The document provides an overview of the basic parts and operation of an Adjustable Frequency Drive (AFD). It discusses the four main sections of an AFD: 1) the rectifier converts 3-phase AC power to DC power, 2) the intermediate circuit conditions and stores the DC power, 3) the inverter converts the DC back to AC power using pulse width modulation to control motor speed, and 4) the control and regulation section interfaces with the other sections to monitor and adjust the drive operation. Diagrams and pictures of parts in a 400kW drive are provided as examples to illustrate the sections.
A substation converts transmission voltages like 132kV to distribution voltages like 11kV and serves a local area. A grid station interconnects transmission circuits between regions and may contain transformers. While a substation steps down voltage, a grid station adjusts voltages as needed in the transmission grid network.
This will give the information related to power supply into the computer system and provide the basic information about common power supply in AT and ATX Standards and Efficiency of Power supply Unit.
The document provides information on training goals and electrical distribution equipment including transformers, switchgear, generators and breakers. It discusses the characteristics and functions of transformers, switchgear, breakers, substations and emergency generators. Diagrams of one-line diagrams and typical electrical symbols are shown. Procedures for restoring power during different loss of power scenarios are outlined.
A transformer transfers electric power from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two coils with a common magnetic core that allows power in one coil to induce a magnetic field that generates power in the other coil. Transformers operate by mutual inductance between the two coils and can raise or lower voltage levels while proportionally changing current. Commercial transformers have laminated steel cores to reduce eddy currents and losses, and use different cooling methods like air or water to dissipate heat from transformer components under load.
COVERS THE LAYOUT AVAILABLE FOR ADOPTION WITH AN EYE ON EASY MAINTENANCE .The layouts were evolved by the author and his associate for use by power boards
The document discusses the distribution system which distributes electric power from substations to consumers. It has three main components: feeders which connect substations to distribution areas, distributors which supply power to consumers with tappings, and service mains which connect distributors to consumer terminals. Distribution systems can be AC or DC, overhead or underground, and configured radially, in a ring main, or interconnected for reliability. Design considerations for feeders include current capacity, conductor type, distance from substation, and cost.
Power-supply is an electronic circuit that is used for the purpose of providing the electrical-power to appliances or loads such as machines, computers, & so on
A substation converts transmission voltages like 132kV to distribution voltages like 11kV and serves a local area. A grid station interconnects transmission circuits between regions and may contain transformers. While a substation steps down voltage, a grid station adjusts voltages as needed in the transmission grid network.
This will give the information related to power supply into the computer system and provide the basic information about common power supply in AT and ATX Standards and Efficiency of Power supply Unit.
The document provides information on training goals and electrical distribution equipment including transformers, switchgear, generators and breakers. It discusses the characteristics and functions of transformers, switchgear, breakers, substations and emergency generators. Diagrams of one-line diagrams and typical electrical symbols are shown. Procedures for restoring power during different loss of power scenarios are outlined.
A transformer transfers electric power from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two coils with a common magnetic core that allows power in one coil to induce a magnetic field that generates power in the other coil. Transformers operate by mutual inductance between the two coils and can raise or lower voltage levels while proportionally changing current. Commercial transformers have laminated steel cores to reduce eddy currents and losses, and use different cooling methods like air or water to dissipate heat from transformer components under load.
COVERS THE LAYOUT AVAILABLE FOR ADOPTION WITH AN EYE ON EASY MAINTENANCE .The layouts were evolved by the author and his associate for use by power boards
The document discusses the distribution system which distributes electric power from substations to consumers. It has three main components: feeders which connect substations to distribution areas, distributors which supply power to consumers with tappings, and service mains which connect distributors to consumer terminals. Distribution systems can be AC or DC, overhead or underground, and configured radially, in a ring main, or interconnected for reliability. Design considerations for feeders include current capacity, conductor type, distance from substation, and cost.
Power-supply is an electronic circuit that is used for the purpose of providing the electrical-power to appliances or loads such as machines, computers, & so on
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION OF A 3-PHASE 4- SWITCH INVERTER FED BLDC MOTORvanmukil
This document provides an overview of brushless DC motors. It discusses their construction, operation, and applications. Key points include:
- BLDC motors have electronic commutation rather than mechanical brushes. They provide linear torque-speed characteristics like brushed DC motors.
- They consist of a radially magnetized permanent magnet rotor and phase windings on the stator. Electronic controllers and position sensors enable synchronized commutation.
- BLDC motors are widely used in applications like computers, appliances, electric vehicles due to their reliability, efficiency and power density compared to brushed DC motors.
- The document reviews BLDC motor components, control methods, torque production principles and common configurations like three-phase
Indoor & outdoor substations, an overviewH. Kheir
An introduction to: Types of substations, Elements of substations,
Classifying criterion of substations,
Medium voltage switchgear assemblies & CBs,
Outdoor circuit breakers,
Outdoor disconnect switches,
Indoor & outdoor instrument transformers,
Protection, PLCs & SCADA, Lightning arresters,
Cables, cable/bus ducts & control wires, Communication protocols and Standards
SMPS (switch mode power supply) converts AC voltage to DC voltage to power computer components. It uses a fan to dissipate heat. SMPS has input sockets for AC power and sometimes provides output AC power to monitors. It supplies DC power to devices through connectors on the motherboard and peripherals like ATX, peripheral, floppy drive, and Molex connectors. Splitters are sometimes used to provide additional power connections when there are not enough built-in connectors.
A substation is part of an electrical distribution system that transforms voltage from high to low levels or vice versa. There are four main types: generating station switchyards, customer substations for large customers, system substations that transfer bulk power, and distribution substations that directly supply most customers. Substations contain equipment like transformers, circuit breakers, and bus bars arranged in different configurations depending on factors like system voltage and flexibility needs.
Single Phase to Three Phase Converter Devesh Gupta
single phase to three phase converter by using digital converter in which we firstly convert single phase AC input to DC by using Rectifier and then again convert this DC into Three Phase Ac by using 3-Phase Inverter
1. A substation transforms voltage from high to low or vice versa and performs important functions between the generating station and consumer. Substations may be owned by utilities or large industrial customers.
2. The document discusses types of substations like distribution substations and provides details about components within a substation like incoming transmission lines, lightning arresters, isolators, and earthing rods. It includes diagrams of a single line diagram and lightning arrester.
3. Details are provided about distribution substations, including their role in transferring power from transmission to distribution systems at lower voltages. Components within distribution substations like transformers, feeders, and voltage regulation equipment are also summarized.
The document discusses torque ripple minimization in BLDC motors. It describes how torque ripples occur during current commutation between phases in BLDC motors due to mismatched current rise and fall times. A proposed PWM switching strategy uses modified PWM signals to speed up or slow down the energized phase current during commutation based on motor speed, minimizing torque ripples. Experimental results show that the modified PWM approach reduces current spikes and dips during commutation, resulting in lower torque ripple compared to conventional PWM control.
Mitigation of harmonics using thyristor based 12 pulse voltage source pwm rec...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document provides an overview of a 220/132 kV substation in Barahuwa, India. It includes a single line diagram showing the incoming and outgoing sections. The substation has three main parts: a panel section containing control and relay panels, a yard section with 220 kV, 132 kV and 33 kV sections, and a battery room powering the station. It describes the various components used in the substation like transformers, circuit breakers, isolators etc. The training program helped broaden the author's knowledge of power transmission and distribution.
A substation is a high-voltage electric facility used to switch generators, equipment, and circuits in and out of a system. It also changes AC voltages and converts between AC and DC. Substations can be classified by their service, mounting, function, type of apparatus, and control. They include transformers, switches, circuit breakers, and other equipment to distribute power at appropriate voltages for transmission and utilization.
Speed Control of DC motor using AT89C52 ICDisha Modi
This document describes a project to control the speed of a DC motor using pulse width modulation (PWM) generated by an AT89C52 microcontroller. The document outlines the purpose, components, circuit diagram, programming, and workflow. Key components include an AT89C52 microcontroller, L293D motor driver, DC motor, voltage regulator, and buttons. PWM signals of varying duty cycles control the motor's speed. Code uses timers to generate PWM and buttons to select speed. The summary provides an overview of the goal and approach.
This document presents a simulation study of a photovoltaic (PV) system that uses a cascade three-level inverter topology. The PV system consists of a PV array, boost converter, and inverter. A cascade three-level inverter is formed by connecting two two-level inverters in series. Space vector PWM control is used to generate switching pulses. MATLAB/Simulink studies are performed to analyze the total harmonic distortion in the output voltage and current waveforms when supplying an inductive load. The simulation results demonstrate the operation of the proposed PV system with the cascade three-level inverter.
UNIT-III:Sub-stations Layout:
Types of substations, bus-bar arrangements, typical layout of substation.Power Plant Economics and Tariffs:Load curve, load duration curve, different factors related to plants and consumers, Cost of electrical energy, depreciation, generation cost, effect of Load factor on unit cost. Fixed and operating cost of different plants, role of load diversity in power system economy. Objectives and forms of Tariff; Causes and effects of low power factor, advantages of power factor improvement, different methods for power factor improvements.
This document summarizes a presentation on a three phase fully controlled rectifier. It introduces the topic, outlines the objectives to design and fabricate the rectifier and its control unit. It describes applications of three phase rectifiers such as DC motor speed control and battery charging. Block diagrams and circuit diagrams are shown to illustrate the design.
A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may use a simple feed-forward design or may include negative feedback.
This document provides an overview of power grid design. It discusses the key components of an electrical grid including power generation, transmission, and distribution. Power is generated at stations and stepped up for transmission over long distances via transmission lines before being stepped down for distribution. Grid design involves selecting sites and bus bar schemes, determining bill of materials, ensuring safety clearances, designing earth mats, and laying out control rooms and equipment. Factors like proximity to load centers, accessibility, and avoidance of obstructions must be considered for site selection. Common bus bar schemes include single, main-auxiliary, double, and one-and-a-half breaker configurations. Proper grid design is important for reliably and safely delivering power.
This document summarizes key topics in electrical distribution systems, including receptacle types and testing, voltage measurements, current measurements, circuit breakers and fuses, power quality issues, and transformer types. Receptacles, panels, fuses, circuit breakers, temperature problems, power quality, and transformers are discussed. Proper testing and measurements are described to evaluate receptacles, voltages, currents, power quality, and transformers.
This document provides details on the fabrication of a regulated DC power supply project. It includes a block diagram showing the main components - step down transformer, rectifier, smoothing capacitor and voltage regulators. The circuit diagram and list of components used are also included. The project aims to construct 12V and 5V regulated DC power supplies using a transformer, bridge rectifier, filtering capacitor and IC voltage regulators 7812 and 7805 respectively.
This document provides an overview of the basic parts and operation of an Adjustable Frequency Drive (AFD). It discusses the four main sections of an AFD - the rectifier, intermediate circuit (DC Link), inverter, and control/regulation. The rectifier converts AC power to DC power. The intermediate circuit uses capacitors and coils to stabilize the voltage. The inverter then converts the DC power back to AC to power the motor. Larger drives include additional components like a soft charge circuit to slowly charge capacitors and prevent power surges.
This document discusses various control arrangements for an adjustable frequency drive (AFD). It begins by covering local control, where the AFD is operated through a keypad on the front of the drive. It then discusses more complex arrangements such as remote control using signals wired to the control section, multi-motor operation using a single AFD to control multiple motors, master-slave configuration where a lead AFD sends control signals to following AFDs, and closed loop control where a speed command is sent as a reference and encoders provide feedback. The document provides examples and explanations of features for each control arrangement type.
The Model 940 is a fully programmable high performance servo drive for torque, velocity and position control applications. It features field-oriented control, digital signal processing, and multiple power and communication options. Key features include 17 programmable I/O lines, 5 independent program threads, and encoder or resolver feedback. The drive is configurable based on continuous current rating, input voltage, and other options.
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION OF A 3-PHASE 4- SWITCH INVERTER FED BLDC MOTORvanmukil
This document provides an overview of brushless DC motors. It discusses their construction, operation, and applications. Key points include:
- BLDC motors have electronic commutation rather than mechanical brushes. They provide linear torque-speed characteristics like brushed DC motors.
- They consist of a radially magnetized permanent magnet rotor and phase windings on the stator. Electronic controllers and position sensors enable synchronized commutation.
- BLDC motors are widely used in applications like computers, appliances, electric vehicles due to their reliability, efficiency and power density compared to brushed DC motors.
- The document reviews BLDC motor components, control methods, torque production principles and common configurations like three-phase
Indoor & outdoor substations, an overviewH. Kheir
An introduction to: Types of substations, Elements of substations,
Classifying criterion of substations,
Medium voltage switchgear assemblies & CBs,
Outdoor circuit breakers,
Outdoor disconnect switches,
Indoor & outdoor instrument transformers,
Protection, PLCs & SCADA, Lightning arresters,
Cables, cable/bus ducts & control wires, Communication protocols and Standards
SMPS (switch mode power supply) converts AC voltage to DC voltage to power computer components. It uses a fan to dissipate heat. SMPS has input sockets for AC power and sometimes provides output AC power to monitors. It supplies DC power to devices through connectors on the motherboard and peripherals like ATX, peripheral, floppy drive, and Molex connectors. Splitters are sometimes used to provide additional power connections when there are not enough built-in connectors.
A substation is part of an electrical distribution system that transforms voltage from high to low levels or vice versa. There are four main types: generating station switchyards, customer substations for large customers, system substations that transfer bulk power, and distribution substations that directly supply most customers. Substations contain equipment like transformers, circuit breakers, and bus bars arranged in different configurations depending on factors like system voltage and flexibility needs.
Single Phase to Three Phase Converter Devesh Gupta
single phase to three phase converter by using digital converter in which we firstly convert single phase AC input to DC by using Rectifier and then again convert this DC into Three Phase Ac by using 3-Phase Inverter
1. A substation transforms voltage from high to low or vice versa and performs important functions between the generating station and consumer. Substations may be owned by utilities or large industrial customers.
2. The document discusses types of substations like distribution substations and provides details about components within a substation like incoming transmission lines, lightning arresters, isolators, and earthing rods. It includes diagrams of a single line diagram and lightning arrester.
3. Details are provided about distribution substations, including their role in transferring power from transmission to distribution systems at lower voltages. Components within distribution substations like transformers, feeders, and voltage regulation equipment are also summarized.
The document discusses torque ripple minimization in BLDC motors. It describes how torque ripples occur during current commutation between phases in BLDC motors due to mismatched current rise and fall times. A proposed PWM switching strategy uses modified PWM signals to speed up or slow down the energized phase current during commutation based on motor speed, minimizing torque ripples. Experimental results show that the modified PWM approach reduces current spikes and dips during commutation, resulting in lower torque ripple compared to conventional PWM control.
Mitigation of harmonics using thyristor based 12 pulse voltage source pwm rec...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document provides an overview of a 220/132 kV substation in Barahuwa, India. It includes a single line diagram showing the incoming and outgoing sections. The substation has three main parts: a panel section containing control and relay panels, a yard section with 220 kV, 132 kV and 33 kV sections, and a battery room powering the station. It describes the various components used in the substation like transformers, circuit breakers, isolators etc. The training program helped broaden the author's knowledge of power transmission and distribution.
A substation is a high-voltage electric facility used to switch generators, equipment, and circuits in and out of a system. It also changes AC voltages and converts between AC and DC. Substations can be classified by their service, mounting, function, type of apparatus, and control. They include transformers, switches, circuit breakers, and other equipment to distribute power at appropriate voltages for transmission and utilization.
Speed Control of DC motor using AT89C52 ICDisha Modi
This document describes a project to control the speed of a DC motor using pulse width modulation (PWM) generated by an AT89C52 microcontroller. The document outlines the purpose, components, circuit diagram, programming, and workflow. Key components include an AT89C52 microcontroller, L293D motor driver, DC motor, voltage regulator, and buttons. PWM signals of varying duty cycles control the motor's speed. Code uses timers to generate PWM and buttons to select speed. The summary provides an overview of the goal and approach.
This document presents a simulation study of a photovoltaic (PV) system that uses a cascade three-level inverter topology. The PV system consists of a PV array, boost converter, and inverter. A cascade three-level inverter is formed by connecting two two-level inverters in series. Space vector PWM control is used to generate switching pulses. MATLAB/Simulink studies are performed to analyze the total harmonic distortion in the output voltage and current waveforms when supplying an inductive load. The simulation results demonstrate the operation of the proposed PV system with the cascade three-level inverter.
UNIT-III:Sub-stations Layout:
Types of substations, bus-bar arrangements, typical layout of substation.Power Plant Economics and Tariffs:Load curve, load duration curve, different factors related to plants and consumers, Cost of electrical energy, depreciation, generation cost, effect of Load factor on unit cost. Fixed and operating cost of different plants, role of load diversity in power system economy. Objectives and forms of Tariff; Causes and effects of low power factor, advantages of power factor improvement, different methods for power factor improvements.
This document summarizes a presentation on a three phase fully controlled rectifier. It introduces the topic, outlines the objectives to design and fabricate the rectifier and its control unit. It describes applications of three phase rectifiers such as DC motor speed control and battery charging. Block diagrams and circuit diagrams are shown to illustrate the design.
A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may use a simple feed-forward design or may include negative feedback.
This document provides an overview of power grid design. It discusses the key components of an electrical grid including power generation, transmission, and distribution. Power is generated at stations and stepped up for transmission over long distances via transmission lines before being stepped down for distribution. Grid design involves selecting sites and bus bar schemes, determining bill of materials, ensuring safety clearances, designing earth mats, and laying out control rooms and equipment. Factors like proximity to load centers, accessibility, and avoidance of obstructions must be considered for site selection. Common bus bar schemes include single, main-auxiliary, double, and one-and-a-half breaker configurations. Proper grid design is important for reliably and safely delivering power.
This document summarizes key topics in electrical distribution systems, including receptacle types and testing, voltage measurements, current measurements, circuit breakers and fuses, power quality issues, and transformer types. Receptacles, panels, fuses, circuit breakers, temperature problems, power quality, and transformers are discussed. Proper testing and measurements are described to evaluate receptacles, voltages, currents, power quality, and transformers.
This document provides details on the fabrication of a regulated DC power supply project. It includes a block diagram showing the main components - step down transformer, rectifier, smoothing capacitor and voltage regulators. The circuit diagram and list of components used are also included. The project aims to construct 12V and 5V regulated DC power supplies using a transformer, bridge rectifier, filtering capacitor and IC voltage regulators 7812 and 7805 respectively.
This document provides an overview of the basic parts and operation of an Adjustable Frequency Drive (AFD). It discusses the four main sections of an AFD - the rectifier, intermediate circuit (DC Link), inverter, and control/regulation. The rectifier converts AC power to DC power. The intermediate circuit uses capacitors and coils to stabilize the voltage. The inverter then converts the DC power back to AC to power the motor. Larger drives include additional components like a soft charge circuit to slowly charge capacitors and prevent power surges.
This document discusses various control arrangements for an adjustable frequency drive (AFD). It begins by covering local control, where the AFD is operated through a keypad on the front of the drive. It then discusses more complex arrangements such as remote control using signals wired to the control section, multi-motor operation using a single AFD to control multiple motors, master-slave configuration where a lead AFD sends control signals to following AFDs, and closed loop control where a speed command is sent as a reference and encoders provide feedback. The document provides examples and explanations of features for each control arrangement type.
The Model 940 is a fully programmable high performance servo drive for torque, velocity and position control applications. It features field-oriented control, digital signal processing, and multiple power and communication options. Key features include 17 programmable I/O lines, 5 independent program threads, and encoder or resolver feedback. The drive is configurable based on continuous current rating, input voltage, and other options.
1. This document provides instructions for installing and configuring Danfoss VLT drives for use on a PROFIBUS network.
2. Key steps include cabling the bus line, configuring the PROFIBUS network and master, configuring the drive parameters for control over PROFIBUS, and programming the PLC.
3. The document covers PROFIBUS DP V1 profile support which enables both cyclic and acyclic communication between the drive and PLC master.
This quick start guide provides instructions for installation, start-up, programming, operation and troubleshooting of Yaskawa's AC Drive-V1000 compact vector control drive. The guide includes information on receiving and inspecting the drive, mechanical and electrical installation, basic programming for start-up and operation, specifications, parameter listings and standards compliance. Proper use and maintenance of the drive requires reading this manual in its entirety.
Altivar 61 Plus is a high power low voltage variable speed drive for buildings and infrastructures. It offers greater flexibility with numerous options and communication on most industrial networks. It is easy to configure and ready to use.
Altivar 1100 is a medium power variable speed drive for asynchronous motors. It is environmentally friendly and cost-effective with perfect integration in the line supply and no disturbance of the motor or driven load. It also offers high efficiency.
Technical information Power range for 0.37...800 kW 132...1600 kW
50...60 Hz supply
Voltage Single-phase 200...240 V Three-phase 380...690 V
Three-phase 200...690 V
Drive/Output
1. The document describes various application examples that use motion control systems.
2. One application example is a BBQ grill-making machine that uses linear motion control to accurately feed material into a machine at uniform lengths by using a load-mounted encoder for position feedback.
3. Another application example is a film advance system that uses linear motion control and a tangential drive system to advance film at a constant velocity. The motion control system accelerates the film over 1/3 of the move time based on the known move distance and time.
- Kumar N VISION STATEMENT outlines the company's goal to be a leading provider of quality engineering solutions and support through continuous improvement.
- The company provides application engineering, panel engineering, product sales, and training services across various industries including defense, automation, and manufacturing.
- The document discusses concepts of industrial automation including how PLCs automate processes by replacing human functions like senses, movement, and decision making with electronic and mechanical controls.
This document provides an overview of a training course on variable frequency drive (VFD) maintenance. It introduces VFDs and discusses their main components, including the rectifier, intermediate DC circuit, inverter, and control/regulation sections. It describes the functions of these components in converting incoming AC power to a variable frequency AC output to control motor speed. The document also outlines maintenance tasks like inspecting components and connections and discusses using a bypass system to run a motor at full speed if the VFD fails.
Making a simple variable power supply.
Power supply applications.
Ac and Dc current defintions.
Half wave and full wave rectifier.
Power supply circuit.
Used tools.
Working steps.
Testing.
An infrared remote control is used to control the speed of an induction motor in 8 steps. A microcontroller reads coded data from the remote control and activates output pins to change the firing time of thyristors, which drives the fan motor. The microcontroller receives signals from IR sensors connected to the remote and controls the system. A regulated power supply provides power and a transformer steps down the voltage.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
project report on plc based load sharingVivek Arun
This document provides information about the hardware requirements for a PLC based load sharing project. It discusses transformers, diodes, PLCs, rectifiers, resistors, capacitors, relays, LEDs, and DC motors. Transformers are used to convert AC voltages and connect multiple power sources in parallel. Diodes allow current to flow in one direction. PLCs are used for automation and control. Rectifiers convert AC to DC. Resistors and capacitors are basic electronic components. Relays, LEDs, and DC motors are also used in the circuit. The project aims to automatically share loads between multiple transformers connected to the system based on the load level.
The main intention of this project is to control the speed of a DC motor in alternative directions using speed control unit and to operate the motor in four quadrants: ie, clockwise, counter clock-wise, forward brake and reverse brake.
This system uses an H-bridge motor drive IC for controlling the DC motor from corresponding switches used by the user for pressing. The four switches are connected to the circuit for controlling the movement of the motor. One slide switch interfaced to the circuit is for controlling the alternative direction of the DC motor. A 555 timers is used in the project to develop the required PWM pulses for speed control. The relays are used for changing the polarities of the motor as well as to apply brake to the motor. In the regenerative mode, the current is applied to the circuit in such a way that a revere torque is produced to stop the motor instantaneously .
The four-quadrant control of the DC motor is archived by the varying duty cycles from a 555 timer and their changing polarity with the H-bridge IC by appropriate switch pressing. The alternative speed control feature is achieved by a slide switch operation.
This project in future can be improved by using higher-power electronic devices to operate high- capacity DC motors. Regenerative braking for optimizing the power consumption can also be incorporated.
Vocational Training Report ( Sealdah Power House)shovandey07
The document provides information about the power distribution system at Sealdah Power House in Kolkata, India. It describes the key components of the power house including transformers, switchgear, bus bars, isolators, circuit breakers, and protective relays. The power house receives 6KV high voltage from CESC which is stepped down to 415V by transformers before being distributed to Sealdah railway station for lighting, equipment, and facilities. There is also a backup diesel generator at one of the substations in case of outages.
This document describes a solar compatible multiple output DC to DC converter designed for a personal computer system. It aims to minimize the disadvantages of conventional switched mode power supplies (SMPS) by using triple buck converters with a single DC to DC conversion from a solar panel, rather than multiple AC to DC conversions. The design uses a dual buck converter IC to produce +5V and +3.3V outputs and a single buck converter to produce a +12V output from a 48V DC input from the solar panel. This avoids unnecessary conversions and improves efficiency over conventional SMPS and UPS systems.
This document describes a project to control the speed of a single-phase induction motor using a TRIAC. It includes sections on the circuit description, induction motor working, SCR, TRIAC, DIAC, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The circuit uses a DIAC to trigger a TRIAC, allowing control of the firing angle to vary the voltage applied to the motor. This provides speed control of the induction motor for applications like pumps, fans and refrigeration.
The document compares asynchronous and synchronous buck regulator topologies. Asynchronous regulators use a single MOSFET and diode, while synchronous regulators use two MOSFETs. Asynchronous regulators are simpler but less efficient, while synchronous regulators are more complex but more efficient due to lower conduction losses. The best topology depends on factors like duty cycle, output voltage, thermal considerations, and cost.
The document compares asynchronous and synchronous buck regulator topologies. Asynchronous regulators use a single MOSFET and diode, while synchronous regulators use two MOSFETs. Asynchronous regulators are simpler but less efficient, while synchronous regulators are more complex but more efficient. The best topology depends on factors like duty cycle, output voltage, thermal considerations, and cost. Synchronous regulators generally offer higher efficiency but at a higher cost.
Project: DC Power Supply(PCB)
Group Members:
Haris Abbas Qureshi 171000
M Zubair Khan 170907
M Ammar Aslam 170928
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering . Air University,Islamabad
This document discusses DC machines, generators, motors, and transistors. It provides information on:
1) The brush assembly in DC machines which provides a path for current flow to and from the armature.
2) How a DC generator uses electromagnetic induction to generate voltage in its armature conductors as they move through a magnetic field.
3) Armature reaction which causes distortions in the magnetic field that reduce voltage and cause saturation. Ways to overcome this include shifting brushes or using interpoles.
4) Transistor amplifiers like the common emitter, common base, and common collector configurations and their characteristics like gain, input/output impedance.
The document summarizes information about a traction converter, including:
1. It is composed of a rectifier, middle DC link, and inverter.
2. It provides over-voltage, over-current, and short-circuit protection for the traction motor.
3. Key components include a four-quadrant rectification circuit to convert AC to DC, an intermediate supporting capacitor to buffer voltage, and a PWM inverter circuit to convert DC to variable frequency AC for the traction motors.
Brushless DC Motor Drive using an Isolated-Luo Converter for Power Factor Cor...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on a brushless DC motor drive using an isolated Luo converter for power factor correction. Key points:
1) A brushless DC motor drive is presented using an isolated Luo converter to improve power quality at the AC mains while allowing for speed control of the BLDC motor.
2) The isolated Luo converter operates in discontinuous inductor current mode using a single voltage sensor, achieving inherent power factor correction with reduced sensing requirements.
3) Simulation results are presented to evaluate the performance of the drive in improving power quality for varying motor speeds and supply voltages.
FUNDAMENTALS OF HARMONIC AND APPLIED HARMONICS UNIT 3.pdfMURTHYVENKAT2
This document discusses fundamentals of harmonics and applied harmonics. It defines total harmonic distortion (THD) as a measure of the effective value of harmonic components in a distorted waveform relative to the fundamental. Total demand distortion (TDD) is THD referred to peak demand load current rather than the fundamental. Harmonic distortion is caused by nonlinear devices where current is not proportional to voltage. Common harmonic sources are switch-mode power supplies, fluorescent lighting with magnetic ballasts, adjustable speed drives, DC and AC power converters, arcing devices, and saturable devices like transformers.
Udn2916 lb performance characteristics and application circuit analysisVinsion Chan
The document discusses the UDN2916LB chip, which is used to drive dual-winding bipolar stepper motors. It has built-in current control circuits that regulate the motor's current through pulse width modulation. The chip can control motors from 10-45V and offers 1/3 and 2/3 split modes to control step resolution. It also has overheat and cross current protection. The document provides details on the chip's internal structure and circuits, as well as examples of how to apply it in a tax-controlled cash register that uses dual step micro printers.
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1. Drives 101
Lesson 3
This lesson covers the basic parts and operation of an
Adjustable Frequency Drive (AFD). These parts are divided
into 4 sections: Rectifier, Intermediate circuit (DC Link),
Inverter and Control & Regulation.
1. AFD in a Larger System
This section covers the parts and operation of the Adjustable Frequency Drive
(AFD). It is important to keep in mind that the Drive is just one part of a system. In the
diagram above, notice the disconnect switch, fuses, bypass switch, thermal overloads, PLC
etc. all play an important part in making an application work correctly.
Inside the AFD there are 4 major sections: rectifier, intermediate circuit (DC Link),
inverter and control/regulation. This fourth section, control and regulation, interfaces with the
other 3 sections.
In very general terms the operation of the drive is as follows. Power first goes into
the rectifier, where the 3-phase AC is converted into a rippling DC voltage. The intermediate
circuits then smoothes and holds the DC Voltage at a constant level or energy source for the
inverter. The last section, the inverter, uses the DC voltage to pulse the motor with varying
levels of voltage and current depending upon the control circuit. The pattern of the pulses
going to the motor makes it appear similar to AC sinusoidal waveform voltage.
Each one of these sections is reviewed in some detail in the pages that follow.
2. To understand the parts of an AFD better, an example
of a 400kW (500Hp) drive is used.
Fuses
Disconnect
In the picture above notice the fuses and disconnect switch.
As each part is explained pictures of these parts on a 400kW (500Hp) drive are
displayed. This large drive is used in this lesson for the size of the parts are easy to identify.
One of the options for these large drives 225 – 400kW (300 – 500Hp) is to have fuses
and a disconnect switch mounted inside the drive. With smaller size drives fuses and a
disconnect are separate but are still part of the overall system as described on the previous
page.
3. 2) Rectifier Section
Its function is to change 3-phase AC into DC.
2. Rectifier
The 3-phase AC voltage goes into the rectifier section of the AFD. In the rectifier
section there is a group of gated diodes (silicon rectifiers or SCRs). In the vast majority of
AFDs, these diodes are in a group of 6 as diagramed above. One AFD manufacturer has
stressed that there should be more sets of diodes, 12, 18, even 24. The reasons for and
against this are covered in another lesson.
Diodes (D1 through D6) allow current to flow only in one direction when enabled by
the gate signal. In this diagram, the AC power on L1 goes into Diodes D1 and D2. Because
of the position of these diodes, current flow can only go up. The D1 diode conducts when the
AC is positive and D2 conducts when the AC goes negative. This drives the top line (+) more
positive and the bottom line (-) more negative.
Diodes D3 and D4 convert L2 power to DC and Diodes D5 and D6 convert L3. A volt
ohmmeter or VOM can be used to measure this DC voltage. The positive or red lead is
placed on the plus (+) and the negative or black lead is placed on the minus (-). In this type
of circuit, the DC voltage is 1.35 times the AC line voltage.
If 240 Vac is coming in, 324 Vdc is generated.
If 380 Vac is coming in, 513 Vdc is generated.
If 460 Vac is the line voltage, 621 Vdc is generated.
If 575 Vac is the line voltage, 776 Vdc is generated. Because of line (power coming in)
and load (power to the motor) changes, the DC Voltage level is constantly moving above
and above this expected value.
4. 2) Rectifier Section
SCR
Heatsinks
Incoming Power
The Rectifier section contains terminals for incoming
power, silicon rectifiers (SCR) and heatsinks
In the picture shown above, the rectifier part is indicated. Six SCRs are used to
change the incoming power from AC to DC. This rectification can generate a considerable
amount of heat, so the SCRs are mounted onto a heatsink. The fins of the heatsink are
facing the other way inside a special ductwork where the air flow removes the heat. Four
fans mounted across the top of this AFD pull the air across the heatsink. Remember that
heat is the enemy both to the drive and to the motor. Anything which makes either run
cooler makes them last longer. In this picture, the assembly is not complete. There would be
bus bars connecting the rectifiers with the incoming power.
5. 3) Soft Charge Circuit
On large drives, 22kW (30Hp) and larger, a soft
charge circuit is added in helping charge the cap
banks before main power is applied to the rectifier.
3. Soft Charge Circuit
On larger drives, 22 – 400kW (30 – 500Hp), a part of the rectifier section is known as
the soft charge circuit which is used to power up the drive. With this circuit, when power is
applied, the inrush of current is restricted going to the large capacitors in the DC Link, so that
they may charge up slowly (within a couple of seconds). If this circuit was absent, line fuses
would be blown every time the AFD was started. The soft charge circuit on some of the
AFDs has a resistor or two in line with the current to slowly allow charging of the capacitors.
This current resistor even has its own safety, a thermal switch, which shorts out if the current
rush is too high in the soft charge circuit. The shorted thermal switch blows fuses on the soft
charge circuit preventing the drive from starting.
Once main power is applied to the drive, the SCRs in the main rectifier section remain
off. The much smaller rectifier section in the soft charge circuit starts, applying DC power
through the current resistors charging up the capacitors in the DC Link. When these
capacitors are charged to the DC voltage minimum value, the control section starts the firing
of the SCRs in the main rectifier. Because of the amp draw through the current resistors in
the soft charge circuit, time is needed to cool them off, so the 22 – 400kW (30 - 500 Hp)
drives are limited to 1 start per minute.
6. 3) Soft Charge Circuit
Soft Charge Circuit
Soft Charge-
Snubber Fuses
Here is a picture of the soft charge circuit in the
400kW (500Hp) drive.
In the picture above, the soft charge circuit card is shown. This circuit card on the
400kW (500Hp) drive is in the upper left corner, just above the rectifier section. Notice that
the soft charge fuses are just to the right of the circuit card. The soft charge circuit card on
the 225-400kW (300-500Hp) drives uses small IGBTs instead of resistors to limit power
going to the capacitors. This is referred to as an active soft charge.
7. 3) Soft Charge Circuit
Current Resistors
Soft Charge-
Resistor Fuses
Soft Charge Fuses
Here is a picture of the soft charge circuit in the
110kW (150Hp) drive.
In the picture above, on the 110kW (150Hp) drive the soft charge circuit is exactly like
the schematic diagram shown on the previous page. Notice the 2 large black current
resistors used to limit power going to the capacitors in the DC Link section.
8. 4) Intermediate Circuit (DC Link)
Using a large bank of capacitors and DC reactors the
rippling DC voltage becomes more stable.
4. Intermediate Circuit (DC Link)
The Intermediate Circuit also known as a DC Link can be seen as a power storage facility for
the next section, the inverter section of the drive. There are 2 major components to the DC
Link section, capacitors and coils. In the diagram above only one capacitor is shown but it is
always a series of capacitors. With Danfoss AFDs, this intermediate section always uses DC
coils also known as DC Line Reactors or DC chokes. For cost considerations, most other
AFD manufacturers do not offer these DC Line Reactors as standard equipment. Danfoss
regards these coils as essential for two main reasons; one is the ability to reduce harmonic
noise (interference) by 40% the other is the ability to ride through a temporary loss of power.
This allows this drive to avoid numerous nuisance shut downs.
In the diagram above notice that the rippled DC voltage coming in has now been filtered to a
relatively constant voltage. Remember that this DC Link Voltage is 1.35 times the input
voltage. The value of the DC Link voltage can be read from the display on the front of the
drive. When ever working around the drive always be careful and give it a healthy respect.
The largest drive produces 620Vdc at 750 A.
9. 4) Intermediate Circuit (DC Link)
Cap Banks
The blue capacitors banks are a major part of the DC
Link and store a great deal of energy.
When looking at a drive, some of the most striking components are the 2 devices that make
up the DC link. The 3 banks of blue capacitors on the 400kW (500Hp) drive are quite
prominent. There are in the center of the drive, just to the right of the rectifier section. There
are 3 banks of 12 capacitors in each bank for a total of 36 capacitors. Capacitor numbers
vary with each size of drive. This 3-bank arrangement is to allow for easier service. The
plate on the right side of each capacitor bank has full voltage.
10. 4) Intermediate Circuit (DC Link)
DC Reactors
There are 2 sets of coils shown above. The DC Link coils are
always the ones with 2 terminals, shown on this size drive
here on the left.
In the picture above there are 2 sets of coils. The coils on the left at the bottom center of the
drive, the ones that have 2 connections (DC +, DC -) are the DC Coils, also know as DC
Reactors or DC Chokes. The other set of coils to the right, which 3 terminal connections, are
discussed in the pages that follow.
11. 5) Brake Circuit
When drives are ordered with dynamic braking, the drive comes
with a Brake IGBT. When the voltage gets too high on the
DC Bus, the brake IGBT activates sending power to the
brake resistor.
5) Brake Circuit
This is an optional circuit that can be added to the drive when ordered. In many
applications where quick stopping is essential, a brake circuit also known as dynamic
braking is used. In all hoist applications dynamic braking is needed. There is a special
circuit, which is added to the drive at the factory when the standard with brake (SB) or
extended with brake (EB) brake option is ordered.
When the brake circuit is added, it includes a special transistor known as a brake
IGBT. This dynamic brake circuit monitors the DC Link voltage and the brake IGBT fires
when the DC Link Voltage rises too high.
The external brake resistor which is ordered separately is attached to the R+ and R-
terminals and it receives the excess voltage, dissipating it as heat. The extended brake
option EB can also use the brake resistor for quick discharge of the capacitors when the
drive is shut down.
12. 6) Inverter Section
The Inverters take the voltage from the DC Bus and
using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) sends a
signal which appears to the motor as an AC signal.
6) Inverter
The next part of the AFD is the Inverter section. This section takes the DC voltage
from the intermediate section and with the help of the control section fires each set of IGBT
(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors) to the U, V and W terminals of the motor. This firing of
the IGBTs is known as Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and is described in the next couple of
slides.
Notice in the diagram above that sensors monitor the current going to each terminal of
the 3-phase motor. Unlike many other manufacturers, Danfoss monitors all 3 phases
continuously. There are some manufacturers who in an attempt to cut costs only have 2
sensors and guess on the output to the 3rd and others that only monitor the outputs when the
first run command is given.
Another component that Danfoss insists on including are the motor coils on any drive
larger than 18.5kW (25Hp). These coils smooth the waveform going to the motor. The
smoother the waveform the less heat is generated at the motor and the longer the motor
lasts. The standard distance used by Danfoss between its drive and the motor is 300m
(1000 feet) using unshielded cable. There are other manufacturers that are limited to shorter
distances 100m (330 feet) or less. Some end users have used this distance as a sign of
quality. The longer this distance the better the quality.
13. 6) Inverter Section
Current Sensors
Terminals
Motor Coils
Motor coils, current sensors and motor terminals are
located in the lower right corner of the 400kW
(500Hp) drive.
The current sensors monitor the current going to the 3-phases of the motor. These
sensors detect and alarm when a short circuit or grounded circuit is discovered. Some
manufacturers only check for short circuits or grounding on the first run command, but
Danfoss monitors for these faults all the time. This allows Danfoss to place a motor
disconnect between the drive and the motor. If the motor is disconnected from the drive
during operation, the drive might trip, but because of this constant monitoring the drive
suffers no damage. A disconnect switch between the motor and drive is not allowed by any
other manufacturer. If a disconnect switch is used on some other drives, it causes severe
damage – in other words the smoke is let out.
14. 6) Inverter Section
IGBTs IGBT snubber card
The inverters, IGBTs and snubber card, are mounted
on heatsinks under each of the 3 cap banks.
The IGBTs are mounted on the heatsinks behind the capacitors in the middle of the
400kW (500Hp) drive. The picture on the right shows two IGBTs with the circuit card which
is used to help control them, know as a snubber card. The picture on the left shows the
IGBTs without the snubber card. The correct mounting pattern for the 6 screws (done in a
rotating manner) on each is critical, so that there is proper contact between the IGBT and the
heatsink.
15. 7) Pulse Width Modulation
All manufacturers of drives use PWM, but there are
differences when it comes to the shape of the
pulses going to the motor.
7) Pulse Width Modulation
In the diagram above, a close up view of the waveform that goes to the motor shows
the switching frequency of the IGBTs. The switching-pattern shown above is known as
pulse width modulation or PWM. As the length of time is increased for the IGBT to be ON
and then OFF, the motor responds to it as a sinusoidal waveform. The positive IGBT fires
first in the diagram followed by its negative counterpart. Only one terminal (U) is shown but
the same type of activity would appear on V and W. The PWM frequency can vary from 3.5
to 15 kHz, which means it is audible.
16. 7) Pulse Width Modulation
Without a drive, the motor can go full speed or OFF;
With a drive, the motor can go to a number of
different speeds.
At first glance the function of a drive might look rather confusing. Taking 50Hz or
60Hz power input then changing it to DC only to change it back to look like AC to the motor.
Due to the electronics in the drive, the DC voltage can be manipulated in a much easier and
adaptable fashion. In the example, without the drive, the only signal the motor sees is ON
(50Hz/60Hz) or OFF (0Hz). With a drive the motor can operate with 20Hz, 40Hz, 60Hz,
90Hz or any frequency in between, making it much more adaptable to any application.
17. 8) Control & Regulation
The control and regulation section monitors the
other 3 sections, making numerous calculations
and adjustments to the outgoing signal.
8) Control & Regulation Section
The control section of the drive is where signals are coordinated and regulated. This
is where numerous calculations are completed to properly switch the IGBTs. This control
section uses Vector technology, which separates the torque producing current from the
magnetizing current. In the diagram above the current going to the AC motor is being
monitored.
The Danfoss VLT 5000 has a special program, algorithm, called Automatic Motor
Adaptation (AMA), which determines the electrical parameters for the connected motor while
the motor is at a standstill, a unique feature to Danfoss. Most competitors must decouple
and spin the motor for tuning. Because the AMA measures the resistance and reactance of
the motor’s stator establishing a motor model, the magnetizing current can be calculated.
This motor model is used to calculate the slip and load compensation.
The control section uses the frequency (f), voltage (V) and phase angle (theta) to
control the inverter. This means that the torque producing current can be controlled more
accurately. This robust sensor-less regulation scheme Voltage Vector Control (VVC+),
which is patented by Danfoss, can compensate for rapid load changes. It also provides
100% torque at zero speed as well as excellent speed regulation at low speeds.
18. 8) Control & Regulation
Power Card
Control Card
Gate Card
Three cards make up the control and regulation
section, the control card, the power card and the
gate card. On smaller units the power and gate
cards are combined.
In the picture above, on the 400kW (500Hp) drive, 3 circuit cards make up the control
and regulation section for the drive. These cards are mounted onto the frame used for the
capacitor banks.
The Control Card is the same card used on all drives from 0.75 – 400kW (1 - 500Hp).
The Local Keypad (LCP) fits into this control section. The LCP is used to program and
monitor the drives operation. The next card is known as the power card, which is specific for
a particular size of drives. It relays signals to the gate card, monitors the current from the
current sensors, coordinates the fan operation and a number of other functions. The third is
known as the gate card, whose major function is to send signals to the IGBTs. On smaller
drives these last 2 circuit cards are together on one card.
19. Summary
The function of all the parts of the drive, Rectifier,
DC Link, Inverter and Control/Regulation is to
make a clean waveform to the motor.
The operation of the control and regulation section produces a very clean waveform
going to the motor. The picture to the left shows an oscilloscope trace of a motor phase
current provided by a conventional pulse width modulation system with harmonic elimination.
To the right is the output from the Danfoss VVC+ system. The more sinusoidal the wave
form going to the motor the easier it is on the motor and the less heat resulting in longer
motor life.
Here are some of the advantages of the control and regulation program that is in the
Danfoss drives.
Advantages of Voltage Vector Control (VVC +)
Up to 160% motor torque for 1 minute.
Up to 180% breakaway torque for 0.5 second.
Accurate slip compensation.
Full torque (up to 100%) down to 0 rpm in open loop control.
Full holding torque (up to 100%) at 0 rpm in closed loop control.
High speed stability
High resolution of output frequency
Fast system response to speed and load changes (3 ms updates)
Disconnect switch allowed between the drive and motor
No motor derating
High stability to impact loads
Self tunes to the motor without motor shaft rotation, AMA.
Long Cable lengths (1000’ unshielded) between drive and motor