, level of consumption etc. India’s wide variety of all-season attraction provides huge opportunities for tourists. These attractions get developed for the socio-economic benefit of the local communities, especially to achieve more inclusive economic growth.
The market opportunity for pulses as derived in this report extends to urban and rural consumers from Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities. The total market size for pulses is ~ Rs xxx Mn in the urban and ~ Rs xxx Mn in the rural conglomerations across Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities of India. Group of 8 Tier 1 cities leads the pack with market size of ~ Rs xxx Mn followed by Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities at ~ Rs xxx Mn and ~ Rs xx Mn respectively. In the Tier 1 cities, xx and xxx are the leading markets for pulses having xx% of total market of Tier 1 cities. In Tier 2 cities, (Total 41 cities) xx has the maximum market size of ~ Rs xx Mn, followed by xx and xx at ~ Rs xx Mn and ~ Rs xx Mn respectively. Tier 3 conglomeration contributes xx towards total urban and rural pulses to the tune of ~ Rs xx
Similar to AFFORADBLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: - A CASE STUDY OF SURAT (20)
3D GIS brings enhanced depth into data collection and analysis by incorporating a z-value into mapping. Most commonly, that means including elevation data, but users have many options for adding layers of information.
While 3D models are more difficult to create and maintain than 2D ones, there are myriad 3D GIS applications where this technology is greatly beneficial.
The 3D-GIS in the Cloud main purpose is to evaluate the use-efficiency of both existing and planned spatial space.
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation is an agency of the Government of India responsible for urban poverty, housing, and employment programs. It is involved in national policy decisions and coordinates with Indian central ministries, state governments, and central sponsor programs. The Ministry was created in 2004 after splitting it from the Ministry of Urban Development. The government, in 2017, merged the urban development and housing and urban poverty alleviation ministries as the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). The Government of India has launched various programs since its independence, such as some of the five year plans, to alleviate poverty and address the widening income gap, both, amongst the upper and lower classes of society, and amongst the rural and urban parts of the country. For instance, the "Eighth Plan policy guidelines envisages integrated approach to alleviation of urban poverty and servicing the urban poor with basic facilities so that their quality of life improves. The scheme could not help in preventing growth of new slums.
While newly launched programs like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA), National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), Food Security Act, Mid-day Meals and Bharat Nirman Yojana have demonstrated success in the initial stages, their performance over the long-run still remains to be seen. The shortsightedness of the Indian government often leads it to launch populist programs that may not necessarily work well. Low-hanging fruit like increasing worker's minimum wage can go a long way in achieving the goal of poverty alleviation, but are yet to be taken up in spite of reminders from leading economists.
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation is an agency of the Government of India responsible for urban poverty, housing, and employment programs. It is involved in national policy decisions and coordinates with Indian central ministries, state governments, and central sponsor programs. The Ministry was created in 2004 after splitting it from the Ministry of Urban Development. The government, in 2017, merged the urban development and housing and urban poverty alleviation ministries as the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). The Government of India has launched various programs since its independence, such as some of the five year plans, to alleviate poverty and address the widening income gap, both, amongst the upper and lower classes of society, and amongst the rural and urban parts of the country. For instance, the "Eighth Plan policy guidelines envisages integrated approach to alleviation of urban poverty and servicing the urban poor with basic facilities so that their quality of life improves. The scheme could not help in preventing growth of new slums.
While newly launched programs like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA), National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), Food Security Act, Mid-day Meals and Bharat Nirman Yojana have demonstrated success in the initial stages, their performance over the long-run still remains to be seen. The shortsightedness of the Indian government often leads it to launch populist programs that may not necessarily work well. Low-hanging fruit like increasing worker's minimum wage can go a long way in achieving the goal of poverty alleviation, but are yet to be taken up in spite of reminders from leading economists.
PLANNING PRINCIPLES OF LE CORBUSIER – A CASE STUDY OF CHANDIGARH CITYYash Shah
The city has a pre-historic past. The gently sloping plains on which modern Chandigarh exists, was in the ancient past, a wide lake ringed by a marsh. The fossil remains found at the site indicate a large variety of aquatic and amphibian life, which was supported by that environment. About 8000 years ago the area was also known to be a home to the Harappans. Since the medieval through modern era, the area was part of the large and prosperous Punjab Province which was divided into East & West Punjab during partition of the country in 1947. The city was conceived not only to serve as the capital of East Punjab, but also to resettle thousands of refugees who had been uprooted from West Punjab. In March, 1948, the Government of Punjab, in consultation with the Government of India, approved the area of the foothills of the Shivaliks as the site for the new capital. The location of the city site was a part of the erstwhile Ambala district as per the 1892-93 gazetteer of District Ambala. The foundation stone of the city was laid in 1952. Subsequently, at the time of reorganization of the state on 01.11.1966 into Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pardesh, the city assumed the unique distinction of being the capital city of both, Punjab and Haryana while it itself was declared as a Union Territory and under the direct control of the Central Government.
The Union Territory of Chandigarh is located in the foothills of the Shivalik hill ranges in the north, which form a part of the fragile Himalayan ecosystem. It is occupied by Kandi (Bhabhar) in the north east and Sirowal (Tarai) and alluvial plains in the remaining part. The subsurface formation comprises of beds of boulders, pebbles, gravel, sand, silt, clays and some kankar. The area is drained by two seasonal rivulets viz. Sukhna Choe in the east and Patiala-Ki-Rao Choe in the west. The central part forms a surface water divide and has two minor streams.
PLANNING PRINCIPLES OF LE CORBUSIER – A CASE STUDY OF CHANDIGARH CITY”Yash Shah
The city has a pre-historic past. The gently sloping plains on which modern Chandigarh exists, was in the ancient past, a wide lake ringed by a marsh. The fossil remains found at the site indicate a large variety of aquatic and amphibian life, which was supported by that environment. About 8000 years ago the area was also known to be a home to the Harappans. Since the medieval through modern era, the area was part of the large and prosperous Punjab Province which was divided into East & West Punjab during partition of the country in 1947. The city was conceived not only to serve as the capital of East Punjab, but also to resettle thousands of refugees who had been uprooted from West Punjab. In March, 1948, the Government of Punjab, in consultation with the Government of India, approved the area of the foothills of the Shivaliks as the site for the new capital. The location of the city site was a part of the erstwhile Ambala district as per the 1892-93 gazetteer of District Ambala. The foundation stone of the city was laid in 1952. Subsequently, at the time of reorganization of the state on 01.11.1966 into Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pardesh, the city assumed the unique distinction of being the capital city of both, Punjab and Haryana while it itself was declared as a Union Territory and under the direct control of the Central Government.
The Union Territory of Chandigarh is located in the foothills of the Shivalik hill ranges in the north, which form a part of the fragile Himalayan ecosystem. It is occupied by Kandi (Bhabhar) in the north east and Sirowal (Tarai) and alluvial plains in the remaining part. The subsurface formation comprises of beds of boulders, pebbles, gravel, sand, silt, clays and some kankar. The area is drained by two seasonal rivulets viz. Sukhna Choe in the east and Patiala-Ki-Rao Choe in the west. The central part forms a surface water divide and has two minor streams.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is the application of computer, electronics, and communication technologies and management strategies in an integrated manner to provide traveler information to increase the safety and efficiency of the road transportation systems.
ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) Principles and approaches of traffic ...Yash Shah
Traffic management measures are aimed at improving the safety and flow of traffic, reducing traffic emissions and utilizing traffic artery capacity more effectively. Traffic management is used to curb demand for transport and affect the selection of the mode of transport, route, or the time of travel or transport. In particular, it is utilized during the first stages of the four-step principle applied in the development of traffic conditions.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is the application of computer, electronics, and communication technologies and management strategies in an integrated manner to provide traveler information to increase the safety and efficiency of the road transportation systems.
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation is an agency of the Government of India responsible for urban poverty, housing, and employment programs. It is involved in national policy decisions and coordinates with Indian central ministries, state governments, and central sponsor programs. The Ministry was created in 2004 after splitting it from the Ministry of Urban Development.
The government, in 2017, merged the urban development and housing and urban poverty alleviation ministries as the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).
The Government of India has launched various programs since its independence, such as some of the five year plans, to alleviate poverty and address the widening income gap, both, amongst the upper and lower classes of society, and amongst the rural and urban parts of the country. For instance, the "Eighth Plan policy guidelines envisages integrated approach to alleviation of urban poverty and servicing the urban poor with basic facilities so that their quality of life improves. The scheme could not help in preventing growth of new slums.
DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM CIRCUIT: A CASE OF KABIRVADSTATUE OF UNITY-SARDAR SARO...Yash Shah
In Kevadiya, the mighty Narmada flows between the Satpura and Vindhayachal, slyly giving way
to a smooth four-lane highway that leads to two remarkable structures: the Statue of Unity and the
Sardar Sarovar Dam. Twice, it seems, the country has looked at Kevadia and both times in scale,
the result has been quite remarkable. Driving up the highway, one can certainly rejoice in the fact
that the Statue of Unity is far removed from the bustle of the cities.
“Kevadiya is a shining example of eco-friendly development. On one side there is the dam and
power generation equipment and on the other, there are beautiful eco-tourism sites around SoU”.
After all, the charm of concrete skylines would fade rather quickly. Erecting the statue in a
nondescript town not only puts it on the tourist map but also creates a playground of opportunities,
one that the state government has been efficient to act upon.
In Kevadiya there were new tourist facilities like eco-tourism site, nursery, butterfly garden and
others will generate employment opportunities for the locals who would get big market for their
vegetables, fruits and milk. However shrouded in controversy it may be, our first glance at the
Statue of Unity was enough to make us gasp quite audibly. There was nothing quite like it. The
sheer size of it seemed unfathomable, my whole self as tall as Sardar Patel’s tiniest toe.
A PLANNING PROPOSAL FOR TOWN PLANNING SCHEME SURAT NO. 77 (DUMAS-BHIMPOR-GAVIAR)Yash Shah
A Town Planning scheme popularly known as “Land Acquisition without Tears” is successfully practiced in Gujarat & Maharashtra to manage the urban growth. Gujarat state practices method of land management by land pooling & readjusting the same for the development in an organized and desired manner. These Method is Known as Town Planning Scheme & it involves Public Participation at all stages of Proposal & development. The Town Planning Scheme (TPS) thus is a legal document that is the basis for assessing and determining proposals for the use and development of land in the Town at micro level.
In this report, the emphasis is given to study & analyses the integration & transformation of unorganized & haphazardly placed rural land parcels into usable form with accessibility & infrastructure provision identifying it as “Urban valuable land” with minimum land wastage. The study includes objectives & scope, terminologies, study of different land models , Legal aspect of Gujarat Town Planning & Urban development Act -1976, Town Planning Scheme methodology, T.P. Scheme Scenario of Surat city, study Of Existing T.P. Scheme, site visit for collecting the data & analysing & interpreting the same in various forms in all respects.
This gives preparation of conceptual layouts with carving out of road as per the needed linkages with surrounding area, & well integrated road network accessing each & every plots, reshaped plots with reserved plots for various public amenities including reserved plots for economically weaker section (EWS) - urban poor to lift up the society, with sufficient open spaces. Thus T.P. Scheme is a tool for urban planner to Create Social & Community Spirit Opportunities at micro level of the society with better infrastructure facilities to all for their development.
The proposal for T.P. Scheme includes the estimation of road, Infrastructure such as water supply, drainage, Street lights, Open spaces which are must for any development of land & to arrive the cost of development per hectare to arrive at the basic necessary amount required for development.
The aim of the Mission Smart City is to efficiently utilise the available Assets, Resources and
Infrastructure to enhance the quality of Urban Life and provide a clean and sustainable
environment for living and the main focus will be on core infrastructure services like adequate
clean Water supply, Power supply, Sanitation, Disaster Management, Solid waste management,
Waste water treatment, Efficient urban mobility and Public Transportation, Public Healthcare
system, Education, Affordable Housing, robust IT connectivity, e-governance, Safety, Socialsecurity. Smart City needs Smart Citizens too, Smart City needs to be Safe City as well for
citizens live a smooth life.
Some definitional boundaries are required to guide cities in the Mission. In the imagination of
any city dweller in India, the picture of a Smart City contains a wish list of infrastructure and
services that describes his or her level of aspiration. To provide for the aspirations and needs of
the citizens, urban planners ideally aim at developing the entire urban eco-system, which is
represented by the four pillars of comprehensive development — institutional, physical, social
and economic infrastructure. This can be a long term goal and cities can work towards
developing such comprehensive infrastructure incrementally, adding on layers of ‘smartness’.
In the approach to the Smart Cities Mission, the objective is to promote cities that provide core
infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment
and application of ‘Smart’ Solutions. The focus is on sustainable and inclusive development and
the idea is to look at compact areas, create a replicable model which will act like a light house to
other aspiring cities. The Smart Cities Mission of the Government is a bold, new initiative. It is
meant to set examples that can be replicated both within and outside the Smart City, catalyzing
the creation of similar Smart Cities in various regions and parts of the country.
In Smart Cities Mission Vadodara 2nd in PPP projects' progress Vadodara, which was selected to
be part of the Smart Cities Mission in September 2016, had zeroed in on 62 projects worth Rs
2,817 crore in this regard. The Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs had launched the
India Smart Cities Award on 25 June, 2017 with an objective to reward cities, projects and
innovative ideas.
"Smart Utilization of Vadodara City's Potential for enhancing Quality of life for the citizens of
Providing Equal Access to Best Quality Physical Infrastructure, Social Infrastructure and
Mobility through leveraging state of the art technology; thus making Vadodara a Futuristic
Global city with focus on enhancing economy, protecting the ecology and preserving the identity
& culture of the city".
REGIONAL PLAN: A CASE OF MUMBAI METROPOLITAN REGIONYash Shah
Regional planning deals with the efficient placement of land-use activities, infrastructure, and settlement growth across a larger area of land than an individual city or town. Regional planning is a sub-field of urban planning as it relates land use practices on a broader scale. It also includes formulating laws that will guide the efficient planning and management of such said regions.
Regions require various land uses; protection of farmland, cities, industrial space, transportation hubs and infrastructure, military bases, and wilderness. Regional planning is the science of efficient placement of infrastructure and zoning for the sustainable growth of a region. Advocates for regional planning such as new urbanist Peter Calthorpe, promote the approach because it can address region-wide environmental, social, and economic issues which may necessarily require a regional focus.
A ‘region’ in planning terms can be administrative or at least partially functional, and is likely to include a network of settlements and character areas. In most European countries, regional and national plans are ‘spatial’ directing certain levels of development to specific cities and towns in order to support and manage the region depending on specific needs, for example supporting or resisting polycentrism.
The Mumbai Metropolitan Planning Committee (MMPC) was formed under the provisions of the Maharashtra Metropolitan Planning Committee Act 1999 and has been entrusted with the task of preparing a Regional Plan for the Mumbai Metropolitan Area with help from MMRDA. Currently, the Regional Plan 1996 is in operation which was prepared by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) and sanctioned in 1999. The MMRDA was established under the MMRDA Act, 1974 and undertook the revision of the First regional plan prepared by the Regional Planning Board and sanctioned in 1973, under the provisions of the MR& TP Act, 1966.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
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Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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AFFORADBLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: - A CASE STUDY OF SURAT
1. SARVAJANIK EDUCATION SOCIETY
SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
SURAT affiliated with
Gujarat Technological University
AHMEDABAD
P. G. CENTER IN
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Graduate Report on
“AFFORADBLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: - A CASE
STUDY OF SURAT”
In the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING (TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING) – I
SEMESTER – I
Under the subject of
URBAN HOUSING
(Course code: 2714802)
Prepared by:
SHAH YASH SANJAYKUMAR
(Enrollment No: 190420748027)
M. E. (TCP) – I, Semester – I
Under the guidance of
Prof. Himanshu J Padhya
Associate Professor, FCE, SCET
Prof. Sejal B Bhagat
Ad – Hoc Assistant Professor, FCE, SCET
(DECEMBER, 2019)
2. i
SARVAJANIK COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY, SURAT
(2019-20)
Certificate
This is to certify that Graduate Report entitled “ Affordable Housing Shortage in
India : A Case Study Of SURAT ” is presented and report is submitted by SHAH
YASH S of First Semester for partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN TOWN & COUNTRY PLANNING of
Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology, Surat during the academic
year 2019.
Prof. Himanshu J. Padhya
Associate professor
FEC, SCET
Prof. Sejal S. Bhagat
Ad-Hoc Assistant professor
FEC, SCET
Dr. Pratima A. Patel
Professor & Head FEC,
SCET
External Examiner
Date:
Place:
3. ii
Table of Contents
1) Introduction:- .....................................................................................................................1
2) Estimation of housing shortage in India:-..........................................................................1
3) Distribution of Housing Shortage across Major States:.....................................................2
3.1 Key statistics:-.............................................................................................................3
4) Need for Affordable Urban Housing in India:-..................................................................4
5) Affordable Housing:-.........................................................................................................5
5.1 Overview:....................................................................................................................5
5.2 Defining Affordable Housing in India: .......................................................................5
5.3 Benefits of Affordable Housing:......................................................................................6
6) Affordable Housing Market - INDIA:-..............................................................................7
6.1 Shortage of affordable housing (million units):..........................................................7
7) Government Policy For Affordable Housing:- ..................................................................8
8) Adoption of Affordable Housing Shortage for Implementation of Pradhan Mantri Awas
Yojana (PMAY): A Case Study of SURAT ............................................................................12
8.1 Affordable housing market in Surat:-........................................................................12
8.2 Slum Decline:-...........................................................................................................13
8.3 Competitive Advantage:- ..........................................................................................13
8.4 Manpower Availability:-...........................................................................................14
8.5 Project Information:-.................................................................................................14
8.6 Challenges faced by Surat: - ........................................................................................18
8.7 Project Cost and Means of Finance:- ........................................................................19
9) Concluding Remark :-......................................................................................................21
Refernce...................................................................................................................................21
4. iii
List of Table
Table 1 Distribution of Housing shortage across Economic categories ....................................3
Table 2 Distribution of estimating urban housing shortage in India (million) ..........................4
Table 3 Urbanization Rate in India............................................................................................5
Table 4 Income Categories ........................................................................................................5
Table 5 Project Information.....................................................................................................14
Table 6 Private Partnership under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana ...........................................16
Table 7 Project Cost.................................................................................................................19
5. iv
List of Figure
Figure 1 Urban Households, Housing Stock, and Housing Shortages in India, 1971–2011.....2
Figure 2 Urban Housing Shortage .............................................................................................2
Figure 3 Affordable Housing Market - INDIA..........................................................................7
Figure 4 Shortage of Affordable Housing .................................................................................7
Figure 5 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana ...................................................................................10
Figure 6 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (RURAL) ..................................................................11
Figure 7 Pradhan mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) ......................................................................11
Figure 8 Affordable Housing Market in Surat.........................................................................13
Figure 9 Slum Decline .............................................................................................................13
Figure 10 Surat city..................................................................................................................15
6. ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING 1
1) Introduction:-
The current population of our country is at 1.37 billion and according to a UN report, it is
expected to reach an alarmingly high of 1.5 billion by 2030 that will eventually surpass China
in its population. This rapid urbanization gives growth to the infrastructure and housing
market but at the same time, it also calls for affordability. It is estimated that currently, India
faces a shortage for 20 million homes along with water scarcity, lack of waste disposal and
proper transport infrastructure. India is the second most populated country in the world after
China. According to census 2011, the population of India is 121 crores with a decadal growth
rate of 17.64%. About 37.7 crores people from India’s total population of 121 crores are
urban dwellers. With more than 1 crore people migrating to cities and towns every year, the
total urban population is expected to reach about 60 crores by 2031. Furthermore, between
2015 and 2031, the pace of urbanization is likely to increase at a compounded annual growth
rate (CAGR) of 2.1%, which is estimated to be double of China’s growth rate. The problem is
further compounded as there are only a few urban centers in India that promise better
prospects than most cities and towns leading to much more pressure on their infrastructure
and housing and resulting in disordered urbanization. This is reflected in almost 6.55 crores
Indians who, according to the country’s 2011 census, live in urban slums and sprawls.
Causes of Housing Shortage in India can be list out as following:
• Rapid population growth
• Migration
• Urbanization
• Limited land supply
• Affordability
• War and Violence
• Lack of financing etc
Housing shortage would not be a major problem if there is no mismatch between the people
for whom the houses are being built and those who need them. It would, however, be
unrealistic to assume that those living in ‘housing poverty’ would have affordability and
access to the burgeoning supply in the market. Within the urban population, there is a rapidly
growing informal sector whose ability to borrow from the formal market is not adequately
7. AFFORDABLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF SURAT
SHAH YASH S (190420748027) ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING
recognized. This is also posing a new challenge to the Policymakers and financiers. For the
housing shortage, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) was launched that was there to
tackle housing problems in both, urban and rural sector. Under this scheme, 20 million
houses are expected to be built by 2022, but the number keeps revising according to the
demand of the country.
2) Estimation of housing shortage in India:-
According to the report of the technical group on urban housing shortage (2012-2017) by the
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA).
The Obsolescence Factor: Non serviceable Units (0.99 million as per Census 2011)
is taken out of the housing stock. All bad houses excluding those that are less than 40
years of age (1.39 % NSS 65th Round results) and all houses aged 80 years or more
(1.43 % – NSS 65th Round results) constitute the obsolescence factor (2.27 Million).
The estimated figure regarding the same works out to be 3.26 millions on 1.3.2012.
The Congestion Factor: The ratio of households that are residing in unacceptably
‘congested conditions’ from physical and socio cultural view point (via married
couples sharing the room with other adults etc.) was worked out using NSS results –
65th round. The number of households requiring a separate dwelling unit on account
of congestion comes out to 14,986,312 (18.42 % congestion rate from NSS was
applied to the estimated population on 1.3. 2012 based on Census 2011 & inter census
growth rate).
8. AFFORDABLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF SURAT
SHAH YASH S (190420748027) ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING
ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING 2
Homeless People: Census 2001 data of 0.8 million homeless people has been
assumed to remain constant during 2001-11. Considering that half of the homeless are
single migrants and the other half have average household size of three, Technical
Group calculated total housing requirement of 0.53 million ( 0.4 Million for single
migrants and 0.13 for rest with average household size of 3) .
3) Distribution of Housing Shortage across Major States:
A population census, henceforth referred to as census, is the total process of collecting,
compiling, evaluating and disseminating demographic, social and other data at a specified
Figure 1 Urban Households, Housing Stock, and Housing Shortages in India, 1971–2011
Image source: www.naredco.in
Figure 2 Urban Housing Shortage
Image source: www.naredco.in
9. AFFORDABLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF SURAT
SHAH YASH S (190420748027) ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING
ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING 3
time covering all persons in a country or in well-delimited part(s) of a country. It is a major
source of social statistics, with its obvious advantage of providing reliable data – that is,
unaffected by sampling error - for small geographic units. A census is an ideal method for
providing information on size, composition and spatial distribution of the population in
addition to socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. In general the census collects
information for each individual in households and each set of living quarters, usually for the
whole country or well-defined parts of the country.
Taking into account the fact that the shortage in housing is significant in lower income group,
for 2012, TG-12 distributed the shortage on the basis of State’s contribution to the total, on
the basis of average of total number of households below poverty line in urban areas &
households with katcha houses in urban areas. In the past national level housing shortage was
distributed among the states in proportion to number of urban households.
Distribution of Housing shortage across Economic categories: Three fourths of the shortage is
in the EWS (Economically Weaker Section - income up to Rs. 5000 per month category and
another quarter of the shortage is in LIG (Lower Income Group- Income between Rs. 5001-
10,000 per month) category. In the latter, a significant proportion of shortage is on account of
congestion in living conditions.
Table 1 Distribution of Housing shortage across Economic categories
Image source: www.naredco.in
3.1 Key statistics:-
By the year 2030, an additional 3 billion people, about 40 percent of the world’s population,
will need access to housing. This translates into a demand for 96,150 new affordable units
every day and 4,000 every hour. One out of every three city dwellers – nearly a billion people
lives in a slum and that number is expected to double in the next 25 years. Slum indicators
10. AFFORDABLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF SURAT
SHAH YASH S (190420748027) ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING
ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING 4
include: lack of water, lack of sanitation, overcrowding, non-durable structures and insecure
tenure.
Access to land is fundamental to adequate shelter. Having legal title to that land encourages
families to invest and improve their homes and allows them to access credit and other public
services such as water and electricity. Nearly one sixth of the world’s population is living
without secure tenure.
The quality of housing stock & amenities directly affect health & quality of life One’s health
is directly linked to housing and housing related basics such as water and sanitation. In
Mexico, researchers at the World Bank and University of California, Berkeley, found that
replacing dirt floors with concrete floors improved the health of children.
4) Need for Affordable Urban Housing in India:-
As per the Report of the Technical Group on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage (2012), there has
been a huge gap in demand and supply of urban housing in India. The economically weaker sections
(EWS) and low income group (LIG) accounted for 96 per cent of the total housing shortage in India.
Table 2 Distribution of estimating urban housing shortage in India (million)
According to the McKinsey Report (2010), India will have 40 per cent of its population living in
urban areas with 68 cities with one million plus population (from 42 currently) by 2030 (Table 3). It
11. AFFORDABLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF SURAT
SHAH YASH S (190420748027) ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING
ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING 5
estimates that the demand for affordable housing will increase to 38 million housing units in 2030
from 19 million in 2012.
Table 3 Urbanization Rate in India
5) Affordable Housing:-
5.1 Overview:
Affordable housing is defined as any housing that meets some form of affordability criterion.
The affordability criterion is different for different countries. For example in United States
and Canada, a common accepted criterion for affordable housing is that the cost of housing
should not be more than 30 percent of a household's gross income. Housing costs include
taxes and insurance for owners, and utility costs.
5.2 Defining Affordable Housing in India:
The Confederation of Real Estate Developers' Associations of India (CREDAI) has
developed definitions of affordable housing for Tier I, II and III cities, based on three key
parameters income level, size of the dwelling unit, and affordability.
Table 4 Income Categories
12. AFFORDABLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF SURAT
SHAH YASH S (190420748027) ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING
ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING 6
5.3 Benefits of Affordable Housing:
Affordable housing has mass appeal. As a result collections from volume sales
outpace the collections from premium housing sale resulting in larger proceeds.
Affordable housing projects have lower development costs leading to improvement in
developers finances.
Affordable housing helps to diversify the risks faced by developers when there is
sudden fall in market demand of mid income and high end housing segments.
It helps to improve the basic quality of life of the lower income group by providing
basic amenities such as sanitation, adequate water supply and power.
13. AFFORDABLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF SURAT
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ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING 7
6) Affordable Housing Market - INDIA:-
Figure 3 Affordable Housing Market - INDIA.
Affordable housing segment is forecasted to grow about 1.5 times from an estimated
25 million households in 2010 to 38 million in 2030.
Maximum potential is believed to be in the Tier 1 cities that have considerable
population of urban poor, and in lower-income Tier 4 cities.
6.1 Shortage of affordable housing (million units):
Figure 4 Shortage of Affordable Housing
There is strong demand for affordable houses and is expected to grow. The supply on
the other hand has been low, thus creating substantial opportunities to bridge the gap.
The current environment of high economic activity and low inflation. Is likely to
trigger a growth in the demand for affordable housing, especially from the expanding
urban middle class.
14. AFFORDABLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF SURAT
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ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING 8
7) Government Policy For Affordable Housing:-
First National Housing Policy in India was formulated in 1988, followed by a new National
Housing Policy in August 1994. Further, in July, 1998, another National Housing & Habitat
Policy was announced with some landmark initiatives like involvement of multi-stakeholders,
repeal of Urban Land Ceiling Act, permitting Foreign Direct Investment in housing and real
estate sector, etc.
However, all these policies were generic and applicable to both rural and urban areas. Taking
into account emerging challenges of required shelter and growth of slums, the first ever urban
areas specific National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007 was announced in December
2007.
A. The National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy, 2007 has sought to earmark land
for EWS/LIG groups in new housing projects for provision of affordable housing for
this segment of the population. To prevent frauds in loan cases involving multiple
lending from different banks/HFCs on the same immovable property, the Government
has facilitated setting up of Central Electronic Registry under the SARFAESI Act,
2002. This Registry has become operational with effect from March 31, 2011.
B. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was
launched in December 2005 with aim to cover construction of 1.5 m houses for urban
poor during the Mission period (2005- 2012).
It has two Sub-Missions:
I. Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) seeks to provide seven entitlements/
services - security of tenure, affordable housing, water, sanitation, health, education
and social security in low income segments in the 65 Mission Cities.
II. The Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) seeks to
provide the above mentioned 7 entitlements, services in towns/cities other than the
Mission Cities.
C. The Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) has been focused on the provision of cash subsidy
scheme to rural BPL families for construction of dwelling units using their own
design and technology. The funding under the Scheme is provided by the Centre and
15. AFFORDABLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF SURAT
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ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING 9
State in the ratio of 75:25 respectively. The Two Million Housing Programme,
launched in 1998-99 is a loan based Scheme and seeks to facilitate the construction of
20 lakh additional houses per annum of which 7 lakh are targeted in urban areas and
13 lakh in rural areas.
D. Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP) has sought to
enhance affordability of the urban poor through the provision of an interest subsidy of
five per cent per annum on a loan amount of up to 1 lakh for the economically weaker
sections and lower income groups in the urban areas for acquisition/construction of
houses. The Government has also launched a scheme of Affordable Housing in
Partnership with an outlay of 5,000 crore for construction of one million houses for
EWS/LIG/MIG with at least 25 per cent for EWS category. The Scheme aims at
partnership between various agencies/ Government/parastatals/ Urban Local Bodies/
developers for realizing the goal of affordable housing for all.
E. Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) aims to create a Mortgage Risk Guarantee Fund to
enable provision of credit to Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and LIG
households and to encourage the States to adopt policies that will create a slum free
India on ‘whole City approach.
F. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) launched in 2015 provides a fresh impetus
the PMAY-Urban (PMAY-U) subsumes all the previous urban housing schemes and
aims at ‘Housing for All’ to be achieved by the year 2022. The total housing shortage
envisaged to be addressed through the PMAY-U is 20 million. The mission has four
components:
16. AFFORDABLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF SURAT
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ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING 10
Figure 5 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
I. In-situ slum redevelopment (ISSR): using land as resource, the scheme aims to
provide houses to eligible slum dwellers by redeveloping the existing slums on public/
private land. Under this scheme, a grant of `1 lakh per house is provided by the central
government to the planning and implementing authorities of the states/UTs.
II. Credit-linked subsidy scheme (CLSS): under this scheme, easy institutional credit is
provided to EWS, LIG and MIG households for purchase of homes with interest
subsidy credited upfront to the borrower’s account through primary lending
institutions (PLIs), effectively reducing housing loan and equated monthly instalments
(EMI).
III. Affordable housing in partnership (AHP): it aims to provide financial assistance to
private developers to boost private participation in affordable housing projects; central
assistance is provided at the rate of 1.5 lakh per EWS house in private projects where
at least 35 per cent of the houses are constructed for the EWS category.
IV. Beneficiary-led construction or enhancement (BLC): this scheme involves central
assistance of 1.5 lakh per family for new construction or extension of existing houses
for the EWS/LIG.
(A)Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (RURAL)
17. AFFORDABLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF SURAT
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Figure 6 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (RURAL)
Source: - www.pmayg.nic.in
PMAY in the rural areas is to address the homelessness and the dilapidated condition of
houses. The beneficiaries are selected through an objective process with the help of the Gram
Sabha and data from the Socio-Economic and Caste Census. The government provides an
assistance of Rs 1.20 lakhs in plain areas and Rs 1.30 lakhs in hilly areas to selected
beneficiaries.
(B) Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban)
Figure 7 Pradhan mantri Awas Yojana (Urban)
Source: - www.pmayg.nic.in
18. AFFORDABLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF SURAT
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In urban areas, the urban affairs minister Hardeep Singh Puri claimed in September that 50%
of the target had been met. But the government’s website shows of the 1.2 crore urban houses
it aims to build, 68.5 lakh houses have been sanctioned, and just 18% of the sanctioned
houses have been built. With house completion taking an average of two or three years, the
government needs to finish sanctioning all homes by 2020 in order to finish all construction
by 2022, the report states. The report estimates the government will need Rs 1.5 lakh crore to
meet the target of building 1.2 crore urban houses by 2022. Only 22% – around Rs 33,000
crore – has been disbursed so far.
8) Adoption of Affordable Housing Shortage for Implementation
of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): A Case Study of
SURAT
8.1 Affordable housing market in Surat:-
In the next five years, demand for housing in Surat is estimated at 2.30 lacs residential
units during 2016-2020.
Nearly 80% demand is derived from lower income and middle income group.
Affordable housing is one segment which has still gained ground in Surat amid
recession in the realty market.
Industrial development and opening up of new areas in service sector have propelled
the demand for affordable housing.
Demand for housing is likely to increase at a strong rate of 6-7% resulting in a
cumulative incremental demand of 2,30,000 till 2020.
19. AFFORDABLE HOUSING SHORTAGE IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF SURAT
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Figure 8 Affordable Housing Market in Surat
8.2 Slum Decline:-
Percentage of slums has come down to 7% from 18% in just 7 years.
The city had 70-75,000 slum units left in 2013 involving 3.50 lakh to 3.75 lakh slum
population.
SMC wants to make Surat a zero-slum city by 2019.
These slum areas would be given to private developers to rebuild multistoried houses
for slum dwellers.
Private developers would be given additional FSI for their work.
8.3 Competitive Advantage:-
Surat ranks fourth in a global study of fastest-developing cities in the world in terms of
economic prosperity.
A. Booming Real Estate Sector:- Real estate is a new emerging business in Surat
and is growing at annual rate of 15-20%.The housing sectors is one of the most
preferred segments with leading property developers coming up with all kinds of
affordable and luxury housing projects.
Figure 9 Slum Decline
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B. High Quality Infrastructure:- Surat has adequate water supply network
covering 95 % of the city with some parts having 24*7 water supply. 95% of the city
is covered by underground sewerage system. Surat has waste to energy plants
installed for converting sewage waste to energy.
C. Effective Governance System:- The city has an efficient and effective
governance system with most of the civic services being available online and citizens
can do most of the transactions online on Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC)’s
website and Mobile application.
D. Advanced systems and Capabilities:- Advance systems like CCTV
surveillance, Mobile APP, Tertiary Treatment Plan for recycling waste Water,
Underground Cabling , Energy from Renewable sources, Wi-Fi hotspots etc. are
already present in Surat. This makes it an ideal investment Destination.
E. High GDP growth rate: - Surat has registered high GDP growth rate of 12 to
13% from 2013-15. It contributes to 42% of world’s total rough diamond cutting and
polishing; accounting for US$ 10 billion, which forms approximately 65% of the total
diamond exports from India.
8.4 Manpower Availability:- More than 70% of Surat’s population is under 35 years
of age. This indicates availability of potentially large working population. Fast
development of various industries in and around Surat City makes it a preferred
destination for job seekers from all around the country.
8.5 Project Information:-
Table 5 Project Information
Project Name Construction of 5750 units under affordable
housing on PPP under smart city mission,
Surat
Location Surat, Gujarat
Area 60 Acres
Focus Sector Real Estate – Slum Development
Target Audience Real estate developers and Indian corporates
Project site – Surat, Gujarat
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The city is located in the southwest part of Gujarat on the banks of Tapti River with a
geographical spread of over 326 sq.km. It shares border with Bharuch, Narmada in
north, Navsari in south, Bharuch and Gulf of Cambay to the west.
Figure 10 Surat city
Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) is responsible for making Surat self-reliant and a
sustainable city with all basic amenities and providing a better quality of life.
SMC also takes care of affordability in housing sector and has constructed more than
80,000 houses for the urban poor and 2,460 units under slum redevelopment
Diamond city Surat's population grew from 28.12 lakh in 2001 to 60.81 lakh in 2011 a
rise of 58.68%
Spiral in Surat's population is due to "immigration" from other parts of Gujarat as well
as other states of India.
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Table 6 Private Partnership under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
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8.6 Challenges faced by Surat: - Due to the booming industries in Surat there is a
high population influx. This could impact the infrastructure of the city which can collapse
anytime. The city is also periodically prone to floods.
I. Lack of Availability of Urban Land: Rapid growth of urbanization has led to
high population density in urban areas thereby creating a huge demand for land. The
shortage is further exacerbated by poorly conceived central, state and municipal
regulations resulting in high land prices.
II. Lack of Marketable Land Parcels: Government authorities or state-owned
entities such as railways and ports own large tracts of urban land, which are
nonmarketable resulting in inefficient use. There is also proliferation of slums and
squatter settlements in these areas.
III. Lack of Access to Home Finance for Low-Income Groups: Low-income
groups (LIGs) lack access to housing finance. Majority of the loans (~80 %) disbursed
by Housing Finance Companies (HFCs) are to Mid-Income and High-Income Groups
(>INR 10 lakhs). Risk of loan turning into NPAs and uneven repayment pattern
deprives LIGs from availing loan.
IV. Regulatory Constraints: Real estate development projects are subjected to
lengthy approval process resulting in project delays which escalates construction cost.
Also there is lack of clarity in building bylaws and rules for Floor Space Index (FSI),
zoning and development plans formulated by the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and
Urban Development Departments (UDDs) in India.
V. Lack of transparency in governance: There have been instances around
conflict of interests like being a franchise and a league owner at the same time,
controversial auctioning of players and spot-fixing. Such incidents have raised
questions on professional governance and transparency.
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8.7 Project Cost and Means of Finance:-
Table 7 Project Cost
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9) Concluding Remark :-
It is very difficult to complete the mass low cost housing projects, taken up under the
schemes like PMAY for a mission of achieving “Housing for All by 2022 (HFA by 2022)”,
with conventional technologies since these projects are time bound and constrained heavily
by the availability of the funds. So, an appropriate and new technology that can provide better
control over cost and time without compromising on quality only can be a promising tool for
any engineer to achieve the goal for completing the project.
Hence the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MOHUA) of GOI has established cell
in the Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC) to help
implementation of PMAY by identifying the new and appropriate technologies that can be
implemented to achieve the targets. The technologies thus identified are general and the state
governments have to identify the suitable technology to implement in their respective states
to achieve the targets in time.
Refernce
• Report of The Technician Group on Urban Housing Shortage (TG-12) 2012-17,
• National Buildings Organization, Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty
Alleviation.
• Housing, Household Amenities and Assets - Key Results from Census 2011 ,
• Websites of National Housing Bank & National Buildings Organization.
• Report on “Government Initiatives and Programme for Affordable Housing”,
presented in National Workshop on Pro-Poor Housing Finance October 29, 2008,
• Website of Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation
• M. Rajasekhar Naik, K. Rajasekhara Reddy and P. Santha Rao, Adoption of
Technology for Implementation of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): A
Case Study of Andhra Pradesh, International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 9(6), 2018, pp. 199–207.
• http://www.gujarathousingboard.org
• http://http://www.udd.gujarat.gov.in/
• https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/