A study of the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Plan as a part of the subject of City and Metropolitan Planning.

1. KOLKATA
METROPOLITAN
DEVELOPMENT PLAN
BY: VIDHI JHA (BARCH/10011/16) DIVYA KOTHARI
(BARCH/10014/16)

2. Introduction to the city of Kolkata
 Kolkata, formerly Calcutta, city, capital of West
Bengal state, and former capital (1772–1911) of
British India.
 It is one of India’s largest cities and one of its
major ports. The city is centred on the east bank of
the Hugli (Hooghly) River, once the main channel of
the Ganges (Ganga) River, about 96 miles (154 km)
upstream from the head of the Bay of Bengal; there
the port city developed as a point of transshipment
from water to land and from river to sea.
A city of commerce, transport, and manufacture,
Kolkata is the dominant urban centre of eastern
India.
Kolkata has had to assimilate strong European
influences and overcome the limitations of its
colonial legacy in order to find its own unique
identity.

3. A brief history of the city Kolkata
1. The foundation of a new metropolis was laid by Job Charnock in 1690.
2. In those days, there were three villages viz. Sutanati, Kalikata and Gobindapur. Job
Charnock decided upon the spot as he was attracted by the rural beauty.
3. In 1707, Kolkata due to its growing importance was declared as Presidency.
4. In 1717, the Company obtained permission from the Moghal Empire to purchase 38 villages
extending down to both sides of Hooghly river on a stretch of 16 Km. Distance.
5. The names of these villages still survive in locality like Bagmari, Belgachia, Sealdaha,
Ultadanga, etc.
6. With this right the British India Co. firmly established its foothold and the settlement
gradually turned into a thriving and prosperious city.
7. In 1773, Kolkata became the Capital of India, but later the Capital was shifted to Delhi in
1912.
8. For many years, Kolkata has been a major industrial place and an important urban center in
the entire Eastern and North Eastern region.
9. It has also been claiming a dominant position in trade and commerce.
10. The Administrative Headquarters is situated in Kolkata from the period of British rule. The
district occupies 17th position in the State in respect of its size with an area of 185.39 sq.

4. Town Planning
Privately many may think that Calcutta and Planning look like a mismatch. But
Partho Datta's recent book on Calcutta's planning tries to prove that “colonial
Calcutta had not only been planned, it had been severely planned. The
ignorance has arisen because the history of Calcutta planning was not
written about before”.
The most striking aspect of the layout of Kolkata is its rectangular north-south
orientation. With the exception of the central areas where Europeans formerly
lived, the city has grown haphazardly.
This haphazard development is most noticeable in the fringe areas around the
central core formed by the city of Kolkata and the suburb of Haora. The bulk of the
city’s administrative and commercial activity is concentrated in the Barabazar
district, a small area north of the Maidan.
The layout has encouraged the development of a pattern of daily commuting
that has overburdened Kolkata’s transportation system, utilities, and other
municipal facilities.
Kolkata’s system of streets and roads reflects the city’s historical development.
 An express highway, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, stretches from Kolkata to Dum
Dum, though most local streets are narrow.
The main roads form a grid pattern primarily in the old European sector, but
elsewhere road planning has a random character.
 Part of the reason for this has been the difficulty of providing enough river

5. Insight Into The Perspective Plans
 The Basic Development Plan (BDP), 1966-1986 was formulated by the Calcutta Metropolitan Planning
Organization (CMPO) was the first perspective plan in India in 1966.
 This followed the master plan for Traffic and Transportation and the Master plan for Water Supply, Sewerage and
Drainage.
 Development perspective and Four Year Program with multi centered development strategy in 1976.
 Perspective plan and action Program in 1981.
 Preferred Structure plan and Integrated Transportation System for CDMA in 1983.
 A perspective plan for Calcutta :2011 in 1990.
 Plan for Metropolitan development : 1990-2015 in 1990.
 Development need of Calcutta Metropolitan area : 1992-2002 in 1992.
 Calcutta Megacity Program : Project Profile and Investment Plan in 1994.
 Vision 2025 started in 2001 and formulated in 2005.

6. List Of All The Executed Master
Plans
 The Basic Development Plan (BDP),
1966-1986 and the master plan for
Traffic and Transportation and the
Master plan for Water Supply, Sewerage
and Drainage was formulated by the
Calcutta Metropolitan Planning
Organization (CMPO).
 As far as the perspective plans are
concerned, first review of BDP was
carried out in 1976 and a revised
development plan was formulated.
 The next review and revision of
development perspective had taken
place in 1981. and again thereafter in
1990.

7. Details About the Master Plan
 The Master plans have been formulated by the Kolkata Metropolitan
Development Authority(KMDA).
 The vision 2025 is a perspective plan for Kolkata Metropolitan Area
for a period of 2001 to 2025.
 Target Population : 21 Million
 Vision 2025 - a perspective plan for 25 years for KMDA finalized
 Master plan for 25 years for traffic and transportation, water supply, drainage,
sewerage and sanitation finalized
 Development plans for environment, wetland, urban amenities and heritage,
education, health, employment and bustee improvement finalized
 City development plan for JNNURM assistance finalized
 Projects worth Rs. 6939 crore identified for various infrastructure development
 Designs of GIS for various capacity building of municipal bodies completed / in
progress
 Our Vision : The vision is to provide sustained and improved quality of life through
basic urban services in an inclusive manner and create enabling environment for
enhanced economic activities by utilizing available resources efficiently, in an eco-
friendly manner while conserving heritage

8. Proposed Structure
The proposed metropolitan
structure plan is a
multi centred one with
:
 1 Metro Centre
 1 Metro Sub-centre
 15 Major Centres
 5 Trans-Metro City
System
 15 New
Townships/Settlement
Areas
 17 New Industrial
Growth Centres

9. Urban Settlements of Kolkata: North Kolkata
 Neighborhoods of elite Bengalis, crafts men, artisans and traders.
 Location
 Lies to the north of esplanade on the eastern banks of the river.
 Built in the area where existed the village of sutanuti.
 Urban Structure
 Low height buildings with maximum ground coverage.
 The buildings are all attached to each other and have
practically no side setbacks.
 Typical roadside buildings have car porticos (‘Garibaranda’)
highlighting the building entrance.
 Open Space is less in this part.

10. Urban Settlements of Kolkata: Central
Kolkata
 The business district developed by the British with palatial structures used as residences
for British officers.
 Location
 It is established on the site of the Gobindpur village.
 Mostly covered between Esplanade and the park street and is stretched till the lower
circular road.
 Urban Structure
 Administrative and commercial district of the city.
 Monumental scale of proportions.
 The administrative district along with four sides of the great tank, has a resemblance
of London.
 The British have not done any compromise in the city road layout.
 Visiting planners drew on what they knew of the west and their work inevitably
reflected the planning theories and design guidelines that had arisen in the western

11. Urban Settlements of Kolkata: South
Kolkata
 Neighbourhood of upper middle class Bengalis.
 Location
 Extends to the eastern wetlands and to the river in the west.
 Defined by the region, which lies to the south of the lower
circular road.
 Urban Structure
 Preplanned and have a definite control over the urban form.
 The buildings have proper setback on all four sides.
 Mix of old Kolkata and some new type of architecture style.
 Mostly residential except some large markets, which have
been planned to cater to the needs of the people.

12. Metropolitan Regions of Kolkata
 Inner Metropolitan Region- Areas falling in and around 50 km orbit of Kolkata
 Intermediate Metropolitan Region- Areas falling in and around orbit of 75 km from Kolkata
 Kolkata Metropolitan Region- Areas falling in and around orbit of 100 km from Kolkata

13. Demographics: Area Distribution and
Population

14. Demographics: Population
 It has seen that, after
1931 in 1941 there was a
vast increment in growth
rate of city’s population
and again in next decade
this came down as very
steeply in 1951. This
decline was accessed
due to the division of
India into two nations.
 The graph clearly shown that there was a very
minimal change in population from 1901 to 1931 and
after third decades of 19th century, the growth was
very rapid.
 The gap among male female also diminished over
the period and hence, the sex ratio found towards
favourable from each previous decades.
 After 1991, the population became stagnant and up
to 2011, the male female difference was much low
and the sex ratio reported was 908 although that was

15. Geo-Demographic Profile of Kolkata City 1901-
2011
 Table 4 shown the trends of
urban growth and development
of Kolkata city from 1901 to the
current Census of 2011.
 The area of the city has been
become more than two folds over
the last century while during the
same period the population has
grown about its 400%.
 The massive change in sex ratio
over the same period was also
found due to demographic
composition changes due to in-
migration of females and
gradually increment in the female
work participation in workforce
population.

16. Religious Population in Kolkata
Being a cosmopolitan city, Kolkata represents a blend of different religions.
Majority of people inhabiting in Kolkata are Hindus. Muslims are in minority.

17. Demographics: Age-Sex Structure
 Female population has been increased over the time and in
1981 onwards the gap becomes much narrow among male and
female specially in working age population.
 This also characterised the increasing the population of women
in the city either for working purposes or education through the
in-migration.
 This city has a high Percentage of female population in the age
group 0-19 and working age group of male population was high
compared to the female population.
 The city population shown that the older age group of 65+
female’s population was high after 1991.
 In 2011, Census data shown that the age group of 20-39, the

18. Demographics: Literacy Rate
 In 2011, literacy rate for Kolkata
District was 87.1 %.
 Literacy rate of Kolkata District
increased from 77.6 % in 1991
to 87.1 % in 2011 growing at an
average annual rate of 3.94%.

19. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1971 1981 1991 2001
Livestock, Forestry Fishing
Mining, Quarrying
Household Industry
Other than HH Industry
Construction
Trade and Commerce
Transport storage and Communication
Other Services
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1971 1981 1991 2001
Livestock, Forestry Fishing
Mining, Quarrying
Household Industry
Other than HH Industry
Construction
Trade and Commerce
Transport storage and Communication
Other Services
Demographics: Occupational
Structure
MALE
FEMALE

20. Demographics: Male-Female Activity
Rate
 Results shown that in early of 70s there
was a wide gap among the male-
female activity rate and this become
narrow over the time.
 Since the male activity rate was about
constant and had found a slight
declining trends while the female
participation was increased over the
same time and in 2011 it become
similar to their counterparts.
 In 1971, in female, economic activity
rate was about 58% and in 2011 it
increased up to the level of 70%, while
in the male there was no much positive
changes had found.
 1981 was the decade, when the female
activity rate was suddenly increased
and in male, afterwards found slightly
declining trends.

21. Land Use Pattern in Kolkata City

22. Growth of Kolkata City and its Land
Use
1951 1972

23. Growth of Kolkata City and its Land
Use
1992 2002

24. Growth of Kolkata City and its Land
Use
2014

25. Density Pattern in Kolkata (2001)

26. Physical Infrastructure
 Traffic and Transportation
 The new circuit should
be in terms with future
demands
 Segregating traffic by
accurate numbers of
fast motorised vehicles
and slow motorised
vehicles
 The total freight traffic
is expected to be
124.71 M tonnes by
2021 and 169.82 M
Tonnes by 20225.
 Enough road, air and
waterways to support
the traffic and resolve
existing problems.

27. Physical Infrastructure
 Water Supply and
Sanitation
 Need for change
in Service District
concept
 Existing policies
to be adjusted as
per the future
demands
 New sections to
be formulated to
cater the need
 Underground
Reservoir and
transmission
system
 Proposals for
arsenic affected
areas
 Schemes for
 Drainage and
Sewerage
 Roles of canal
system
 Drainage basins
 Sewerage
zones
 Solid waste
management
techniques to be
reformed
 Strategy
improvement for
phase wise
improvement of
sewer lines

28. Physical Infrastructure:
Housing

29. Social Infrastructure
 Education
 Various policies are built to improve the education quality of the
area
 Several changes are provided to attract pupils to attend classes
like mid day meal and monetary benefits on education of girl child
 Health
 Several public institutions settles in areas
 Smaller panchayats will be allotted with health care centres
 Increment in number of health care workers
 Employment
 Employment in tertiary sector is supposed to increase
 Several local units to be supported to boost employment
 Rozgar Yojana to help the poor
 Slum
 Several slum improvement programme to replace the dirty
condition with better low cost housing
 Sanitation and drainage to be laid to uplift the face of it.

30. Economic Profile
 The current GDP (2017-18) of West Bengal is US$157 billion, with Kolkata
being one of the biggest contributors to the state’s GDP.
 The state is the largest producer of rice and second largest producer of
potatoes in India.
 Kolkata’s major industries cover a wide range of sectors, including information
technology (IT), jute, leather, textiles, agriculture, metals and minerals, and
tourism to name a few.
 Kolkata is considered an important trade and commerce hub in northeast India.
It has one of two major ports located in West Bengal, other being in Haldia.
In 2018-19, the Kolkata handled 63.8 million tons of traffic (goods).
 The city is also the biggest tea handling port and tea auction market in the
country.
 With the location advantage on its side, Kolkata has also emerged as one of
the major warehousing and logistics markets in the country with deals
worth millions of dollars in the pipeline. These projects are expected to be ready
in the next 12 to 15 months.
 Meanwhile, major industrial lobbies, such as the Federation of Indian Chambers
of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), and the Confederation of Indian Industry
(CII) established their regional offices in Kolkata years ago, a testament to the
city’s diverse economic profile.
 Kolkata is also home to India’s second largest stock exchange, Calcutta

31. Economic Profile
Investment climate
 West Bengal is ranked 10th on the ease of doing
business ranking of states in India with Kolkata
being one of the top performing cities in terms of GDP
for the state.
 In comparison to other metropolitan cities, it is much
less expensive to start a business in Kolkata.
 The city has become a favourite among foreign
investors and companies as the FDI inflows have
continued to increase. In 2018-19, the city received
US$1.2 billion in FDI compared to US$218 million in
2017-18.
 Additionally, Kolkata is the only city in eastern
India that has an international airport.
 Multinational companies (MNCs) that have a
registered office in Kolkata include ITC Limited,
Philips India, Tata Steel, Tata Global Beverages,
Mcleod Russel India Ltd, Birla Corporation, and
Britannia Industries, among others.
Small and medium-sized enterprises
 Small and medium-sized enterprises account for a
significant share of Kolkata’s economic activity and
industrial output.
 The majority of the city’s business registration is
related to micro and small enterprises, with medium
and large-sized enterprises only making up a small
portion of the total amount.
 Major industrial output in Kolkata is focused around
leather garments and bags, apparel, hosiery, PVC
cables, rod iron furniture, machinery and components,
silicon products, electronics and insulated cables.
 The state accounts for around 55 percent of the
country’s exports of leather and leather products.
 The vast majority of Kolkata’s workforce, over 80
percent, is employed in the service industries. Industry
and manufacturing make up around 15 percent of total
employment and the primary sector including
agriculture, and mining makes up less than one

32. Economic Profile
Financial hub
 With Kolkata’s proximity to two international business
centers in Asia – Hong Kong and Singapore, and the
thriving IT sector, the state government predicts that the
city will become a major financial center by 2030.
 The government quoted a study by the McKinsey Global
Institute that said that Kolkata was “one of the top
Indian cities emerging as the epicenter of global
financial activities by 2030.”
 Further, the state government is developing a financial
hub in Rajarhat New Town, which is a planned satellite
city of Kolkata, and 23 financial institutions as of early
2018 acquired plots to set up their operations in the area.
 Some of the institutions the hub has already roped in
include the State Bank of India, Bank of Baroda,
Allahabad Bank, Union Bank of India, and state
government institutions, namely the West Bengal
Financial Corporation and the West Bengal Infrastructure
Development Corporation.

33. Economic
Profile

34. References
 Trends of Spatio-Temporal Changes and Growth of Kolkata City, India: Evidences from Geospatial Analysis ; Dinabandhu
Mahata1, Ambarish Kumar Rai2 & Dr. Pralip Kumar Narzary3
 Vision 2025- CMDA
 https://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/evolution-of-calcutta-kolkata/
 https://fac.arch.hku.hk/asian-cities-research/satellite-cities-around-kolkata/
 https://www.britannica.com/place/Kolkata/City-layout
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata#Urban_structure
 https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KolkataStatistics.jsp
 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Kolkata-Municipal-Corporation-Growing-Areas-1991-2011-Source-Census-of-
India_fig3_282790106
 https://ourworldindata.org/search?q=kolkata

35. THANK YOU.