Urban Poverty Alleviation

SARVAJANIK EDUCATION SOCIETY
SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
SURAT affiliated with
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
AHMEDABAD
P. G. CENTER IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Graduate Report on
“Urban Poverty Alleviation”
In the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING TOWN AND COUNTRY
PLANNING
SEMESTER – I
Under the subject of
Socio Economic Planning (3714810)
Prepared by:
SHAH YASH SANJAYKUMAR
(Enrollment No.-190420748027)
M. E. (TCP) – I, Semester – I
Under the guidance of
Prof. Himanshu J Padhya
Associate Professor, FEC, SCET
(November 2019)

I
SARVAJANIK COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY, SURAT
(2019-20)
Certificate
This is to certify that Graduate Report entitled “Urban Poverty Alleviation” is presented and
report is submitted by SHAH YASH SANJAYKUMAR of First Semester for partial fulfillment of
requirement for the degree of MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN (CIVIL) TOWN & COUNTRY
PLANNING of Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology, Surat during the academic
year 2019-20.
__________________________ _____________________
Prof. Himanshu J Padhya Dr.Pratima A. Patel
Associate Professor Professor & Head
FEC, SCET FEC, SCET
______________________
External Examiner

II
Contents
1. Introduction of Urban Poverty:- .......................................................................................................1
2. Urban Poverty Alleviation: -..............................................................................................................2
3. Urban Poverty Alleviation Schemes through Government Programmes:-...................................3
4. Major Urban Poverty Alleviation Programmes:-............................................................................6
6. National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP):-............................................................................8
7. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana/ Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana:- .....................................................9
8. Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY):-................................................................................9
9. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM):- ..............................................9
10. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA):-...................10
11. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Housing for All):-....................................................................12
12. State-Level Initiatives For removal of Urban Poverty:-............................................................13
13. Concluding remark:- ....................................................................................................................14
14. References:- ...................................................................................................................................15
List of Tables
Table 1 Urban Poverty Alleviation programmes in India.............................................................................4
Table 2.State-Level Initiatives For removal of Urban Poverty...................................................................13

URBAN POVERTY ALLEVATION
SHAH YASH S (190420748027) SOCIO ECONOMIC PLANNING
ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING 1
1. Introduction of Urban Poverty:-
Poverty is an unacceptable human condition that does not have to be inevitable. The main goal
of development is to eliminate poverty and reduce social imbalances. Sustainable economic growth
and appropriate social policies are keys to fighting poverty. At the same time, reducing poverty
helps growth by enabling the poor to participate productively in the economy. Yet economic
growth by itself does not guarantee success in eradicating poverty. Other important dimensions of
poverty, such as quality of life and participation in decision-making, need to be addressed.
Urban poverty is a major challenge before the urban managers and administrators of the present
time. Though the anti-poverty strategy comprising of a wide range of poverty alleviation and
employment generating programmes has been implemented but results show that the situation is
grim. Importantly, poverty in urban India gets exacerbated by substantial rate of population
growth, high rate of migration from the rural areas and mushrooming of slum pockets. Migration
alone accounts for about 40 per cent of the growth in urban population, converting the rural poverty
into urban one.
The challenges of urban poverty, both in terms of the growing numbers of urban poor and the
task of meeting the increasing requirements of education, health, sanitation, housing infrastructure
and employment, have in recent times become a prime concern for planners and policy makers. It
should be noted that even though efforts were initiated in the Fifth Five Year Plan (FYP, 1974-79)
to tackle the problem of urban poverty, it was only during the Seventh Plan period (1985-90) that
concerted efforts were made to engage with the issues in a coordinated manner.
Moreover, poverty has become synonymous with slums. The relationship is bilateral i.e. slums
also breed poverty. This vicious circle never ends. Most of the world’s poor reside in India and
majority of the poor live in rural areas and about one-fourth urban population in India lives below
poverty line. If one counts those who are deprived of safe drinking water, adequate clothing, or
shelter, the number is considerably higher.

2. Urban Poverty Alleviation: -
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation is an agency of the Government of
India responsible for urban poverty, housing, and employment programs. It is involved in national
policy decisions and coordinates with Indian central ministries, state governments, and central
sponsor programs. The Ministry was created in 2004 after splitting it from the Ministry of Urban
Development.
The government, in 2017, merged the urban development and housing and urban poverty
alleviation ministries as the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).
The Government of India has launched various programs since its independence, such as some
of the five year plans, to alleviate poverty and address the widening income gap, both, amongst
the upper and lower classes of society, and amongst the rural and urban parts of the country. For
instance, the "Eighth Plan policy guidelines envisages integrated approach to alleviation of urban
poverty and servicing the urban poor with basic facilities so that their quality of life improves. The
scheme could not help in preventing growth of new slums.
While newly launched programs like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Act (MNREGA), National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), Food Security Act, Mid-day Meals
and Bharat Nirman Yojana have demonstrated success in the initial stages, their performance over
the long-run still remains to be seen. The shortsightedness of the Indian government often leads it
to launch populist programs that may not necessarily work well. Low-hanging fruit like increasing
worker's minimum wage can go a long way in achieving the goal of poverty alleviation, but are
yet to be taken up in spite of reminders from leading economists.
Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation has set up a Task Force under the
chairmanship of Secretary, with the objective to evolve formulations for a viable micro credit
mechanism for urban poor/informal sectors. It is expected that about 10 million urban vendors

would be benefited under National Policy on Urban Street Vendors. Urban vending is not only a
source of employment but provide affordable services to the majority of urban population. The
Ministry has also set up a Task Force on Urban Poverty with the objective of in-depth systematic
and comprehensive assessment and analysis of the issues relating to urban poverty and suggesting
strategies in the national level to alleviate urban poverty in the country. The Ministry has also set
up a Task Force on Land Tenure for in-depth systematic and comprehensive assessment and
analysis of the issues relating to security of land tenure for the urban poor specially with reference
to provide them appropriate environment for facilitating micro credit to cater to their consumer
and housing needs.
3. Urban Poverty Alleviation Schemes through Government Programmes:-
The frontal attack on poverty was pursued in three successive phases. In the first phase, lasting
from the beginning of the 1950s till the end of the 1960s, the major emphasis was on redistribution
of land and improving the plight of poor tenants, on abolition of functionless intermediaries, on
tenancy reforms culminating in the principle of ‘land to the tiller’, on imposing ceilings on large
holdings, sequestering surplus land and redistributing it among the landless agricultural laborers
and marginal farmers.
By the late 1960s the second phase of Poverty Alleviation Programme (PAP) started with
measures that promised to address directly and exclusively the poor in the rural areas. This target-
group oriented approach started with the programme for backward regions, graduated to the
programme for the development of small and marginal farmers, landless laborers, etc. and finally
culminated in the Integrated Rural Development Programme and National Rural Employment
Programme. The distinguishing feature of the poverty alleviation programme during this phase
was the emphasis on creating employment opportunities and distributing renewable assets among
the poor. Heavy emphasis was also placed during this phase of PAP on transfer of income to the
poor in indirect ways, e.g., through food subsidies and ‘dual pricing’ of essential commodities.

In the third the latest phase starting from the beginning of the 1990s, emphasis has shifted to
measures aimed at accelerating economic growth and on creating an environment for ensuring a
‘spread effect’. In keeping with Indian traditions, lip-service is continued to be paid to structural
change, as much as to the target-group oriented programmes, but the dominant thought is to create
more wealth to enable the poor to benefit from the secondary effects of growth which, it is
presumed, will percolate down and reach the poor.
The Government of India has been forming and implementing various Poverty Alleviation and
Social Security Programmes since the early years of Indian independence. The poverty alleviation
programmes in India can be categorized according to their targets and formations. Most of the
programmes are designed to target rural poverty as the prevalence of the poverty is high in rural
areas. Moreover, targeting of the poor is challenging in rural areas due to various geographic and
infrastructure limitations.
The programmes can be mainly grouped into:
1) Employment Generation Programmes (Self-Employment and Wage-Employment Programmes)
2) Target Specific Programmes (Social Security and Food Security Programmes)
3) Area Development Programmes (Tribal/Hilly/Drought Prone Area Development Programmes)
4) Twenty Point Programmes.
Table 1 Urban Poverty Alleviation programmes in India
Sr.No Year Name of Central Government Initiatives
1 1952 Economically Weaker Section (EWS) Housing
2 1952 Subsidized Industrial Housing Scheme (SIHS)
3 1954 Low Income Group Housing Scheme (LIGHS)
4 1956 Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) (SAIC) Programme
5 1958 Urban Community Development (UCD)
6 1959 Land Acquisition and Development Scheme (LADS)
7 1961 Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Scheme (UWS&S)
8 1962 Mid-Day Meal (MDM) Programme
9 1970 Special Nutrition Programme (SNP)

10 1975 Crèches/ Day Care Centers for Children (C/DCC)
11 1975 Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
12 1977 Differential Rate of Interest (DRI)
13 1979 Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT)
14 1980 Sites and Services (SS)
15 1980 Minimum Needs Programme (MNP)
16 1981 Low Cost Sanitation (LCS) (for liberation of scavengers)
17 1982 Early Child Education (ECE)
18 1985 Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)
19 1986 Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP)
20 1986 Self Employment Programme for the Urban Poor (SEPUP)
21 1986 20-point Programme (20PP)
22 1986 Operation Blackboard (OB)
23 1986 Urban Basic Services (UBS) Programme
24 1988 Night Shelter Scheme (NSS)
25 1988 Total Literacy Campaign (TLC)
26 1989 Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY)
27 1990 Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP)
28 1993 Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana (PMRY)
29 1993 Scheme for Liberation and Rehabilitation of Scavengers (SLRS)
30 1993 Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP)
31 1993 National Crèche Fund (NCF)
32 1994 District Primary Education Programme (DPEP)
33 1995 National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NP-NSPE)
34 1995
Prime Minister's Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme (PMI –
UPEP)
35 1995 Scheme for Community -Based Production of Nutritious Foods (CBPNF)
36 1996 National Slum Development Programme (NSDP)
37 1997 Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)
38 1997 Balika Samrudhi Yojana (BSY)

39 1997 Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS)
40 1998 Janshala GoI - UN Programme (JP)
41 2000 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)
42 2001 Valmiki Ambedkar Malin Basti Awas Yojana (VAMBAY)
43 2001
Education Guarantee Scheme and Alternative and Innovative Education (EGS
& AIE)
44 2005
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) under JNNURM
Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) started 1990 functional till date
45 2006 Twenty Point Programme (TPP)
46 2007 Follow up on National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy (NUHHP)
47 2008 Follow up on Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)
48 2009 National Policy on Urban Street Vendors
49 2009 Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
50 2010 Support Programme for Urban Reforms (SPUR)
Source: Urban Poverty Alleviation in India, Ramanathan Foundation Report 2002,
Bangalore, India and www.mhupa.gov.in
4. Major Urban Poverty Alleviation Programmes:-
Some of Major Urban Poverty Alleviation Programmes are as Follows:-
1. Housing For All
2. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana/ Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana
3. Annapurna.
4. Integrated Rural Development Program(IRDP)
5. Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana.
6. National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
7. Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
8. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM):
9. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)

5. Integrated Rural Development Programme/ Swarnajayanti Gram
Swarozgar Yojana:-
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), introduced in selected blocks in 1978-79
and universalized from October 2, 1980 has provided assistance to the rural poor in the form of
subsidy and bank credit for productive employment opportunities through successive plan periods.
Subsequently, Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM), Development of Women
and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), Supply of Improved Tool Kits to Rural Artisans (SITRA)
and Ganga Kalyan Yojana (GKY) were introduced as sub-programmes of IRDP to take care of the
specific needs of the rural population. These schemes were, however, implemented as ‘stand alone
programmes’, an approach which substantially detracted from their effectiveness.
On April 1, 1999, the IRDP and allied programmes, including the Million Wells Scheme
(MWS), were merged into a single programme known as Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana
(SGSY). The SGSY is conceived as a holistic programme of micro enterprise development in rural
areas with emphasis on organizing the rural poor into self-help groups, capacity-building, planning
of activity clusters, infrastructure support, technology, credit and marketing linkages. It seeks to
promote a network of agencies, namely, the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs), line
departments of state governments, banks, NGOs and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) for
implementation of the programme. The SGSY recognizes the need to focus on key activities and
the importance of activity clusters. The programme has in-built safeguards for the weaker sections.
It insists that women must exclusively form 50 per cent of the self-help groups and that 50 per cent
of the benefits should flow to SCs and STs. There is also a provision for disabled beneficiaries.
It started with 2000 blocks, and later on, all the 5011 blocks in the country were brought under
its cover and various other programmes and agencies in the field were merged with the IRDP. The
basic aim of IRDP is to lift the rural poor (especially the SC, ST, agricultural labourers, rural
artisans, marginal and small farmers, in brief, the poorest among the poor in the rural economy)
above the poverty line through micro level block planning based on household surveys. Creation
of basic infrastructural facilities for the growth of the small-scale industries and development of

skill and knowledge among the rural people are two important objectives of the IRDP. The IRDP
emphasizes the need for coordination among various agencies operating to help the rural poor. The
banks and other credit institutions are to work in close co-operation with the IRDP so as to
ameliorate the economic conditions of the people below the poverty line. During Ninth Five Year
Plan (1998-99), IRDP was ceased to exist and it was merged with SGSY.
6. National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP):-
Democratic decentralization and centrally supported Social Assistance Programmes were two
major initiatives of the government in the 1990s. The National Social Assistance Programme
(NSAP), launched in August 1995 marks a significant step towards fulfillment of the Directive
Principles of State Policy.
The NSAP has three components:
♦ National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)
♦ National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS)
♦ National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS)
The NSAP is a centrally sponsored programme that aims at ensuring a minimum national
standard of social assistance that states provide from their own resources. The NOAPS provides a
monthly pension of Rs. 75 to destitute BPL persons above 65 years. The NFBS is a scheme for
BPL families who are given Rs. 10,000 in the event of the death of the breadwinner. The NMBS
provides Rs. 500 to support nutritional intake for pregnant women.
The coverage of NSAP is limited due to resource constraints. In addition to NSAP, the
Annapurna scheme was launched from April 1, 2000 to provide food security to senior citizens
who were eligible for pension under NOAPS but could not receive it due to budget constraints.

7. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana/ Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana:-
The NREP and RLEGP were merged in April 1989 under the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY).
The JRY was meant to generate meaningful employment opportunities for the unemployed and
underemployed in rural areas through the creation of economic infrastructure and community and
social assets. A major proportion of JRY funds were spent on roads and buildings. Over 47 per
cent of the employment generated benefited SC/STs.
The JRY was revamped from 1 April 1999 as the Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana (JGSY). It
became a programme for the creation of rural economic infrastructure with employment generation
as a secondary objective. The 60:40 wage labour/material ratio in the JRY was relaxed. The
programme is implemented by village panchayats and provides for specific benefits to SC/STs,
the disabled and provides for the maintenance of community assets created in the past.
8. Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY):-
Given the complementarity of the JGSY, EAS and Food for Work Programme, all of which
aim at the creation of employment opportunities in rural areas, they were revamped and merged
under the new Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) scheme from September 2001. The
basic aim of the scheme continues to be generation of wage employment, creation of durable
economic infrastructure in rural areas and provision of food and nutrition security to the poor.
9. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM):-
Initiated in December 2005 as a mission, the JNNURM supports an integrated, reforms-driven,
fast-track planned development of cities with a focus on efficiency in urban infrastructure, services
delivery mechanisms and accountability of ULBs towards their citizens. Sub-mission II i.e. Basic
Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) in 65 mission cities along with the Integrated Housing and
Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) for non mission cities is managed by M/o HUPA and has

three pro-poor reforms: (a) a 7-point charter for basic services to the urban poor including land
tenure, affordable housing, water, sanitation, health, education and social security; (b) earmarking
of the municipal budget for the provision via a “Basic Services for the Urban Poor” (BSUP) Fund;
and (c) the reservation of land for housing the urban poor in both public and private housing
projects.
10.Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA):-
Identifying the humanitarian crisis, the Government of India made commitment in its Common
Minimum Programme (CMP) that it would immediately enact an Employment Guarantee Act. The
draft proposed by the National Advisory Council (NAC) envisaged legal guarantee to every
household in rural areas for 100 days for doing casual manual work. Formulation and
implementation of a major flagship rural employment generation programme was the demand of
time. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) was designed in this very context.
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (or, NREGA No 42, later renamed as the
"Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act", MGNREGA), is an Indian labour
law and social security measure that aims to guarantee the 'right to work'.
Finance Minister Arun Jaitley allocated highest ever funds to rural job scheme MGNRGEA
Rs 48,000 crore rupees in 2017-2018 budget. Giving a major thrust to rural India in the Union
Budget, the government announced bringing one crore households out of poverty and making
50,000 gram panchayats poverty free by 2019, besides allocating highest ever funds to rural job
scheme MGNRGEA.
Stating that improving the life of people in rural areas is "a non-negotiable agenda for the
government", Finance Minister Arun Jaitley said the government would start a Mission Antyodaya
(Poverty Free India by 2022) for poverty alleviation in the country. "With a clear focus on
improving accountability, outcomes and convergence, we will undertake a Mission Antyodaya to

bring one crore households out of poverty and to make 50,000 gram panchayats poverty free by
2019, the 150th birth anniversary of (Mahatma) Gandhiji," Jaitley said in his speech.
Allocating higher funds to all the major schemes for rural areas, he said, "The budget provision
of Rs 38,500 crore under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA) in 2016-17 has been increased to Rs 48,000 crore in 2017-18."Besides providing
employment, MGNREGA should create productive assets to improve farm productivity and
incomes, he said, adding that this is the highest ever allocation for MGNREGA.
Exuding confidence that the construction of roads under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
(PMGSY) has increased to 133 km per day, he said the government will connect 65,000 eligible
habitations by constructing 2.23 lakh km of roads in rural areas by 2019. Whereas, the allocation
of another flagship scheme Pradhan Mantri Gram Aawaas Yojana (gramin) has been increased to
Rs 23,000 crore from Rs 15,000 crore.
Similarly, the allocation for National Rural Livelihood Mission for promotion of skill
development has also been increased to Rs 4,500 crore in 2017-18. In a bid to ensure safe drinking
water to over 28,000 arsenic and fluoride affected habitations in the next four years, the
government will start a sub-mission of the National Rural Drinking Water Programme. In this
year's budget, the allocation for the Rural Development Ministry has also been increased by more
than 10 per cent to Rs 1,07,758 crore from Rs 97,760 crore.
The Ministry also mentioned that Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) has made tremendous
progress in promoting safe sanitation and ending open defecation. Sanitation coverage in rural
India has gone up from 42 per cent in October 2014 to about 60 per cent. Open Defecation Free
villages are now being given priority for piped water supply.

11.Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Housing for All):-
The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) Programme launched by the Ministry of Housing
and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA), in Mission mode envisions provision of Housing for
All by 2022, when the Nation completes 75 years of its Independence. The Mission seeks to
address the housing requirement of urban poor including slum dwellers through following
programme verticals:
Slum rehabilitation of Slum Dwellers with participation of private developers using land as a
resource Promotion of Affordable Housing for weaker section through credit linked subsidy
Affordable Housing in Partnership with Public & Private sectors Subsidy for beneficiary-led
individual house construction /enhancement.
The mission seeks to address the housing requirement of urban poor including slum dwellers.
A slum is defined as a compact area of at least 300 people or about 60 - 70 households of poorly
built congested tenements in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and
lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities.
“Housing for All” Mission for urban area is being implemented during 2015-2022 and this
Mission will provide central assistance to implementing agencies through States and UTs for
providing houses to all eligible families/beneficiaries by 2022.
Mission will be implemented as Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) except for the component
of credit linked subsidy which will be implemented as a Central Sector Scheme. Mission with all
its component has become effective from the date 17.06.2015 and will be implemented up to
31.03.2022.
 Coverage and Duration Of Housing For All Scheme:-
All 4041 statutory towns as per Census 2011 with focus on 500 Class I cities would be covered
in three phases as follows:

 Phase I (April 2015 - March 2017) to cover 100 Cities selected from States/UTs as per their
willingness.
 Phase II (April 2017 - March 2019) to cover additional 200 Cities
 Phase III (April 2019 - March 2022) to cover all other remaining Cities
12.State-Level Initiatives For removal of Urban Poverty:-
Apart from Central government programmes discussed in the previous sections, several State
Governments have initiated their own rural development programmes. In many instances, the state
initiatives have been the precursor to many countrywide programmes. Those initiatives are not
only in line with the policy of democratic decentralization but can supplement the centrally
sponsored schemes. The State Governments are better placed to understand the felt needs of the
local people and can respond more effectively. It has also been seen that where such State level
initiatives have strong political backing, the performance has been laudable. The table below
enumerates some sample State initiatives:
Table 2.State-Level Initiatives For removal of Urban Poverty
State Name
Year of
start
Nature of the scheme
Tamil Nadu
Namakku
Name
Thittam
1997-98
Village level development such as construction of
buildings, creation and improvement of minor
irrigation works, and construction of bridges,
culverts and road
Tamil Nadu
Anna
Marumalarchi
Thittam
1997-98
Convergence of all basic minimum services namely
drinking water, primary education, public health,
nutrition, shelter, rural roads and connectivity and
fair price shops
Gujarat
Gokul Gram
Yojana
1995-96
Provides basic infrastructure to all villages within a
time frame of five years, such as all-weather
approach roads, drinking water, construction of
village ponds with bathing ghats, construction of

primary school rooms, community halls, community
worksheds and village afforestation
Andhra
Pradesh
Janmabhoomi
1st
January
1997
People-centred development aimed at
comprehensive rebuilding of villages and towns with
people’s participation in the decision making process
Rajasthan
Apna Gaon
Apna Kaam
1st
January,
1991
Promoting self dependence and encouraging
participation of the local community in planning and
creation of public assets and their maintenance; rural
people/donors/NGO/Community groups contribute a
minimum of 30 per cent of the amount in the form of
public contribution,
Kerala Kudumbashree
August
1998
Self-Help Group (SHG) approach for housing for the
poor, low cost sanitation, community water supply,
literacy centers, training programme for skill
Upgradation, etc.
13.Concluding remark:-
Poverty is more of social marginalization of an individual, household or group in the
community/society rather than inadequacy of income to fulfill the basic needs. Indeed, inadequate
Income is therefore one of the factors of marginalization but not the sole factor. The goal of poverty
alleviation programme should aim merely increasing the income level of individual, household or
group but mainstreaming marginalized in the development process of the country. The country
cannot claim economic growth when a section of the people are marginalized to the periphery of
the society.
The rapid economic growth process should accelerate the access to services like education
and health services for all, especially the marginalized citizens. The link between ignorance and
poverty and ill health and poverty are well-established. There are diseases of poverty such as
malaria, tuberculosis. Having fallen ill due to poverty, the poor do not have the resources to seek
quality health care, for which he/she has to borrow money for treatment. Indebtness due to

hospitalization leading to poverty has been well documented. Poverty therefore is a complex
phenomenon of many dimensions not merely the economic dimension. Poverty alleviation
programmes should address the issue of poverty from broader social and economic perspectives.
14.References:-
 Housing for All, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India.
http://mhupa.gov.in/User_Panel/UserView.aspx?TypeID=1434
 Mehta J. Poverty in India 2004. Available from:
http://www.tammilehto.info%20files/articles.html, accessed on April 6, 2007.
 Poverty alleviation in rural India – Strategy and programmes, Available from http://
planning commission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch3_2.pdf, accessed on
July 6, 2007
 Urban Poverty Alleviation in India, Ramanathan Foundation Report 2002, Bangalore,
India and www.mhupa.gov.in
 www.mhupa.gov.in
 Planning Commission, Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07), 1, 2003.
 Planning Commission, Mid-Term Appraisal of the Ninth Five Year Plan.
 Five-Year Plans, Planning Commission, Government of India.
 Report of The Working Group on Rural Poverty Alleviation Programmes for the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-
2007), Planning Commission, Government of India, 2001.
 Amis P. (2009) Indian Urban Poverty: Where are the Levers for its Effective Alleviation?
Institute of Development Studies Bulletin, Vol. 28, Issue 2, pg. 94–105.
 Dhar V. K. (2006), Urban Poverty Alleviation Initiatives & the JNNURM: A Critical
Assessment, National Institute of Urban Affairs, New Delhi.

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