The document provides an overview of the evolution of town planning in India from ancient to modern times. It describes the major periods of development:
- Ancient period saw the rise of the Indus Valley civilization and planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Vedic and Buddhist texts also discussed early town planning principles.
- Medieval towns were dominated by churches and castles and tended to be irregular in layout for defensive purposes.
- Mughal cities like Agra, Delhi, and Shahjahanabad were redesigned with gardens and parks incorporated.
- The British established colonial cantonments and hill stations outside existing Indian towns during the pre-independence period. New Delhi was
Local policies and strategies designed to deal with urban decline, decay or transformation are termed as urban renewal.
It is a comprehensive and integrated vision and action which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring about a lasting improvement in the economic, physical, social and environmental conditions of an area that has been subject to change’
With the decision and authority of a governing municipality, rearranging land use, function and ownership features of a socially, economically or structurally decayed part of a certain city .
such as slum zones or brown fields, for the purpose of obtaining a desired, well organized neighbourhood.
History of Town Planning_Building and Town PlanningA Makwana
The term town planning is used to indicate the arrangement of various components of a town in such a way that the town as such attains the significance of a living organism.
Urban conservation techniques and strategies mainly followed in the INDIA.This is done for my friends in B.ARCH(VIIth semester) JNAFAU & JNTUK.
University.
Local policies and strategies designed to deal with urban decline, decay or transformation are termed as urban renewal.
It is a comprehensive and integrated vision and action which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring about a lasting improvement in the economic, physical, social and environmental conditions of an area that has been subject to change’
With the decision and authority of a governing municipality, rearranging land use, function and ownership features of a socially, economically or structurally decayed part of a certain city .
such as slum zones or brown fields, for the purpose of obtaining a desired, well organized neighbourhood.
History of Town Planning_Building and Town PlanningA Makwana
The term town planning is used to indicate the arrangement of various components of a town in such a way that the town as such attains the significance of a living organism.
Urban conservation techniques and strategies mainly followed in the INDIA.This is done for my friends in B.ARCH(VIIth semester) JNAFAU & JNTUK.
University.
1.4 town planning ancient india vedic buddha periodSachin PatiL
Necessity scope principles of Town Planning,
Present status of town planning in India,
Contribution of town planners in modern era,
Sir Patrick Geddes,
Sir Ebenezer Howard,
Clarence stein,
Sir Patrick Abercrombie,
Le Corbusier,
Growth pattern of towns Natural and Planned,
Types of zoning and importance,
various road networks(Grid iron pattern, shoe string development,
Surveys for data collection, physical survey, social survey, economic survey, civic survey,
Town aesthetics, landscape architecture,
Rehabilitation of slum and urban renewal,
INTRODUCTION
COORDINATES - 23.22 ON 72.680 E ELEVATION - 265 feet (81 m)*
LOCATED 23 KM NORTH OF AHEMDABAD (FIN CAP. OF GUJARAT)
PLANNED IN 1960S BY, PRAKASH M APTE & H. K. MEWADA,
AFTER PARTITION OF BOMBAY * STATE : AHEMDABAD WAS MADE AS THE CAPTAL OFGUJARAT
AREA TOTAL 177KM2 ELEVATION : 8IM ( 266 FT)
POPULATION (2011)
TOTAL: 206,167 DENSITY : 1,200/KM2
CLIMATE*
TROPICAL WET AND DRY CLIMATE•
SUMMER MAXIMUM - 36 to 42 °C MINIMUM - 19 to 27 C
WINTER MAXIMUM - 29 C MINIMUM - 14°C
MONSOON: THE AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL IS AROUND 803.4 MM
LANGUAGES
GUJARATI, HINDI, AND ENGLISH• 54% GREEN COVER ON ITS LAND AREA
• THE CITY SITS ON THE BANKS OF THE SABARMATI RIVER, IN NORTH-CENTRALEAST GUJARAT
HISTORY
IN 1960, THE INDIAN STATE OF BOMBAY WAS SPLIT INTO TWO STATES, MAHARASHTRA AND GUJARAT LEAVING GUJARAT WITHOUT A CAPITAL CITY.
AT THE TIME AHMEDABAD WAS SELECTED TO BE THE FIRST CAPITAL OF THE NEWLY CREATED STATE.
• IT WAS LATER PROPOSED THAT A NEW CAPITAL CITY BE CONSTRUCTED FOR THE STATE.
• GANDHINAGAR GOT AN IDENTITY OF ITS OWN WHEN THE STATE OF MUMBAI WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO SEPARATE STATES OF GUJARAT AND MAHARASHTRA.
• IN THE BEGINNING, AHMEDABAD - A COMMERCIAL HUB OF GUJARAT WAS CHOSEN AS THE STATE CAPITAL AND IT WAS PROPOSED THAT A NEW CAPITAL SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED ALONG THE LINE OF OTHER NEW STATE CAPITALS, PARTICULARLY CHANDIGARH
• THEREFORE TWO WELL-KNOWN INDIAN ARCHITECTS, H.K. MEWADA AND PRAKASH M. APTE (WHO WORKED AS BEGINNER FOR THE CHANDIGARH CITY) DESIGNED THE NEW STATE CAPITAL*
NAMED AFTER MAHATMA GANDHI THE FOUNDATION STONE OF THIS CITY WAS LAID ON 1965 AND IN 1971 THE CAPITAL WAS SHIFTED FROM AHMEDABAD TO GANDHINAGAR
PLANNING
• PLANNED AND IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN 1965-1970
• DETERMINATION TO MAKE GANDHINAGAR A PURELY INDIAN ENTERPRISE, PARTLY BECAUSE GUJARAT WAS THE BIRTHPLACE OF GANDHI.
• TO ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN A SEPARATE IDENTITY FOR THE NEW CITY THE SURROUNDING AREA OF ABOUT 39 VILLAGES WAS BROUGHT UNDER A PERIPHERY CONTROL ACT (AS IN CHANDIGARH)
• THE AREA LATER CONSTITUTED A SEPARATE ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT OF GANDHINAGAR.
• THE CITY WAS PLANNED FOR A POPULATION OF 150,000 BUT CAN ACCOMMODATE DOUBLE THAT POPULATION WITH INCREASE IN THE FLOOR SPACE RATIO FROM 1 TO 2 IN THE AREAS RESERVED FOR PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT.
• THE RIVER BEING THE BORDER ON THE EAST, AND THE INDUSTRIAL AREA TO THE NORTH, THE MOST LOGICAL FUTURE PHYSICAL EXPANSION OF THE CITY WAS ENVISAGED TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST
Bikaner is a city in the northwest, of the state of Rajasthan in northern India. It is located 330 kilometres (205 mi) northwest of the state capital, Jaipur. Bikaner city is the administrative headquarters of Bikaner District and Bikaner division.
It is located in the following latitude and longitude 27°11' and 29°03' N and 71°54' and 74°12' E.
1.4 town planning ancient india vedic buddha periodSachin PatiL
Necessity scope principles of Town Planning,
Present status of town planning in India,
Contribution of town planners in modern era,
Sir Patrick Geddes,
Sir Ebenezer Howard,
Clarence stein,
Sir Patrick Abercrombie,
Le Corbusier,
Growth pattern of towns Natural and Planned,
Types of zoning and importance,
various road networks(Grid iron pattern, shoe string development,
Surveys for data collection, physical survey, social survey, economic survey, civic survey,
Town aesthetics, landscape architecture,
Rehabilitation of slum and urban renewal,
INTRODUCTION
COORDINATES - 23.22 ON 72.680 E ELEVATION - 265 feet (81 m)*
LOCATED 23 KM NORTH OF AHEMDABAD (FIN CAP. OF GUJARAT)
PLANNED IN 1960S BY, PRAKASH M APTE & H. K. MEWADA,
AFTER PARTITION OF BOMBAY * STATE : AHEMDABAD WAS MADE AS THE CAPTAL OFGUJARAT
AREA TOTAL 177KM2 ELEVATION : 8IM ( 266 FT)
POPULATION (2011)
TOTAL: 206,167 DENSITY : 1,200/KM2
CLIMATE*
TROPICAL WET AND DRY CLIMATE•
SUMMER MAXIMUM - 36 to 42 °C MINIMUM - 19 to 27 C
WINTER MAXIMUM - 29 C MINIMUM - 14°C
MONSOON: THE AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL IS AROUND 803.4 MM
LANGUAGES
GUJARATI, HINDI, AND ENGLISH• 54% GREEN COVER ON ITS LAND AREA
• THE CITY SITS ON THE BANKS OF THE SABARMATI RIVER, IN NORTH-CENTRALEAST GUJARAT
HISTORY
IN 1960, THE INDIAN STATE OF BOMBAY WAS SPLIT INTO TWO STATES, MAHARASHTRA AND GUJARAT LEAVING GUJARAT WITHOUT A CAPITAL CITY.
AT THE TIME AHMEDABAD WAS SELECTED TO BE THE FIRST CAPITAL OF THE NEWLY CREATED STATE.
• IT WAS LATER PROPOSED THAT A NEW CAPITAL CITY BE CONSTRUCTED FOR THE STATE.
• GANDHINAGAR GOT AN IDENTITY OF ITS OWN WHEN THE STATE OF MUMBAI WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO SEPARATE STATES OF GUJARAT AND MAHARASHTRA.
• IN THE BEGINNING, AHMEDABAD - A COMMERCIAL HUB OF GUJARAT WAS CHOSEN AS THE STATE CAPITAL AND IT WAS PROPOSED THAT A NEW CAPITAL SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED ALONG THE LINE OF OTHER NEW STATE CAPITALS, PARTICULARLY CHANDIGARH
• THEREFORE TWO WELL-KNOWN INDIAN ARCHITECTS, H.K. MEWADA AND PRAKASH M. APTE (WHO WORKED AS BEGINNER FOR THE CHANDIGARH CITY) DESIGNED THE NEW STATE CAPITAL*
NAMED AFTER MAHATMA GANDHI THE FOUNDATION STONE OF THIS CITY WAS LAID ON 1965 AND IN 1971 THE CAPITAL WAS SHIFTED FROM AHMEDABAD TO GANDHINAGAR
PLANNING
• PLANNED AND IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN 1965-1970
• DETERMINATION TO MAKE GANDHINAGAR A PURELY INDIAN ENTERPRISE, PARTLY BECAUSE GUJARAT WAS THE BIRTHPLACE OF GANDHI.
• TO ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN A SEPARATE IDENTITY FOR THE NEW CITY THE SURROUNDING AREA OF ABOUT 39 VILLAGES WAS BROUGHT UNDER A PERIPHERY CONTROL ACT (AS IN CHANDIGARH)
• THE AREA LATER CONSTITUTED A SEPARATE ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT OF GANDHINAGAR.
• THE CITY WAS PLANNED FOR A POPULATION OF 150,000 BUT CAN ACCOMMODATE DOUBLE THAT POPULATION WITH INCREASE IN THE FLOOR SPACE RATIO FROM 1 TO 2 IN THE AREAS RESERVED FOR PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT.
• THE RIVER BEING THE BORDER ON THE EAST, AND THE INDUSTRIAL AREA TO THE NORTH, THE MOST LOGICAL FUTURE PHYSICAL EXPANSION OF THE CITY WAS ENVISAGED TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST
Bikaner is a city in the northwest, of the state of Rajasthan in northern India. It is located 330 kilometres (205 mi) northwest of the state capital, Jaipur. Bikaner city is the administrative headquarters of Bikaner District and Bikaner division.
It is located in the following latitude and longitude 27°11' and 29°03' N and 71°54' and 74°12' E.
KATHMANDU IS CAPITAL OF NEPAL AND IT IS THE ONLY METROPOLITAN CITY OF THE COUNTRY. BEING A CAPITAL CITY, IT HAS A HIGH POPULATION AND MIGRATION HAS ADDED TO IT.
THE PRESENTATION SHOWS THE APATIAL GROWTH OF CITY OVER THE YEARS AND WHAT FACTORS HAVE ADDED TO ITS GROWTH.
Phases of Harappan Civilization; Town planning system; Important cities of Indus Valley Civilization: Harappa & Mohenjodaro; Economic life; Decline of Civilization..
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. EVOLUTION OF TOWN IN INDIA
BUDHA COLLEGE
OF
ARCHITECTURE
SUBMITTED BY
GAURAV VASHISHTH
ASSIGNMENT = 1
2. 1) INTRODUCTION
2) EVOLUTION OF TOWN
3) DEVELOPMENT OF TOWN
4) ANCIENT PERIOD
a) INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
b) VEDIC PERIOD
c) BUDDHIST PERIOD
5) MEDIEVAL PERIOD
6) MUGHAL PERIOD
7) PRE-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD
8) POST INDEPENDENCE PERIOD
9) SUMMARY
10) REFERENCES
CONTENT
3. INTRODUCTION
PLANNING — IT IS DEFINED AS THE PROCESS OF SYSTEMATIC AND
SCIENTIFIC THINKING FOR CHOOSING THE BEST OPTION BEFORE IT
STARTS TAKING PLACE.
•IT IS THE PROCESS OF THINKING ABOUT TOMORROW.
• THIS PRESENTATION DEALS WITH THE EVOLUTION OF TOWNS IN A
PLANNED MANNER IN INDIAN SUBCONTINENT.
•THE AIM IS TO SEE THE PROGRESS IN PLANNING SCHEMES WITH THE
INCREASE IN POPULATION AND HENCE THEIR REQUIREMENTS
EVOLUTION OF TOWN
•MOST OF THE EARLY CIVILIZATION HAVE SPRUNG ON THE BANKS OF
SOME NAVIGABLE RIVERS OR AT ANY NATURAL PORT WHICH NOT
ONLY PROVIDE SECURITY TO THE TOWN BUT ALSO ACTED AS A
COMMUNICATING LINK FROM ONE CIVILIZATION TO ANOTHER.
•PHYSICAL SAFETY AND COMMUNICATION LINKS ARE THE TWO PRIME
FACTORS WHICH LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOWNS.
•THE EARLIEST CIVILIZATIONS WERE SEEN ON THE BANKS OF RIVERS
LIKE NILE, GANGA, SINDHU
DEVELOPMENT OF TOWNS PERIODICALLY
•TOWNS FLOURISHED SINCE PREHISTORIC TIMES IN INDIA. EVEN AT
THE TIME OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION, TOWNS LIKE HARAPPA AND
MOHENJO-DARO WERE IN EXISTENCE. THE SECOND PHASE OF
URBANIZATION BEGAN AROUND 600 BC. IT CONTINUED WITH
PERIODIC UPS AND DOWNS UNTIL THE ARRIVAL OF EUROPEANS IN
INDIA IN 18TH CENTURY. URBAN HISTORIANS CLASSIFY TOWNS OF
INDIA AS
4. ANCIENT PERIOD
•ANCIENT PERIOD IS CONSIDERED TO BE BETWEEN 3000-5000 BC . IN
THIS PERIOD, SO MANY TOWNS WERE CREATED WITH SOME UNIQUE
FEATURES.
DEVELOPMENT OF TOWNS TAKEN PLACE LIKE
1. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
2. VEDIC TOWNS
3. BUDDHIST TOWNS
IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE ANCIENT PERIOD .
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION: (3000 B.C)
•IT WAS LOCATED ON THE BANK
OF RIVER INDUS(PRESENTLY IN
PAKISTAN) AND RAVI.
•IN 1920, EXCAVATION WAS DONE
BY A BRITISH ARCHEOLOGIST IN
INDO-GANGATIC REGION.
•HE FOUND THAT THERE IS AN
OLD CITY/CIVILIZATION AND
THERE WAS HUMAN SETTLEMENT
NAMED MOHENJO-DARO (WHICH
MEANS HILL OF DEADS).
•IT WAS COVERING AN AREA OF
ABOUT 260 HECTARES WITH
HARAPPA(ON BED OF RIVER RAVI)
NOW IN PAKISTAN; KALIBANGAN
IN RAJASTHAN; LOTHAL,
A AND DHOLAVIRA IN GUJARAT; RAKHIGADHI IN HARYANA, SHOWS
THAT IT WAS DEVELOPED AROUND 4000-3000 BC.
5. SALIENT FEATURES OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
• STREET OF 9M WIDTH DIVIDED THE CITY IN 12 BLOCKS EACH OF
365M X 244M.
• LAYOUT OF STREET WAS BASED ON ‘GRID-IRON’ PATTERN.
• SERIES OF HOUSES WERE ARRANGED AROUND OPEN-TO-SKY
CENTRAL COURT.
• THEY DEPENDENT FULLY ON VENTILATION AND ROOF LIGHTING.
• HOUSES WITH G+1 STOREY MADE OF KILN-BRICK WITH
COMPLETE BATHING ESTABLISHMENT.
• CITY HAD EFFECTIVE SYSTEM OF DRAINAGE.
• IT HAD A GREAT BATH OF 7M WIDTH, 12M LENGTH AND 2.4M
DEPTH MADE OF BRICKS AT BOTTOM AND WAS MADE
WATERPROOF BY PROVIDING LAYERS OF BITUMEN AND IT
FORMED TO BE PART OF RITUALISTIC BATHING FORMING PART
OF HINDU TEMPLE.
6. RAKHIGADHI, HARYANA
•IT HAS THREE DISTINCTIVE PHASES OF THE PRE-HARAPPAN CULTURE.
IN THE EARLIEST PEOPLE LIVED IN PITS.
•IN THE SECOND, MOLDED MUD BRICKS WERE USED TO LINE THE
DWELLINGS. IN THE THIRD PHASE BRICKS WERE USED TO MAKE
SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR HOUSES.
•THEY MAY HAVE BEEN USED BY THE KING OR AN ELECTED HEADMAN
AND HIS CONSORT
KALIBANGAN, RAJASTHAN
•KALIBANGAN IS THE THIRD EXCAVATED CITY OF HARAPPAN SITES AND
THE EARLIEST TOWN DESTROYED BY EARTHQUAKE. EXCAVATED
BETWEEN 1960-61 AND 1968-69, THIS ANCIENT CITY OF INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION IS LOCATED ON THE BANK OF THE DRY BED OF THE
GHAGGAR.
•KALIBANGAN COMPRISES TWO MOUNDS: A SMALL MOUND IS
LOCATED IN THE WESTERN DIRECTION AND THE LARGER MOUND IS
SITUATED IN THE EAST WITH AN OPEN SPACE IN BETWEEN THEM.
•THE EXCAVATIONS REVEALED THAT THE WESTERN MOUND WAS A
FORTIFIED ENCLOSURE WITH RECTANGULAR SALIENT AND TOWERS.
THIS WAS FURTHER PARTITIONED INTO TWO UNITS BY AN INNER WALL
WITH STAIRWAYS ON EITHER SIDE FOR MOVEMENT BETWEEN THE
TWO UNITS
7. VEDIC PERIOD: (400 BC)
•IN THIS PERIOD, VEDAS AS WELL AS BOOKS WERE WROTE ON TOWN
PLANNING.
•IN “VISHWA-KARMAPRAKASH” IT WAS STATED THAT “FIRST LAYOUT
THE TOWNS AND THEN PLAN THE HOUSES.”
•“SHILPSHASTRA” WROTE BY “ARCHITECT MANSARA” DISCUSSED STUDY
ON SOIL, TOPOGRAPHY, CLIMATOLOGY AND VARIOUS LAYOUTS LIKE
DANDAKA, SWASTIKA, PADMAKA, NANDYAVARTA.
DANDIKA STYLE
NANDYAVARTA STYLE
8. SARVATOBHADRA PADMAKA
SWASTIKA STYLE PRASTACA STYLE
•THE MAIN ROADS WERE ALIGNED EAST-WEST TO GET THE ROADS
PURIFIED BY AIR.
•SHORT ROADS WERE ALIGNED IN NORTH-SOUTH DIRECTION.
•ROADS RUNNING AROUND THE VILLAGE WERE PRESERVED FOR
PRIESTS.
•MOATS WERE ALL AROUND THE TOWN TO SECURE THE TOWN FOR
OUTSIDE FORCES.
•RAJMARG WERE THE WIDEST ROAD THROUGH WHICH FOUR
ELEPHANTS CAN PASS AT A TIME. SUCH ROADS ARE FOUND IN
MYSORE.
9. BUDDHIST PERIOD: (UP TO 320 AD)
•DURING THE PERIOD OF EMPEROR CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA,
KAUTILYA AND CHANAKYA WAS THE CHIEF MINISTER WHO WROTE THE
FAMOUS “ARTHASHASTRA”, A TREATISE OF TOWN PLANNING.
FEATURES STATED IN IT WERE:
1. REGULATION OF ZONING DEPENDING ON COMMUNITIES.
2. HIGHWAY (RAJAMARGA) TO BE PARALLEL TO THE MAIN
CARDINAL DIRECTION.
3. ROAD WERE ALIGNED IN GRID-IRON FORM.
4. RAJMARGA TO BE NOT LESS THAN 30 FT. OR NEARLY 3
LANES OF TRAFFIC.
•THE EXCAVATION CARRIED OUT AT PATLIPUTRA, CAPITAL OF MAGADHA
(NOW IN BIHAR), SHOWS EVIDENCE OF ADVANCE KNOWLEDGE OF
PLANNING.
•TAKSHA-SILA AND NALANDA, THE RENOWNED PLACE FOR LEARNING
WERE FORMED IN THIS PERIOD.
• NALANDA CONSIST OF THREE MAIN ESSENTIALS – STUPAS, TEMPLES &
HOTELS FOR MONKS. IT HAD 300 HALLS FOR ACCOMMODATING 10,000
PUPILS AND LIBRARIES WERE NINE-STOREYED HIGH.
10. MEDIEVAL PERIOD: (350-1500 AD)
EARLY MEDIEVAL TOWN WAS DOMINATED BY CHURCH OR MONASTRY
& CASTLE OF LORDS.
2.FOR PROTECTIVE MEASURES, TOWNS WERE SITED IN IRREGULAR
TERRAIN, OCCUPYING HILL TOPS OR ISLANDS. TOWNS ASSUMED
INFORMAL & IRREGULAR CHARACTER.
3.CHURCH PLAZA BECAME A MARKET PLACE.
4.ROADS GENERALLY RADIATED FROM CHURCH PLAZA& MARKET PLAZA
TO GATES WITH SECONDARY LATERAL ROADWAYS CONNECTING THEM.
5.CASTLE WAS SURROUNDED BY WALL & MOAT AS A PROTECTIVE
ELEMENTS.
IRREGULAR PATTERN IN PLANNING WAS DEVISED TO CONFUSE
ENEMIES; AS ENEMIES UNFAMILIAR WITH TOWN.
OPEN SPACES, STREETS, PLAZAS DEVELOPED AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF
SITE.
STREETS WERE USED FOR PEDESTRIAN WHILE WHEELS WERE
RESTRICTED TO MAIN ROADS
PLANNING
THE CITY OF MIDDLE AGES GREW WITHIN THE CONFINES OF THE
WALLS.
WHILE THE POPULATION WAS SMALL, THERE WAS SPACE IN THE
TOWN, BUT WHEN IT INCREASED THE BUILDINGS WERE PACKED
MORE CLOSELY AND THE OPEN SPACES FILLED.
RESULT WAS INTOLERABLE CONGESTION, LACK OF HYGIENE AND
PESTILENCE
CITIES IN TWELTH & THERTINTH CENTURY
11. •THE MEDIEVAL DWELLING WAS CONCEIVED AS AN INDIVIDUAL
FORTRESS.
THE AVERAGE DWELLING WAS TWO STORIES IN HEIGHT. THE WORK-
ROOM AND STORAGE
WERE ON THE FIRST OR BASEMENT. SOMETIMES KITCHEN WAS ALSO
LOCATED HERE. LIVING , DINING
& SLEEPING TOOK PLACE ON THE SECOND FLOOR.
MASONRY WAS THE USUAL CONSTRUCTION , ALTHOUGH WOOD
FRAME FILLED WITH
WATTLE & CLAY & ROOFED WITH THATCH FOR COMPARISON
THE MEDIEVAL DWELLING –
NOERDLINGEN
A CATHEDRAL
B MOAT
IT SHOWS THE RADIAL &
LATERAL PATTERN OF
IRREGULAR ROAD WAYS
WITH THE CHURCH PLAZA
AS THE PRINCIPAL FOCAL
POINT OF THE TOWN
12. MUGHAL PERIOD: (1500-1700 AD)
•CITIES LIKE AGRA, DELHI WERE RE-DEVELOPED.
•OTHER IMPORTANT THING STARTED IN THIS PERIOD WAS LAYING OF
GARDENS AND PARKS. IT WAS A NEW TREND IN PLANNING, MANY
ORNAMENTAL GARDENS, OF MUGHAL PERIOD.
•LAL-KILA , KUTUB MINAR WAS DEVELOPED IN THIS PERIOD BY THEM.
• “MOGHAL GARDEN” IN FRONT OF RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN WAS ALSO
DEVELOPED BY THEM.
•“FATEHPUR SIKHRI” WAS DEVELOPED BY THEM DURING THIS PERIOD.
PLANNING OF SHAHJAHANABAD
•THE CITY WAS PLANNED
ACCORDING TO HINDU
PLANNING PRINCIPLES OF
SHILPASHASTRAFROM
VASTUSHASTRA.
•THE SITE WAS PLACED ON A
HIGH LAND AS IN THE SHASTRA
AND WAS KARMUKHA OR BOW
SHAPED, FOR THIS ENSURED ITS
PROSPERITY. THE ARM OF THE
ARCHER WAS CHANDNI CHOWK.
THESTRING WASYAMUNA RIVER.
•THE JUNCTION OF THE TWO
MAIN AXES IS THE MOST
AUSPICIOUS POINT IN THE
WHOLE REGION AND WAS
THEREFORE THE REDFORT.
13. PRE-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD: (BEFORE 1947)
•WHEN THE BRITISHERS FIRST SETTLED IN INDIA, THEY FOUND MOST
OF THE TOWNS ARE UNHYGIENIC. SO THEY BUILT INDEPENDENT
COLONIES ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF EXISTING TOWNS. THESE EXTENSIONS
WERE CALLED “CANTONMENTS” AND “BARRACKS” FOR MILITARY
OCCUPIED AREAS AND “CIVIL LINES” FOR THE RESIDENTS OF CIVILIANS.
HENCE THEY CREATED THESE CANTONMENTS:
•DELHI CANTONMENT KNOWN AS BRITISH COLONIES.
•AGRA CANTONMENT.
•BANGALORE CANTONMENT.
•AHMADABAD CANTONMENT.
14. •IN THE FIRST DECADE OF 20TH CENTURY, THEY TOOK UP THE WORK
OF BUILDING NEW DELHI. PLAN WAS PREPARED BASED ON MODERN
TOWN PLANNING PRINCIPLE BY EMINENT TOWN PLANNER “EDWIN
LUTYENS”.
•HE ALSO DESIGNED RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN.
•THE INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS WERE SEPARATED FROM THE
RESIDENTIAL SECTOR.
•LUTYEN ALSO CONTRIBUTED FOR MAKING “CANAUGHT PLACE”
WHICH IS THE COMMON AREA HAVING CIRCULAR PLAN.
•AFTER THIS, THEY FOUND THAT THE CLIMATE OF INDIA IS SO HOT. SO
THEY DEVELOPED THE HILL- STATIONS IN THE NEARBY AREA OF
CANTONMENTS. THEY WERE:
•SHIMLA NEARER TO DELHI.
•MATHERAN NEARER TO MUMBAI.
•KODAI CANAL NEARER TO CHENNAI.
•DARJEELING NEARER TO KOLKATA.
15. POST-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD: (AFTER 1947)
•AFTER INDEPENDENCE, JAWAHARLAL NEHRU WAS APPOINTED
AS THE FIRST PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA. HE INVITED LE
CORBUSIER TO VISIT INDIA AND DEVELOP CITIES. HENCE,
CHANDIGARH WAS PLANNED BY HIM.
•“ROURKELA” & ”JAMSHEDPUR” WERE ALSO PLANNED BY HIM.
•TOWNS PLANNED AND DEVELOPED DURING THIS PERIOD
WERE:
1. STEEL TOWNS-
•DURGAPUR- WEST BENGAL
•BHILAI- MADHYA PRADESH
•ROURKELA- ORISSA
2. INDUSTRIAL TOWNS-
•JAMSHEDPUR- BIHAR
•BHADRAVATI- KARNATAKA
•CHITTARANJAN- WEST BENGAL
3. CAPITALS-
•GANDHINAGAR- GUJARAT
•CHANDIGARH- PUNJAB
•CITIES LIKE “GANDHINAGAR”,”NAVI MUMBAI” WERE PLANNED
BY CHARLES CORREA IN THIS PERIOD.
•THE OTHER CITIES LIKE LAVASA, NEW NASHIK AND NEW
AURANGABAD ARE COMING UP.