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An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages. Any portion of earth’s surface where physical conditions are homogeneous can be considered as a Region in geographic sense, ranging from a single feature region to compage, depending on the criteria used for delineation. In practice, a prefix is added to highlight the attributes on which the region has been defined, for example, agriculture region, resource region, city region, planning region. All the daily activities of human beings are carried out on land. Proper organization of these activities i.e. planning will help the human being in leading a richer and fuller life in livable surroundings or environment. "Planning" means the scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural communities.

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3D GIS brings enhanced depth into data collection and analysis by incorporating a z-value into mapping. Most commonly, that means including elevation data, but users have many options for adding layers of information. While 3D models are more difficult to create and maintain than 2D ones, there are myriad 3D GIS applications where this technology is greatly beneficial. The 3D-GIS in the Cloud main purpose is to evaluate the use-efficiency of both existing and planned spatial space.

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Causes of Housing Shortage in India can be list out as following: • Rapid population growth • Migration • Urbanization • Limited land supply • Affordability • War and Violence • Lack of financing etc Affordable housing is defined as any housing that meets some form of affordability criterion. The affordability criterion is different for different countries. For example in United States and Canada, a common accepted criterion for affordable housing is that the cost of housing should not be more than 30 percent of a household's gross income. Housing costs include taxes and insurance for owners, and utility costs.

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The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation is an agency of the Government of India responsible for urban poverty, housing, and employment programs. It is involved in national policy decisions and coordinates with Indian central ministries, state governments, and central sponsor programs. The Ministry was created in 2004 after splitting it from the Ministry of Urban Development. The government, in 2017, merged the urban development and housing and urban poverty alleviation ministries as the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). The Government of India has launched various programs since its independence, such as some of the five year plans, to alleviate poverty and address the widening income gap, both, amongst the upper and lower classes of society, and amongst the rural and urban parts of the country. For instance, the "Eighth Plan policy guidelines envisages integrated approach to alleviation of urban poverty and servicing the urban poor with basic facilities so that their quality of life improves. The scheme could not help in preventing growth of new slums. While newly launched programs like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA), National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), Food Security Act, Mid-day Meals and Bharat Nirman Yojana have demonstrated success in the initial stages, their performance over the long-run still remains to be seen. The shortsightedness of the Indian government often leads it to launch populist programs that may not necessarily work well. Low-hanging fruit like increasing worker's minimum wage can go a long way in achieving the goal of poverty alleviation, but are yet to be taken up in spite of reminders from leading economists.

Urban Poverty Alleviation

Urban Poverty Alleviation

The city has a pre-historic past. The gently sloping plains on which modern Chandigarh exists, was in the ancient past, a wide lake ringed by a marsh. The fossil remains found at the site indicate a large variety of aquatic and amphibian life, which was supported by that environment. About 8000 years ago the area was also known to be a home to the Harappans. Since the medieval through modern era, the area was part of the large and prosperous Punjab Province which was divided into East & West Punjab during partition of the country in 1947. The city was conceived not only to serve as the capital of East Punjab, but also to resettle thousands of refugees who had been uprooted from West Punjab. In March, 1948, the Government of Punjab, in consultation with the Government of India, approved the area of the foothills of the Shivaliks as the site for the new capital. The location of the city site was a part of the erstwhile Ambala district as per the 1892-93 gazetteer of District Ambala. The foundation stone of the city was laid in 1952. Subsequently, at the time of reorganization of the state on 01.11.1966 into Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pardesh, the city assumed the unique distinction of being the capital city of both, Punjab and Haryana while it itself was declared as a Union Territory and under the direct control of the Central Government. The Union Territory of Chandigarh is located in the foothills of the Shivalik hill ranges in the north, which form a part of the fragile Himalayan ecosystem. It is occupied by Kandi (Bhabhar) in the north east and Sirowal (Tarai) and alluvial plains in the remaining part. The subsurface formation comprises of beds of boulders, pebbles, gravel, sand, silt, clays and some kankar. The area is drained by two seasonal rivulets viz. Sukhna Choe in the east and Patiala-Ki-Rao Choe in the west. The central part forms a surface water divide and has two minor streams.

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PLANNING PRINCIPLES OF LE CORBUSIER – A CASE STUDY OF CHANDIGARH CITY”

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)

Traffic management measures are aimed at improving the safety and flow of traffic, reducing traffic emissions and utilizing traffic artery capacity more effectively. Traffic management is used to curb demand for transport and affect the selection of the mode of transport, route, or the time of travel or transport. In particular, it is utilized during the first stages of the four-step principle applied in the development of traffic conditions. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is the application of computer, electronics, and communication technologies and management strategies in an integrated manner to provide traveler information to increase the safety and efficiency of the road transportation systems.

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In Kevadiya, the mighty Narmada flows between the Satpura and Vindhayachal, slyly giving way to a smooth four-lane highway that leads to two remarkable structures: the Statue of Unity and the Sardar Sarovar Dam. Twice, it seems, the country has looked at Kevadia and both times in scale, the result has been quite remarkable. Driving up the highway, one can certainly rejoice in the fact that the Statue of Unity is far removed from the bustle of the cities. “Kevadiya is a shining example of eco-friendly development. On one side there is the dam and power generation equipment and on the other, there are beautiful eco-tourism sites around SoU”. After all, the charm of concrete skylines would fade rather quickly. Erecting the statue in a nondescript town not only puts it on the tourist map but also creates a playground of opportunities, one that the state government has been efficient to act upon. In Kevadiya there were new tourist facilities like eco-tourism site, nursery, butterfly garden and others will generate employment opportunities for the locals who would get big market for their vegetables, fruits and milk. However shrouded in controversy it may be, our first glance at the Statue of Unity was enough to make us gasp quite audibly. There was nothing quite like it. The sheer size of it seemed unfathomable, my whole self as tall as Sardar Patel’s tiniest toe.

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A Town Planning scheme popularly known as “Land Acquisition without Tears” is successfully practiced in Gujarat & Maharashtra to manage the urban growth. Gujarat state practices method of land management by land pooling & readjusting the same for the development in an organized and desired manner. These Method is Known as Town Planning Scheme & it involves Public Participation at all stages of Proposal & development. The Town Planning Scheme (TPS) thus is a legal document that is the basis for assessing and determining proposals for the use and development of land in the Town at micro level. In this report, the emphasis is given to study & analyses the integration & transformation of unorganized & haphazardly placed rural land parcels into usable form with accessibility & infrastructure provision identifying it as “Urban valuable land” with minimum land wastage. The study includes objectives & scope, terminologies, study of different land models , Legal aspect of Gujarat Town Planning & Urban development Act -1976, Town Planning Scheme methodology, T.P. Scheme Scenario of Surat city, study Of Existing T.P. Scheme, site visit for collecting the data & analysing & interpreting the same in various forms in all respects. This gives preparation of conceptual layouts with carving out of road as per the needed linkages with surrounding area, & well integrated road network accessing each & every plots, reshaped plots with reserved plots for various public amenities including reserved plots for economically weaker section (EWS) - urban poor to lift up the society, with sufficient open spaces. Thus T.P. Scheme is a tool for urban planner to Create Social & Community Spirit Opportunities at micro level of the society with better infrastructure facilities to all for their development. The proposal for T.P. Scheme includes the estimation of road, Infrastructure such as water supply, drainage, Street lights, Open spaces which are must for any development of land & to arrive the cost of development per hectare to arrive at the basic necessary amount required for development.

A PLANNING PROPOSAL FOR TOWN PLANNING SCHEME SURAT NO. 77 (DUMAS-BHIMPOR-GAVIAR)

The aim of the Mission Smart City is to efficiently utilise the available Assets, Resources and Infrastructure to enhance the quality of Urban Life and provide a clean and sustainable environment for living and the main focus will be on core infrastructure services like adequate clean Water supply, Power supply, Sanitation, Disaster Management, Solid waste management, Waste water treatment, Efficient urban mobility and Public Transportation, Public Healthcare system, Education, Affordable Housing, robust IT connectivity, e-governance, Safety, Socialsecurity. Smart City needs Smart Citizens too, Smart City needs to be Safe City as well for citizens live a smooth life. Some definitional boundaries are required to guide cities in the Mission. In the imagination of any city dweller in India, the picture of a Smart City contains a wish list of infrastructure and services that describes his or her level of aspiration. To provide for the aspirations and needs of the citizens, urban planners ideally aim at developing the entire urban eco-system, which is represented by the four pillars of comprehensive development — institutional, physical, social and economic infrastructure. This can be a long term goal and cities can work towards developing such comprehensive infrastructure incrementally, adding on layers of ‘smartness’. In the approach to the Smart Cities Mission, the objective is to promote cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and application of ‘Smart’ Solutions. The focus is on sustainable and inclusive development and the idea is to look at compact areas, create a replicable model which will act like a light house to other aspiring cities. The Smart Cities Mission of the Government is a bold, new initiative. It is meant to set examples that can be replicated both within and outside the Smart City, catalyzing the creation of similar Smart Cities in various regions and parts of the country. In Smart Cities Mission Vadodara 2nd in PPP projects' progress Vadodara, which was selected to be part of the Smart Cities Mission in September 2016, had zeroed in on 62 projects worth Rs 2,817 crore in this regard. The Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs had launched the India Smart Cities Award on 25 June, 2017 with an objective to reward cities, projects and innovative ideas. "Smart Utilization of Vadodara City's Potential for enhancing Quality of life for the citizens of Providing Equal Access to Best Quality Physical Infrastructure, Social Infrastructure and Mobility through leveraging state of the art technology; thus making Vadodara a Futuristic Global city with focus on enhancing economy, protecting the ecology and preserving the identity & culture of the city".

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Regional planning deals with the efficient placement of land-use activities, infrastructure, and settlement growth across a larger area of land than an individual city or town. Regional planning is a sub-field of urban planning as it relates land use practices on a broader scale. It also includes formulating laws that will guide the efficient planning and management of such said regions. Regions require various land uses; protection of farmland, cities, industrial space, transportation hubs and infrastructure, military bases, and wilderness. Regional planning is the science of efficient placement of infrastructure and zoning for the sustainable growth of a region. Advocates for regional planning such as new urbanist Peter Calthorpe, promote the approach because it can address region-wide environmental, social, and economic issues which may necessarily require a regional focus. A ‘region’ in planning terms can be administrative or at least partially functional, and is likely to include a network of settlements and character areas. In most European countries, regional and national plans are ‘spatial’ directing certain levels of development to specific cities and towns in order to support and manage the region depending on specific needs, for example supporting or resisting polycentrism. The Mumbai Metropolitan Planning Committee (MMPC) was formed under the provisions of the Maharashtra Metropolitan Planning Committee Act 1999 and has been entrusted with the task of preparing a Regional Plan for the Mumbai Metropolitan Area with help from MMRDA. Currently, the Regional Plan 1996 is in operation which was prepared by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) and sanctioned in 1999. The MMRDA was established under the MMRDA Act, 1974 and undertook the revision of the First regional plan prepared by the Regional Planning Board and sanctioned in 1973, under the provisions of the MR& TP Act, 1966.

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Panchayats have been the backbone of the Indian villages since the beginning of recorded history. Gandhiji, the father of the nation, in 1946 had aptly remarked that the Indian Independence must begin at the bottom and every village ought to be a Republic or Panchayat having powers. Gandhiji dream has been translated into reality with the introduction of the three-tier Panchayati Raj system to ensure people’s participation in rural reconstruction. An integrated local area plan, based on specific needs of each area, was stressed upon from the beginning of plan development process in 1950s. However, despite several reports and studies, there were only sporadic efforts and isolated cases of such planning. The passage of the Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 marks a new era in the federal democratic set up of the country and provides constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). These PRIs are empowered to function as institutions of Self Government and to prepare plans for economic development and social justice and their empowerment. The PRIs constitute the bedrock for the implementation of most of Rural Development Programmes. Panchayati Raj system of governance provides a 3-tier structure of local governance in which Gram Panchayats are the basic units of administration. The three-tiers include the following: Gram Panchayat, Block Panchayat, and District Panchayat. Panchayats are responsible for the preparation of plans for economic development and social justice; implementation of national schemes; and to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.Govt. of India has elaborated a detailed picture of District Planning through their publication "Manual for Integrated District Planning". This manual will provide guidance in the task of preparing District Plans that are based on a long-term vision, reflect the needs of the people and provide a framework for convergence of programmes and resources so that implementation of the plan yields optimal outcomes and helps address regional imbalances, with a view of bringing all areas of the country into a twenty-first century vision of development. “District Planning” is the process of preparing an integrated plan for the Local Government in a District taking into account the resources available and covering the sectoral activities and schemes assigned to the district level below and those implemented through local governments in the state.” It ensures better delivery of services and efficient use of resources

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Cities are engines of growth for the economy of every nation, including India. Nearly 31% of India’s current population lives in urban areas and contributes 63% of India’s GDP (Census 2011). With increasing urbanization, urban areas are expected to house 40% of India’s population and contribute 75% of India’s GDP by 2030. This requires comprehensive development of physical, institutional, social and economic infrastructure. All are important in improving the quality of life and attracting people and investments to the City, setting in motion a virtuous cycle of growth and development. Development of Smart Cities is a step in that direction. The first question is what is meant by a ‘smart city’. The answer is, there is no universally accepted definition of a smart city. It means different things to different people. The conceptualisation of Smart City, therefore, varies from city to city and country to country, depending on the level of development, willingness to change and reform, resources and aspirations of the city residents. Smart Cities Mission is an urban renewal and retrofitting programme launched by the Government of India on June 25, 2015 with a mission to develop 100 cities all over the country making them citizen friendly and sustainable (Government of India 2015). Each of the 100 Smart Cities will get Rs 100 crore every year for five years, with an equal contribution coming from the respective state government and the urban local body combined. The Mission is carried out through special purpose vehicles (SPVs), registered under the Companies Act, 2013. A smart city would have a different connotation in India than, say, Europe. Even in India, there is no one way of defining a smart city. Some definitional boundaries are required to guide cities in the Mission. In the imagination of any city dweller in India, the picture of a smart city contains a wish list of infrastructure and services that describes his or her level of aspiration. To provide for the aspirations and needs of the citizens, urban planners ideally aim at developing the entire urban eco-system, which is represented by the four pillars of comprehensive development-institutional, physical, social and economic infrastructure. This can be a long term goal and cities can work towards developing such comprehensive infrastructure incrementally, adding on layers of ‘smartness’.

SMART CITY: FEATURES THAT MAKE A CITY ‘SMART’”

Government of India plans to develop Multi-modal High Axle Load Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) between Delhi and Mumbai, covering an overall length of 1483km, with end terminals at Tughlakabad and Dadri in the National Capital Region of Delhi and Jawaharlal Nehru Port at Mumbai. Government of India has further proposed establishing, promoting and facilitating “Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) along the alignment of DFC between Delhi and Mumbai. The objective of DMIC, supported by world-class infrastructure, would be to optimize on the present potential, enhance investment climate and promote the economic development of the region through creation of a long term enabling environment. An MOU relating to the DMIC has been signed between the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan and the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoCI) of India to explore the opportunities for mutual cooperation. MoCI has further initiated the process by appointing M/s IL&FS Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (IIDC), New Delhi as Consultant for preparation of conceptual framework for DMIC.

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This project aims at the Introduction to app Service Management. This software is designed keeping in mind the user’s efficiency & ease of handling and maintenance , as and secured system over centralized data handling and providing with the features to get the complete study and control over the business. The report depicts the basics logic used for software development long with the Activity diagrams so that logics may be apprehended without difficulty. For detailed information, screen layouts, provided along with this report can be viewed. Although this report is prepared with considering the results required these may be across since the project is subjected to future enhancements as per the need of organizations.

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