ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) Principles and approaches of traffic management

SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
SURAT affiliated with
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
AHMEDABAD
P. G. CENTER IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Graduate Report on
“Principles and approaches of traffic management – ITS
(Intelligent Transportation System)”
In the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING – I
SEMESTER – I
Under the subject of
Infrastructure and Transportation planning (2714803)
Prepared by:
SHAH YASH SANJAYKUMAR
(Enrollment No.-190420748027)
M. E. (TCP) – I, Semester – I
Under the guidance of
Prof. Zarana H. Gandhi
Ad- Hoc Assistant Professor, FCE, SCET
Prof. Palak S. Shah
Ad- Hoc Assistant Professor, FCE, SCET
(December 2019)

I
SARVAJANIK COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY, SURAT
(2019-20)
Certificate
This is to certify that Graduate Report entitled “Principles and approaches
of traffic management – ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) is presented
and report is submitted by Shah Yash SanjayKumar of First Semester for
partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of MASTER OF
ENGINEERING IN (CIVIL) TOWN & COUNTRY PLANNING of
Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology, Surat during the
academic year 2019.
Prof. Zarana H. Gandhi Prof. Palak S. Shah Prof. Dr. Pratima Patel
Ad- Hoc Assistant Professor, Ad- Hoc Assistant Professor, Professor & Head FEC,SCET
FCE, SCET FCE, SCET
_______________
External Examiner

II
Table of Contents
1. Introduction of Traffic Management ....................................................................................................1
1.1 Traffic Management as Part of Road Management......................................................................1
1.2 Traffic Engineering and Management ..........................................................................................3
1.3 Traffic Management: - Safety & Security......................................................................................3
2. Purpose of Traffic management:-.........................................................................................................4
3. Objectives of traffic management:-......................................................................................................5
4. Principles of Traffic Management:-.......................................................................................................5
5. Intelligent Transportation System ........................................................................................................7
5.1 Definition:- ....................................................................................................................................7
5.2 Introduction of Intelligent Transportation System.......................................................................7
5.3 Intelligent Transportation System User services ..........................................................................8
5.4 Standards of Intelligent Transportation System...........................................................................9
5.5 Need of Intelligent Transportation System.................................................................................10
5.5.1 Product behavior.................................................................................................................10
5.5.2 Interface..............................................................................................................................10
5.5.3 Performance........................................................................................................................10
5.5.4 Co-ordination and interaction ............................................................................................11
5.5.5 Benefits to vendors, manufacturers and government........................................................11
5.6 ITS applications ...........................................................................................................................11
5.7 Elements of ITS............................................................................................................................12
5.7.1 Traffic Management Center (TMC).....................................................................................12
5.7.2 Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS)................................................................13
5.7.3 Variable Message Sign (VMS)..............................................................................................14
5.7.4 Traffic Cameras ...................................................................................................................14
5.8 Challenges faced towards implementing ITS in India.................................................................15
5.9 Mumbai Urban Transport Project (MUTP)..................................................................................15
5.10 State of Karnataka ITS Activities .................................................................................................16
5.10.1 KSRTC Online ticketing........................................................................................................16
5.10.3 Automated Car Parking.......................................................................................................16
5.10.4 DULT....................................................................................................................................16
5.10.5 BMTC...................................................................................................................................16

III
5.11 Bangalore Traffic Improvement Project - B-TRAC 2010:- Initiative of Bangalore City Police ..17
6. Conclusion:......................................................................................................................................18
7. References:- ....................................................................................................................................18
List Of Figures / Images:-
Fig 1. User Services……………………………………………………………………………………...9
Fig 2. Traffic Management Center Source…………………………………………………………….. 12
Fig 3. ATMS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
Fig 4. Varriable Message Sign………………………………………………………………………… 13
Fig 5. Traffic Cameras…………………………………………………………………………………. 14
Fig 6. Mumbai Area Transport Project………………………………………………………………… 15
Fig 7. Banglore Traffic Control Room-1 ……………………………………………………………… 17
Fig 8. Banglore Traffic Control Room-2……………………………………………………………… 17

PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT–ITS(INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM)
SHAH YASH S (190420748027) INFRASTRUCTURE & TRANSPORTATION PLANNING (3714803)
ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING 1
1. Introduction of Traffic Management:-
Transport means movement of people and goods from one place to another place.
Transportation means the entire activity involving traffic and transport. It is used in broader sense
embracing all related activities. In a similar way, the roads of existing towns should be properly
relaid and realigned so as to solve some of the acute traffic problems of that town.
There is sudden explosion of fast moving vehicular traffic in the last few decades and as such,
various techniques and methods are to be found out to make the movement of vehicles smoother
and easier. The term traffic management is being used to express means and methods adopted to
utilize the road systems of a town to the maximum possible extent so as to grant convenience,
comfort and safety.
The traffic management is a science by itself and it includes the study of regulations for traffic,
controlling and guiding measures for traffic, flow of traffic at junctions, parking areas, traffic
survey, engineering elements of road system affecting traffic operation, improvement of traffic
facilities in existing towns, etc.
1.1 Traffic Management as Part of Road Management
 Traffic management measures are aimed at improving the safety and flow of traffic,
reducing traffic emissions and utilizing traffic artery capacity more effectively. Traffic
management is used to curb demand for transport and affect the selection of the mode of
transport, route, or the time of travel or transport. In particular, it is utilized during the first
stages of the four-step principle applied in the development of traffic conditions.
 Traffic management comprises the following elements: traffic information, traffic control,
incident management, demand management, driver support and monitoring, and fleet and
transport management. It also requires reliable, up-to-date status information on the
transport system.

 Traffic information offers up-to-date information for road users, both before and during
travel. The information provided covers topics such as weather and road conditions, road
maintenance, traffic incidents, traffic situation and alternative modes of travel.
 Traffic is controlled per intersection, road section or the entire road network. Traffic control
is divided into fixed and variable traffic control.
 Incident management concerns the detection, handling and elimination of traffic incidents,
such as accidents, in co-operation with various authorities. Demand management is used
to affect choices in the destination, time, mode of transport or route of travel or transport.
 Means of achieving this include regulating access or parking, arranging park-and-ride
facilities, supporting carpooling, promoting public transport and pedestrian and bicycle
traffic, providing traffic information and using peak-hour tolls and other road use charges.
 Monitoring systems include automatic speed and intersection control, monitoring
transports of hazardous materials and automatic lane-use monitoring.
 Driver support systems comprise IT and communications technology applications,
providing assistance to the driver. These include collision prevention, support for lane
keeping and navigation systems.
 Fleet management covers the planning, monitoring, control and assessment of the
movement and operations of a vehicle fleet and its drivers. Transport management involves
the management of transport chain operations and information flows.

1.2 Traffic Engineering and Management
Recent experience shows that measures to decrease congestion by providing more road space
eventually increase the volume of traffic and congestion returns. Traffic engineering and
management includes measures such as; Co-ordination between traffic signals, traffic calming
methods, good signage and stringent enforcement for prioritizing PT modes, non-motorized traffic
and pedestrians in congested and environmentally sensitive areas. The Government of India would
encourage cities to prepare traffic management plan for the city and to continuously update it and
monitor its performance.
1.3 Traffic Management: - Safety & Security
The need to improve safety in Indian cities doesn’t need any justification. The percentage of
road accidents leading to fatalities and disabilities in India is amongst the highest in the world.
Safety & security are at the forefront of everyone’s mind when they travel. Safety of all road users
and safe access to all road users is a pre-requisite for achieving optimal modal shares.
The Government of India is concerned about the growth in no. of road accidents and has hence
been working on developing National Road Safety Policy Efforts to promote awareness about
various aspects of road safety among commuters can play a very important role in preventing
accidents. Safety of commuters requires that roads are audited periodically. Road Safety Audit for
hot spots should be done at regular intervals, Segregated NMV, pedestrian lanes should be
constructed on all major roads. A database for accident should also be built up by each town & city
and updated regularly. Rescue services should be organized for fast relief.
The issue of security for women, security against terrorism, vandalism needs special attention. For
the safety & security of women and commuters in general, the STUs & SPVs operating public
transit in all cities should deploy only police-verified drivers and conductors in the buses.
All bus stations, terminal areas, etc. should be fitted with GPS & CCTV cameras and should be
connected to a centralized control room for continuous monitoring. As a part of the bus
specifications issued by the MoUD, components of Intelligent Transport System, i.e. LED Sign

Board, Audiovisual Passenger Information System, Multiplexing, two cameras on the bus with
atleast two days of recording facility, GPS/GPRS, integrated controller and Automatic Fare
Collection system, should be installed on the buses.
Para-transit modes also need to be fitted with GPS tracking system and should be fitted
with an emergency alarm system and managed through a Common Control Center. Para-transit
drivers shouldn’t be given licenses unless they have police verification. Further at micro-level, it
should be ensured that the street design being adopted in the city has provision for proper lighting
of the streets; avoiding dead-ends or dreary, dark spaces.
The Government of India would offer guidance and financial support to states and cities to
improve security and for undertaking safety audits and for framing safety guidelines for
transportation of school children and women and for the PT vehicles carrying them.
2. Purpose of Traffic management:-
All developers and contractors intending to use any part of a road or road related area such as
a footpath will need to apply to Roads ACT for the authorization of a Traffic management plan.
Traffic management plans are used to manage the safety of the public and workers on site.
They document the authorization to install, display or interfere with, change or remove traffic
control devices (TCDs), temporary TCDs and other features. All Traffic management plans must
be prepared by a qualified person and must include details on:
 The start date and end date of works
 The extent of the proposed work area
 Any TCDs, including temporary devices, that are to be installed, removed or altered
 The license number of the person who prepared the plan.

In addition to a Traffic management plan, developers and contractors will need to apply for:-
 Work approval – for any occasion when work will occur on public unleased land including
the implementation of measures included within the Traffic management Plan.
 Approval to temporarily close a public road or use a closed public road.
If permanent signage, road markings or other TCDs need to be changed as a result of
development the developers and contractors will need to apply for an approval to amend the TCD
inventory.
3. Objectives of traffic management:-
Following are the main objectives of the traffic management:-
A. To achieve smooth and easy flow of the traffic at intersections:
B. To develop the methods for improvement in general and for solving specific problems in
particular,
C. To have safe, convenient, rapid and economic transport of persons and goods,
D. To improve the speeds of vehicles;
E. To increase the traffic carrying capacity of roads;
F. To make the streets safe for the movements of both, pedestrians and vehicles;
G. To reduce the delays in road journeys;
H. To reduce the chances of road accidents to a minimum;
I. To remove the traffic congestion; etc.
4. Principles of Traffic Management:-
The following guiding principles are considered as part of the decision process for the
authorization of Traffic Management plans and the approval of requests to close any part of a
public road (including footpaths and nature strips).

In priority order the guiding principles are as follows:
• Safety –
Traffic Management plans must control the risks, for both workers and the general public,
associated with work on or adjacent to the public road. These plans need to be mindful that any
feature placed within the road environment has the potential to be a hazard for road users. This is
particularly so for the more vulnerable road users such as cyclists, pedestrians and the mobility
impaired. Attention to detail when locating signs and directive barriers is essential.
• Accessibility –
Traffic Management plans should ensure access to the public road and essential goods and
services is maintained for all road users. Consideration must be given to accommodating the needs
of bus users and the mobility and visually impaired including provision of parking.
• Amenity –
Traffic Management plans should minimize delays to traffic (including pedestrians and
cyclists) and, where practical, maintain the most direct and convenient route between destinations.
There is an expectation that traffic lanes, footpaths, cycle paths, cycle lanes and shared paths
should remain open for use. Traffic lane and footpath/nature strip closures and their associated
detours will only be considered when there is a safe alternative or when construction has to occur
on or within the public road. There is also an expectation that footpath and cycle routes will be
maintained on the same side of the street and that additional road crossings will be minimized.
Where this is not possible the detour should be as short as possible and as close to the level of
difficulty of the original route. Designers should consider adjoining or nearby developments when
selecting detours as well as the impact of increased traffic on existing paths.
• Asset –
Traffic Management plans should minimize damage and the risk of damage to the road
asset including natural features such as landscaping and trees.

5. Intelligent Transportation System
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is the application of computer, electronics, and
communication technologies and management strategies in an integrated manner to provide
traveler information to increase the safety and efficiency of the road transportation systems.
5.1 Definition:-
Application of advanced sensors, computers, electronics, and communications technologies
and management strategies in an integrated manner providing travel information to increase the
safety, efficiency, reliability and sustainability of the transportation system.
5.2 Introduction of Intelligent Transportation System
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is the application of computer, electronics, and
communication technologies and management strategies in an integrated manner to provide
traveler information to increase the safety and efficiency of the surface transportation systems.
These systems involve vehicles, drivers, passengers, road operators, and managers all interacting
with each other and the environment, and linking with the complex infrastructure systems to
improve the safety and capacity of road systems.
As reported by Commission for Global Road Safety(June 2006) , the global road deaths were
between 750,000 to 880,000 in the year 1999 and estimated about 1.25 million deaths per year and
the toll is increasing further. World health organization report (1999), showed that in the year 1990
road accidents as a cause of death or disability were the ninth most significant cause of death or
disability and predicted that by 2020 this will move to sixth place. Without significant changes to
the road transport systems these dreadful figures are likely to increase significantly.
The Government of India has committed Rs.234,000 crores in the urban infrastructure sector.
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), metro rails and mono rails are being built in different cities to encourage
the use of public transport. Intelligent Transport Systems are the best solution to the problem.

Safety is one of the principal driving forces behind the evolution, development, standardization,
and implementation of ITS systems.
Some cities like Bengaluru, Pune, Hyderabad and Delhi-NCR, with their sudden growths in
the IT sector, also have a steep growth in population, further increasing transportation needs.
Meeting such growth with infrastructure growth is seemingly infeasible, primarily because of
space and cost constraints. Intelligent management of traffic flows and making commuters more
informed about traffic and road status, can reduce the negative impact of congestion, though cannot
solve it altogether. This is the idea behind Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS).
ITS improves transportation safety and mobility and enhances global connectivity by
means of productivity improvements achieved through the integration of advanced
communications technologies into the transportation infrastructure and in vehicles.
Intelligent transportation systems encompass a broad range of wireless and wire line
communication based information and electronics technologies to better manage traffic and
maximize the utilization of the existing transportation infrastructure. It improves driving
experience, safety and capacity of road systems, reduces risks in transportation, relieves traffic
congestion, improves transportation efficiency and reduces pollution.
5.3 Intelligent Transportation System User services
In order to deploy ITS, a framework is developed highlighting various services the ITS can
offer to the users. A list of 33 user services has been provided in the National ITS Program Plan.
The number of user services, keep changing over time when a new service is added. All the above
services are divided in eight groups. The division of these services is based on the perspective of
the organization and sharing of common technical functions.
Some of the user services offered by ITS are shown in Fig.1.

The eight groups are described as follows:
1. Travel and traffic management
2. Public transportation operations
3. Electronic payment
4. Commercial vehicle operations
5. Advance vehicle control and safety systems
6. Emergency management
7. Information management
8. Maintenance and construction management
Fig 1. User Services
5.4 Standards of Intelligent Transportation System
Standards provide some norms and regulations to be followed. Just as the standards are
provided by IRC for the signs to be used similar standards are there for ITS. They bring oneness
in the system. They help in generalizing any system. Also they bring homogeneity in the design.
The standards help the non-transportation designers to adhere to some guidelines so that the system
is sound technically.

5.5 Need of Intelligent Transportation System
The need of ITS standards can be explained by five aspects:
• Product behavior.
• Interface.
• Performance.
• Co-ordination and interaction.
• Benefits to vendors, manufacturers and government.
5.5.1 Product behavior
The standards prescribe ways the product should behave. The behavior everywhere should be
uniform. It should not happen that the product behaves differently in some different scenarios. It
ensures uniform product responses. It also helps in easy understanding of a device. It provides
consistency in the output. Confusion to the users is also avoided. Just as a STOP or GO sign is
used it everywhere and every time means the same. Standards do the same thing in ITS.
5.5.2 Interface
Many devices are to be connected with each other. Connection of components to system must
be universal. More ‘plug and play’ type devices should be used. By having a standard the device
will get connected using a standard interface. For ex, many traffic signals should be connectable
to same controller. If universal interface is not there, then many devices will not work everywhere,
which is not desirable.
5.5.3 Performance
Check on performance of a device is essential. Standards should be set to have at-least
minimum performances. The standards will help the manufacturers to develop quality and less
expensive products. It will set the minimum quality threshold accepted for the product. Detection
of under-performance of a device is essential to keep an overall check on the system.

5.5.4 Co-ordination and interaction
Data transfer is an important aspect in the ITS and the data flows from one agency to other.
Thus the co-ordination and interaction between various agencies must take place effectively. The
data must be in stored or transferred in standard format. Data sharing must be possible. Standard
data dictionary and message sets are required for this purpose. The data for each organization
should mean the same. Thus the data dictionary is essential.
5.5.5 Benefits to vendors, manufacturers and government
It helps the government in enforcing some rules which are otherwise difficult to implement. It
also helps the vendors to choose the manufacturer best from the lot which will also be best for the
users. It provides manufacturer with a guide to produce efficient device. If some standards are
made by the government then the manufacturer has to follow the rules. So the uniformity is
achieved in the product and its output. As all the devices are made by following same standards it
provides same platform for vendors to judge a product. Thus a best product is selected by the
vendor which will also be good for the user.
5.6 ITS applications
Indian traffic can benefit from several possible ITS applications. One set of applications is for
traffic management.
(1) Intersection control - At intersections, deciding the total signal cycle and the split of green
times among different flows, is one of the most basic traffic management applications
(2) Incident detection - Pinpointing locations of accidents or vehicle breakdown is important to
handle the emergency situations.
(3) Vehicle classification – Knowing what kind of vehicles, and in what proportions, ply a certain
road stretch, helps to choose appropriate road width and pavement materials.
(4) Monitoring - Pollution and road quality monitoring are necessary for taking corrective
measures.

(5) Revenue collection - Toll taxes for infrastructure maintenance and fines for rule enforcement
need to be collected.
(6) Historical traffic data - Long term data helps to plan new infrastructure, calibrate traffic signal
times, add public transport and so on.
(7) Congestion maps and travel time estimates - These help commuters in route selection.
(8) Public transport information - Information about arrival of public transport helps in choice
of travel mode and reduces wait delays.
(9) Individual vehicle management - Getting information about parking places or estimates of
carbon footprint, help owners of private vehicles.
(10) Accident handling – Emergency services after accidents are a vital necessity.
5.7 Elements of ITS
1. Traffic Management Center (TMC)
2. Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS)
3. Variable Message Signs (VMS)
4. Traffic Cameras
5.7.1 Traffic Management Center (TMC)
5.7.1.1 Objectives:
To deal with day-to-day operational management of traffic by
monitoring real time information and intervening where
required. Fig 2. Traffic Management center
Source: Washington State Department of
Transportation (WSDOT), 2012

5.7.1.2 How it works:
 It works as a control facility that
 Brings together human and technological components
 Collates the information received by various IT systems
 Provides decision makers with opportunities to analyze information and take decisions in
the most particular context
5.7.1.3 Benefits:-
 Efficient and informed decision making
 Dissemination of same information to all stakeholders
 Entire traffic operations can be controlled from single center
5.7.2 Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS)
5.7.2.1 Objectives
To reduce collisions associated with congestion and blocked lanes.
5.7.2.2 How it works
 Uses overhead lane signs
 Variable speed limit signs
 Symbols to direct passing cars to change lanes
 Overhead message signs warn drivers of slowdowns, backups, and collisions ahead.
5.7.2.3 Benefits
 Collision management
 Emergency response
 Emergency management
 Congestion
 Construction management
Fig. 3 ATMS

5.7.3 Variable Message Sign (VMS)
5.7.3.1 Objectives:
To provide travelers with real-time traffic information updates.
5.7.3.2 How it Works:
Electronic signboards updated periodically to provide travelers with information about speed limits,
alternate routes, diversions, etc.
5.7.3.3 Effects:
Minimizes impact of traffic-related issues by providing real-time updates.
5.7.3.4 Benefits:
It disseminates real-time information to travelers on
 traffic congestion
 accidents
 incidents
 roadwork zones
 speed limits
5.7.4 Traffic Cameras
5.7.4.1 Objectives:
Is to provide safe and secure transport system.
5.7.4.2 How it works:
Closed circuit television (CCTV), installed strategically
throughout the entire transport network, feeds live information on
Fig 5. Traffic Cameras
Image Source: GIZ-SUTP
Fig.4 Variable Message Sign

traffic into TMCs, where necessary observation / intervention will take place accordingly.
5.7.4.3 Benefits:
 Improves the entire transport network by
 improving safety of travelers
 Improving security of the system
 Is the most reliable source of information
5.8 Challenges faced towards implementing ITS in India
The foremost challenges/solutions are:
 Awareness is needed, but understanding is critical
 Sound transportation policy framework and institutional base
 Setting up comprehensive interoperability standards
 Integration is essential
 Budgeting and procurement
5.9 Mumbai Urban Transport
Project (MUTP)
A multi-modal project taken up by Mumbai
Metropolitan Region Development Authority
(MMRDA) aims to bring about improvement in
current traffic and transportation situation in the
MMR (Mumbai Metropolitan Region).
Innovations introduced in the systems include:
 Signal controllers
 Night time dimming
 Overhead video detectors
 Single source LED Aspects
 Signal poles
Fig 6. Mumbai Area Transport Project

5.10 State of Karnataka ITS Activities
5.10.1 KSRTC Online ticketing – Smart Card
5.10.2 BBMP –
Automated Tracking and Control of Green Assets (ATCAG) - India's 1st Automated Bicycle
Sharing System.
 3 pilot ATCAGs at
 The park on FM Cariappa Road
 Utility Building complex in front of Fame Shankar Nag theater and
 Anil Kumble Circle with six bicycles in each of the stands.
5.10.3 Automated Car Parking –
Plan to install thirteen Automated Car Parking Towers throughout the city.
5.10.4 DULT
Car Sharing Portal called “Samoohayana”.
5.10.5 BMTC
 Passenger Information system (PIS)
 Construct 45 Traffic & Transit Management Centers (TTMCs) as a part of Comprehensive
Traffic & Transportation Plan (CTTP) for Bangalore and vision plan under JnNURM.

5.11 Bangalore Traffic
Improvement Project - B-TRAC
2010:- Initiative of Bangalore City Police
5.11.1 Objective
 To establish efficient traffic management in
Bangalore:-
 Reduce traffic congestion by 30% in the
Central Area of Bangalore City
 Achieve substantial compliance of Traffic Laws and
Rules
 Set up an effective Trauma Care System
 Reduce accidents by 30% in the city of Bangalore
 Achieve significant reduction in pollution.
 Various components form a part of the
improvement plan, some of them being:
 Road markings
 Signage–Overhead & Stand- alone
 Enforcement Cameras – 5 nos. at critical
locations
 Surveillance Cameras – 160 in numbers
 Upgradation of Signals including Vehicle Actuation – 182 nos.
Fig. 8 Bangalore Traffic Control Room - 2
Fig.7 Bangalore Traffic Control -1
Room

6. Conclusion:
Traffic congestion is an important problem in Indian cities. The characteristics of Indian roads and
traffic make the problem interesting to solve. There is scope for evaluating existing ideas in
different and challenging traffic scenarios, innovate new solutions and empirically evaluate ideas
in collaboration with public and private sectors. ITS techniques have to undergo adaptation and
innovation to suit the contrasting traffic characteristics of Indian roads.
7. References:-
1. National Urban Transport Policy, 2014 , Ministry of Urban Development Government of
India
2. M A Chowdhary and A Sadek. Fundamentals of Intelligent Transportation systems
planning. Artech House Inc., US, 2003.
3. Bob Williams. Intelligent transportation systems standards. Artech House, London, 2008.
4. Transportation Systems Engineering 48. Intelligent Transportation System By Dr. Tom V.
Mathew, IIT Bombay /NPTEL
5. R P Roess, S E Prassas, and W R McShane. Traffic Engineering. Pearson Education
International, 2005.
6. L. R Kadiyali. Traffic Engineering and Transportation Planning. Khanna Publishers, New
Delhi, 1987.
7. Sustainable Urban Transport for India, Module 10 - Traffic Engineering and Management
Module

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