Skip to main content
UploadLanguage (EN)Support
BusinessMobileSocial MediaMarketingTechnologyArt & PhotosCareerDesignEducationPresentations & Public SpeakingGovernment & NonprofitHealthcareInternetLawLeadership & ManagementAutomotiveEngineeringSoftwareRecruiting & HRRetailSalesServicesScienceSmall Business & EntrepreneurshipFoodEnvironmentEconomy & FinanceData & AnalyticsInvestor RelationsSportsSpiritualNews & PoliticsTravelSelf ImprovementReal EstateEntertainment & HumorHealth & MedicineDevices & HardwareLifestyle
Uploaded byAvanitaSharma
PDF, PPTX8,735 views

Varanasi development plan analysis

The document provides a comprehensive analysis of the urban design and development plans for Varanasi, India, detailing its historical growth, master plans, and demographic and economic profiles. It highlights the city's connectivity, climate, physical planning, housing, social infrastructure, and ongoing challenges in urban management and heritage conservation. Key issues include congestion, inadequate infrastructure, and impacts of tourism, with proposals for sustainable development and the need for improved resource management.

Environment◦
Related topics:
Urban Design Insights• Town Planning•
Download as PDF, PPTX
URBAN DESIGN ASSIGNMENT VARANASI DEVELOPMENT PLAN ANALYSIS Avanita Sharma 1652
City Level Tier 2 city Area 163.8 km² Metropolis Population 11.98 lakhs Urban Agglomeration Pop. 15.73 lakhs Density 2,395 people per sq.Km Avg. temperature 26.1 °C Elevation 80.71 metres (264.8 ft) above sea level Precipitation 1100 mm per year Varanasi also known as Benares is a city on the banks of the river Ganges in Uttar Pradesh, India, 320 kilometres (200 mi) south-east of the state capital, Lucknow, and 121 kilometres (75 mi) east of Allahabad. A major religious hub in India, it is the holiest of the seven sacred cities in Hinduism and Jainism. Introduction : City Data :
Historic Profile HISTORICAL GROWTH
1991-2011 II Master Plan 1991-2011 1961-1991 I Master Plan 1961-1991 1st Master plan established for Varanasi City Made by the Varanasi Development Authority 2nd Master plan established for Varanasi City Made by the Varanasi Development Authority 2006 City Development Plan 2006 projected for 2021 1st City Development Plan Made Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) 2011-2031 III Master Plan 2011-2031 3rd Master plan established for Varanasi City Made by the Varanasi Development Authority 2015 City Development Plan 2015 projected for 2041 2nd gen City Development Plan Made by Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India and The World Bank
Administrative Boundary : ADMINISTRATIVE COMPONENTS: Varanasi Municipal Corporation (VMC) - 82.1 90 SQM Varanasi Urban Agglomeration (VUA) - 112.26 SQM Varanasi Master Plan - Operative - 246.46 SQM Total Varanasi Development Region (VDR) - 793 SQM The draft Master Plan 2031 formulated by the Varanasi Development Authority (VDA) defines the Varanasi Development Region (VDR) with an area 793 Sq. Km. Area of Delineation Area Varanasi Municipal Corporation(VMC) 82.1 Varanasi Urban Agglomeration (VUA) 112.6 ZONES OF VARANASI AS PER MASTER PLAN 2031 VUA VMC ZONES BASED ON SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION ZONES ON SERVICE DISTRIBUTION
Location and Connectivity: Varanasi is well connected by road, rail and airways. ● National highways: NH-2, NH-56 and NH-29 ● State highways: SH-87, SH-73, SH-74 and SH-98 The linkages include: ○ NH 2- G.T. from Mughal Sarai to Allahabad ○ NH 29- Varanasi to Gorakhpur, Kushinagar ○ NH 56- Varanasi to Jaunpur Lucknow. LINKAGES TO VMC ROAD NETWORK ( masterplan 2011) LOCATION OF RAILWAY STATIONS
Traffic and Transportation Core/Old city - High road density - No hierarchy - Low-No Parking Peripheral area - Low road density - Some hierarchy Central area - Less road density than old city - No hierarchy -More spaced roads ROAD HIERARCHY Total length of the roads (VMC) area 1180 km, Inner Ring Road – The ring road alignment is Raj that-Ramnagar-BHU-DLW-Cant Station-Raj Ghat. The bridge on river Ganga is being constructed. Outer Ring Road – From Kachua on NH2 and intersect Lucknow, Azamgarh and Ghazipur highways. Peripheral area Central area Old City TRAFFIC ANALYSIS CONGESTION SPOTS ROAD DENSITY ANALYSIS PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT Junction node
Climate : ● Humid subtropical climate with large variations between summer and winter temperatures. ● Dry summer: April - June, 22 and 46 °C ● Monsoon season: July - October. (1100mm) ● Winters: December-February ● Wind direction is W- SW. Topography and geology: Varanasi is located in the middle Ganga valley,along the left crescent-shaped bank of the river Ganges. River system : Ganga,Gomti. Tributaries : Varuna, Asi, Banganga, Chandra Prabha, Karmanasa. Geologically, Varanasi is situated in the fertile alluvial Gangetic plains and is under laid with sediments deposited in successive stages. Layers of clay, fine sand, and clay mixed with kankar. ANALYSIS ● Fertile land supports agriculture ● Urban growth on the convex bank is less because of erosion and sand deposit Soil: Elevation MapTopography Map
Demographic Profile : Growth rate Pop. projection Age-Sex triangle Projected growth Present day growth Change from 1990 - 2020 DECLINE GROWTH GROWTH CENSUS DATA 2011
Economic Profile MAIN INDUSTRIAL AREAS VARANASI INDUSTRIAL PROFILE DISTRIBUTION OF SERVICES ● 60% of the total production of silk woven products in India. ● Caters to the needs of the domestic as well as the international market. ● Consists of ○ unorganized small units ○ integrated units ● High amount of bonded labour ; set up within households. . SILK WEAVING INDUSTRY HEALTH AND EDUCATION ● Banaras Hindu University ● Sampurnanand Sanskrit University ● Kashi Vidyapeeth ● Central University for Tibetan Studies ● Local traditional crafts-manufacturing ● Local Traditional crafts-retail areas ● Retail areas for the consumer goods ● Retail areas for the durable goods ● Wholesale areas for food grains and spices ● Local culinary hotspots ● Street vending areas in almost all neighbouring abutting arterial roads INFORMAL COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES WORKER CLASSIFICATION WEAVING CLUSTERS
Physical planning: Old City / Central city AREA OF DELINEATION ROAD PATTERNS Tree pattern Network pattern Settlement distribution GROWTH PATTERN Linear Radial Overlap radial +linear Water bodies Points of inflexion Road patterns
Spatial growth trends COMPARATIVE LAND USE PATTERNS ACROSS MASTER PLANS PHYSICAL GROWTH OF VARANASI
Land Use Analysis VARANASI MASTER PLAN 2031 Residential Open Space Institutional Area Industry and commerce Cant. Housing Old /Core city Settlement distribution Road Network Water bodies old city
Land Use Analysis KEY ISSUES According to the Draft Master Plan, 2031: ● Total land under residential use reduced from 51.6% to 40%. ● Area under recreation has been increased from 5% to 20%. ● A new use category of mixed land use has been introduced in the draft Master Plan 2031, which primarily includes the area in the old city. ● Also, the above mentioned increase in the recreational area as per draft Master Plan, 2031 has not been proposed for the old city and recreational/open space facility continues to be lacking in this area.
Housing and Urban Poverty The core area of the city is very congested, which is highly densified. Though there is no scope for further development in the old city area, developmental activities taking place in these areas are causing more stress on present infrastructure. GOVT SCHEMES FOR SLUM REHABILITATION Schemes that are being implemented are Sarv Jan Hitay Gareeb Avas (Slum Area), Malikana Haq Yojna Manywar (MKDBBSVY), and Shri Kanshi Ramji Shahri Avas Yojna. DUDA is responsible for the implementation of such schemes. After implementing these schemes, DUDA hands over the responsibility of providing services to VMC and Jal Kal. HOUSING STATISTICS SLUM STATISTICS As per the draft Master Plan-2031, a total area of 9886.54 hectare has been allocated for housing purposes. Of this, 60% of the area has been developed and the balance 40% will be inhabited over the period of time. SOCIAL DISTRIBUTION CONDITION OF SLUMS DISTRIBUTION OF SLUMS
Social Infrastructure Social and cultural environment of the city includes health services, education status and role of various agencies involved in the service provision. HEALTH FACILITIES The public sector health services in Varanasi include facilities of the state ● Department of Medical, Health and Family Welfare ● ESI,Central Govt Facilities ● Railway and Cantonment facilities. ● Many private sector facilities ○ (hospitals, nursing homes, and clinics) HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES Varanasi has an overall literacy rate of 79% (male literacy: 83%, female literacy: 75%). There are three departments involved in providing education ● Joint Director, GoUP – Looks after schools ● District Inspector of Schools (DIOS) -classes 9th and above. ● BSA - classes 1st to 8th. 3 main universities: ● Banaras Hindu University ● Sampurnanand Sanskrit University ● Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth EDUCATION INFRASTRUCTURE EDUCATION GAP RECREATION FACILITIES ● Sports: Sports facilities are mainly made available in schools to students. ● Malls and parks: There are four malls and many other commercial centres in Varanasi. The malls house retail stores, restaurants, food courts and cinema theatre. ● Museums: Varanasi has two museum ○ Sarnath Museum ○ Bharat Kala Bhavan, BHU. HEALTH INFRA GAP
Assessment of urban services SEWERAGE NETWORK LAND FILL SITES WASTE WATER TREATMENT WATER TREATMENT SANITATION FACILITIES IN THE CORE The VMC is responsible for provision of basic services such as water supply, sewerage, SWM, SWD and roads. The DUDA is responsible for provision of housing in slum areas and the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam is responsible for planning and construction of water supply, sewerage and storm water drains. WATER SUPPLY ● More than 100 years old when it was introduced in year 1892. It was designed for a population of 2 lakhs ● With increase in population and the corresponding water demand Ministry of Urban Development City Development Plan for Varanasi, ● capacities of different units were increased from time to time along with reorganization and the extension of distribution system. SEWERAGE AND SANITATION ● Divided into two zones: cis-Varuna and trans-Varuna. ● Existing system is partly over ground and underground. 30% coverage ● 18% of the total households do not have access to independent, shared, or community toilets. ● The trans-Varuna area is completely without sewerage. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ● waste generated comprises biodegradable, compostable, and recyclable materials. (religious and vegetable waste and plastic ) ● 600 TPD of waste is generated. ● Karsada disposal site is located 20 Km away on a 40 acre site. STORM WATER DRAINS ● Poor storm water drainage system. ● Old and incomplete underground and kachcha open drainage system.(117km) ● Drains connected to branch sewers lleads to the mixing of sewage with storm water. ● Empty directly into river Ganga and river Varuna ● The open drains are unlined and contaminate the ground water ● Carry grey water discharged from the settlements along their path
Cultural resources, Heritage and Tourism Kabir Math Area Bhelupura Area Ghat Area Riverfront Sarnath Durgakund Area HERITAGE ZONES Varanasi heritage entails famous Ghats, Historic properties,Houses and streetscapes of the area adjoining the Ghats, temples, Kunds, and all cultural practices and expressions that take place in these properties and areas. There are in all 1564 number of heritage properties in Varanasi. INFLOW AND GROWTH MONTH WISE INFLOW ● Rural Buffer District ● Landscape conservation district ● 5.5 km long crescent shaped basin of the Ganga river from Nagwa to Raj Ghats, ● 5.3 km stretch of 83 Ghats (stairways to the bank) ● Urban Preservation Sub-Zone, the Old City Heritage Sub-Zone ● Urban Buffer SubZone, a strip of 50 m to 100 m wide from the western road Riverfront heritage zone can be divided into six sub-zones : DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPLES YATRAS AROUND VARANASI DISTRIBUTION OF TOURIST INFORMATION CENTRES
Cultural resources, Heritage and Tourism : Ghats of Varanasi GHAT SECTION DISTRIBUTION OF GHATS MANIKARNIKA GHAT DASHWAMEDH OF GHAT Sitala Ghat Dashwamedha Ghat Manikarnika Ghat Sankatha Ghat 1860s 2019 1863 2019
Cultural resources, Heritage and Tourism : Ghats of Varanasi KEY ISSUES ● The number of tourists has reduced (2012 to 2013) due to pollution, traffic congestion, flood like situation and poor roads. ● Lack of guided tours and information centres. City guides or brochures not easily available to tourists ● Lack of signage in city ‘Galis’ ● Lack of protection to heritage sites and its conservation, natural decay and damage to properties also occur with time. ● The number of kunds is reducing every year is due to neglect, unregulated construction in the catchment areas of the respective kunds, ● Most of the heritage properties in the inner city area face vague ownership. ● Multiple agencies are involved in the conservation of heritage sites with overlapping jurisdictions ● There is need for review of existing bye-laws ● Shrinking spaces: the population growth is increasing demand for utilizing available land, ● Threat to river Ganga: river width reduced from 225-250m to 60-70m. Main stream has lost high speed current due to less volume and pressure The depth of the bed is drastically became victim of deposition the river has already left the bank about 7-8m. AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ● Archaeological Survey of India ● Ministry of Tourism ● Regional Cultural Centre ● Directorate of Archaeology, Uttar Pradesh ● Varanasi Development Authority ● Varanasi Municipal Corporation ● Varanasi Heritage Cell KUNDS Represent the ancient knowledge of storm water management Many Kunds are located in the route of three yatras conducted in Varanasi, The Panchkoshi Yatra covers the largest number of Kunds. During heavy rains, the Kunds used to act as points of drainage for surrounding areas. In the past, each Kund had a catchment area in its immediate surroundings and were interconnected by underground channels through which surplus water was drained into the river Ganges. FESTIVALS INVITING TOURISTS ● Ganga Water Rally ● Ganga Mahotsav ● Buddha Mahotsav ● Dhrup Mela ● Ramleela of Ramnagar ● Hanuman Jayanti
Sustainable development Physical dimension ● Availability and access to electricity is limited ● Water supplied to 75% of the city, but may be reduced in an event of disaster ● Solid waste is collected, but not recycled ● Roads may increase in capacity if equipped with drainage system Social dimension ● <23% of the population suffers from water-borne or vector- borne disease ● < 75% of the population has access to primary health infrastructure ● It would benefit further if public awareness/disaster drills are initiated by VMC Economic dimension ● 24% live below poverty line ● Employment rate is 18% ● Households have basic housing infrastructure Institutional dimension ● Emergency teams are limited in their capacity to deal with a disaster ● Disaster management plan is not sufficiently implemented Natural dimension ● City prone to floods, heat waves, and droughts ● Quality level of urban biodiversity, soil, and water bodies are moderately affected by the ongoing development process VARANASI’S CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE CARBON FOOTPRINT AND HEAT ISLAND MAPPING HEAT ISLAND MAP zones in which Urban Heat Islands might exist are identified. Identifying and classifying these zones is important in identifying areas that have a more prominent need to install heat-mitigating infrastructure. AIR QUALITY INDEX Air quality as observed is poor in central and core areas of the city due to lack of greenery. Air quality improves in peripheral areas
SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS ● The core of the city houses the population that is part of the urban fabric of the city ● Tourism potential: For all religions, River Ganga, the Ghats and other sites-Ashoka Pillar, Sarnath etc. ● Weaving industry is a major contributor to local economy ● A perennial water source in River Ganga so availability of water will never be a problem ● Tremendous amount of heritage treasures ● It is important to provide better facilities to the people of old city. ● Population growth in old city has saturated and the growth of population is decelerating ● Tourism:Established tourism base used well. Foreign tourists ● Appropriate measures such as conservation and rain water harvesting can recharge the ground water as well. WEAKNESS ● Old city of Varanasi has very cramped spaces. ● There is immense pressure from tourism, economic development and population on the ghat area ● Lack of support infrastructure such as quality roads for better access and facilities for tourists-rest rooms, toilets, hotels, etc. ● Poor Infrastructure services are such as high water losses, poor coverage of toilets, and absence of door to door waste collection ● Lack of coordination while planning and initiating development work among authorities ● Quality of life might decline further ● In the event of any natural disaster, the core area without any planning would be impacted most. ● Traffic management is crucial during fairs and festivals ● Increasing population is over burdening the carrying capacity of the urban environment and the river ecosystem ● Unplanned mass tourism can have a hard impact on the cultural carrying capacity of the old city centre ● Non availability of sanitation facilities STRENGTHS ● Religious, spiritual and educational centre- High importance ● Heritage treasures of the city- High importance ● Agrarian based surroundings support the trade and commerce of cash crops -Medium importance ● Varanasi city is the regional centre for Purvanchal districts- Medium importance ● The city is well connected with road and railway network- Medium importance WEAKNESS ● Lack of coordination between ULB and Parastatals agencies with respect to Urban transport management ● Basic services such as water supply, sewerage and sanitation are lacking ● Core city is already saturated with high density and congestion related issues ● Low Conducive environment for habitation and Industrial activity OPPORTUNITIES ● CBUD project and potentiality to be receive funds under NUM/Smart city THREATS ● Ineffective disposal system could create environmental hazard ● Spurring squatter settlements due to seasonal migration of unskilled labour force
Bibliography : ● http://varanasistudio.design.gatech.edu/data/ ● https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-urban-development-ministry-holds-meet-to-draw- up-action-plan-for-varanasi-facelift-2027039 ● https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Urban-Sprawl-Mapping-and-Land-Use-Change-Det ection-Ohri/5cc9c6aae46f92cfb59d01d6b82e5cb895ac388e ● https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Varanasi-Development-Region-Development-Plan-2011 -2021_fig1_320003111 ● http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/1015.pdf ● https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12250312_03.pdf ● http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/24UP_Varanasi_sfcp-min.pdf ● https://www.slideshare.net/snookerboy001/city-origin-and-growth-banarasvaranasi ● https://www.slideshare.net/AayushiMalviya4/varanasi-town-planning-pdf ● https://www.slideshare.net/jagjeetkmr/settlement-pattern-of-town-varanasi-55097206 ● http://iigeo.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/05-The-Study-of-the-Land-UseLand-Cover-in -Varanasi-District-Using-Remote-Sensing-and-GIS.pdf ● http://14.139.116.20:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/275262/13/13_chapter%206.pdf ● https://www.arch.columbia.edu/books/reader/331-water-urbanism-varanasi ● https://issuu.com/amitasinha/docs/ghats_of_varanasi_report_small ●