The main intention of this project is to control the speed of a DC motor in alternative directions using speed control unit and to operate the motor in four quadrants: ie, clockwise, counter clock-wise, forward brake and reverse brake.
This system uses an H-bridge motor drive IC for controlling the DC motor from corresponding switches used by the user for pressing. The four switches are connected to the circuit for controlling the movement of the motor. One slide switch interfaced to the circuit is for controlling the alternative direction of the DC motor. A 555 timers is used in the project to develop the required PWM pulses for speed control. The relays are used for changing the polarities of the motor as well as to apply brake to the motor. In the regenerative mode, the current is applied to the circuit in such a way that a revere torque is produced to stop the motor instantaneously .
The four-quadrant control of the DC motor is archived by the varying duty cycles from a 555 timer and their changing polarity with the H-bridge IC by appropriate switch pressing. The alternative speed control feature is achieved by a slide switch operation.
This project in future can be improved by using higher-power electronic devices to operate high- capacity DC motors. Regenerative braking for optimizing the power consumption can also be incorporated.
This document describes a mini project report on a sensitive switch circuit. The circuit uses a 555 timer in monostable mode that is triggered by a touch plate. When triggered, the 555 output drives a relay for a fixed time to switch on a load. The circuit was built by four students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering under the guidance of their professor. The circuit design, components, working, advantages, PCB design, and results are documented in the report.
This document describes an automatic street light control circuit using an LDR that turns lights on and off based on light levels. The circuit uses an LDR, resistors, capacitors, a transistor, and relay. When it gets dark, the resistance of the LDR decreases which causes the transistor to turn on and activate the relay, powering the street lights. When it gets light again, the LDR's resistance increases and the lights turn off. The circuit provides automatic light control with low power consumption.
This project report summarizes the construction of a 5 volt DC voltage regulator circuit using common electronic components like the LM7805 voltage regulator IC, a step-down transformer, diodes, capacitors and resistors. The circuit works by stepping down the 220V AC input voltage using the transformer. The rectified DC output is filtered and regulated by the 7805 IC to provide a stable 5V DC output. Detailed descriptions and specifications of the key components used in the circuit like the transformer, regulator IC, diodes and capacitors are provided.
The document describes building a 5V regulated DC power supply using a breadboard and various electronic components. It discusses the components used including a transformer, bridge rectifier, capacitor, voltage regulator IC, LED light, and load resistor. It provides circuit diagrams and explains the procedure to connect the components and measure the voltages at different points in the circuit. The goal is to design a basic 5V regulated power supply and measurements show the voltage is regulated to around 5V as desired.
This document describes an automatic street light control circuit using an LDR (light dependent resistor). The circuit uses an LDR, resistors, capacitors, diodes, a transistor and relay to automatically turn on LED street lights when it gets dark. When the LDR detects a drop in light levels, it causes the transistor to switch on, powering the relay and turning on the lights. The circuit requires few components, consumes little power and provides an efficient automatic method for controlling street lights without manual operation.
This is our 3rd semester project of electronics-1 which is a mobile battery charger with night switch as load circuit, it will work as a ups the night switch works on input 220 volt supply and when we cut off the supply it continues it working on battery power and vice virsa.
Electromagnetic relays were once widely used in automation but have been replaced by programmable logic controllers in most applications. Relays are still used in small applications where a PLC would be overkill. Relays use an electromagnet to attract an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact, allowing it to make or break an electrical connection. They provide electrical isolation and allow low-voltage control of high-voltage circuits. Common relay applications include controlling high-voltage or high-current loads, isolating circuits at different voltages, and performing logic functions.
This document describes a mini project report on a sensitive switch circuit. The circuit uses a 555 timer in monostable mode that is triggered by a touch plate. When triggered, the 555 output drives a relay for a fixed time to switch on a load. The circuit was built by four students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering under the guidance of their professor. The circuit design, components, working, advantages, PCB design, and results are documented in the report.
This document describes an automatic street light control circuit using an LDR that turns lights on and off based on light levels. The circuit uses an LDR, resistors, capacitors, a transistor, and relay. When it gets dark, the resistance of the LDR decreases which causes the transistor to turn on and activate the relay, powering the street lights. When it gets light again, the LDR's resistance increases and the lights turn off. The circuit provides automatic light control with low power consumption.
This project report summarizes the construction of a 5 volt DC voltage regulator circuit using common electronic components like the LM7805 voltage regulator IC, a step-down transformer, diodes, capacitors and resistors. The circuit works by stepping down the 220V AC input voltage using the transformer. The rectified DC output is filtered and regulated by the 7805 IC to provide a stable 5V DC output. Detailed descriptions and specifications of the key components used in the circuit like the transformer, regulator IC, diodes and capacitors are provided.
The document describes building a 5V regulated DC power supply using a breadboard and various electronic components. It discusses the components used including a transformer, bridge rectifier, capacitor, voltage regulator IC, LED light, and load resistor. It provides circuit diagrams and explains the procedure to connect the components and measure the voltages at different points in the circuit. The goal is to design a basic 5V regulated power supply and measurements show the voltage is regulated to around 5V as desired.
This document describes an automatic street light control circuit using an LDR (light dependent resistor). The circuit uses an LDR, resistors, capacitors, diodes, a transistor and relay to automatically turn on LED street lights when it gets dark. When the LDR detects a drop in light levels, it causes the transistor to switch on, powering the relay and turning on the lights. The circuit requires few components, consumes little power and provides an efficient automatic method for controlling street lights without manual operation.
This is our 3rd semester project of electronics-1 which is a mobile battery charger with night switch as load circuit, it will work as a ups the night switch works on input 220 volt supply and when we cut off the supply it continues it working on battery power and vice virsa.
Electromagnetic relays were once widely used in automation but have been replaced by programmable logic controllers in most applications. Relays are still used in small applications where a PLC would be overkill. Relays use an electromagnet to attract an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact, allowing it to make or break an electrical connection. They provide electrical isolation and allow low-voltage control of high-voltage circuits. Common relay applications include controlling high-voltage or high-current loads, isolating circuits at different voltages, and performing logic functions.
Fabrication Of Low Power Audio Amplifier Using IC LM386Kapil Tapsi
This document describes the fabrication of an audio amplifier using the IC-LM386. It provides the circuit diagram and lists the components required, including the IC-LM386, capacitors, resistors, potentiometer, battery, speaker, and PCB board. It then explains the working principle of the circuit, describing the role of each pin of the IC-LM386 and how it functions as an audio amplifier. Details of the components used such as the IC, PCB board, capacitors, and resistors are also provided.
The document presents information on a student project to design a simple DC to AC inverter circuit using a 555 timer IC. It includes an introduction, descriptions of the main components used including the 555 timer IC, transistor, voltage regulator, transformer, and rechargeable battery. The document outlines the circuit diagram and working principle of how the 555 timer pulse is used to switch the transistor on and off to produce an AC output from the transformer. It concludes that the inverter was successfully designed and can be used to power devices during power outages, and that further advancement of the design is possible in the future.
This document introduces an advanced power electronics course. It discusses the lecturer's background and qualifications. It outlines some ground rules for students, including submitting assignments on time, maintaining academic integrity, and being respectful. It then provides a general overview of the course, defining power electronics and discussing some key applications like power supplies, inverters, and motor drives. It also introduces some important power electronic components like capacitors, inductors, diodes, and active switching devices.
This document provides an overview of the Power Electronics 17EC73 subject. It discusses the key topics that will be covered, including the basic theory of power semiconductor devices, practical applications of devices in power electronic systems, AC-DC and DC-DC conversion circuits. It also outlines the objectives and outcomes of Module 1, which will cover the construction, characteristics and applications of power devices and power electronic converters. The document then provides details on the history and applications of power electronics, as well as the characteristics, types and design of key power semiconductor devices and power electronic circuits.
This document provides an overview of the Power Electronics 17EC73 subject. It discusses the key topics that will be covered, including the basic theory of power semiconductor devices, practical applications of devices in power electronic systems, AC-DC and DC conversion circuits. It also outlines the objectives and outcomes of Module 1, which will cover the construction, characteristics and applications of power devices and different power electronic converter types.
automatic light control at night ppt by Shubhan rajShubham Raj
This document presents a project on an automatic light control circuit that can switch lights on and off without manual operation based on ambient light levels. The circuit uses an LDR sensor to detect light intensity and control a relay driver IC and relay to power the lights. It includes sections describing the hardware requirements, circuit diagram, components, simulation, PCB layout, advantages, and conclusions. The system is intended to automatically control lights to save electricity while requiring minimal maintenance.
This document provides an overview of an anti-sleep alarm circuit project. It includes a circuit diagram, descriptions of the main components used including an IC555 timer, relay, push button switch, buzzer, resistor, capacitor, transistor and diode. It describes the power supply, including the transformer, rectifier and filter. It explains how the circuit operates to sound an alarm after a set time interval if the push button is not pressed. The conclusion states that the circuit can be used to automatically switch home appliances on and off to save time and electricity.
The document introduces the basic electronic components including breadboards, resistors, capacitors, diodes, triodes, transistors, LEDs, coils, transformers, switches, relays, and integrated circuits. It provides brief descriptions of each component, including their symbols and functions. Resistors limit current, capacitors store energy, diodes allow current to pass in one direction, and transistors amplify signals. Together, these components form the building blocks of modern electronic circuits and devices.
The document introduces the basic electronic components including breadboards, resistors, capacitors, diodes, triodes, transistors, LEDs, coils, transformers, switches, relays, and integrated circuits. It provides brief descriptions of each component, their symbols and functions. Resistors limit current, capacitors store energy, diodes allow current to pass in one direction, transistors amplify signals, and integrated circuits combine multiple electronic components into a single chip. The document serves to familiarize readers with fundamental building blocks of electronics.
Speed Control of DC motor using AT89C52 ICDisha Modi
This document describes a project to control the speed of a DC motor using pulse width modulation (PWM) generated by an AT89C52 microcontroller. The document outlines the purpose, components, circuit diagram, programming, and workflow. Key components include an AT89C52 microcontroller, L293D motor driver, DC motor, voltage regulator, and buttons. PWM signals of varying duty cycles control the motor's speed. Code uses timers to generate PWM and buttons to select speed. The summary provides an overview of the goal and approach.
The document describes the design of three electronics projects: 1) A voltage regulated DC power supply that outputs +/- 5V DC. It includes the circuit diagram, components, and function of each component. 2) A multi-vibrator circuit using the NE555 timer IC to generate astable and monostable signals. It again includes the circuit, components, and function. 3) The design of second order active low pass, high pass, and band pass filters. It provides the circuit diagrams, components, design procedure, observations and calculations, results, and conclusions. The document contains detailed information on the circuit design and analysis of each project.
This project report describes the design and components of a 12V DC to 220V AC converter. The key components are an inverter, step-up transformer, rechargeable battery, battery charger, resistors, capacitors, transistors, LED bulb, and MOSFET. The inverter uses an oscillator and amplifier circuit with MOSFETs to generate a 50Hz square wave that is stepped up by the transformer to 220V AC. The battery provides 12V DC power input and can be recharged by the battery charger. The converter effectively powers loads up to 85W by converting stored DC battery power to a 220V AC output.
This document describes a solar-powered LED street light system with programmable intensity control. It uses LEDs which can be intensity controlled through pulse width modulation, allowing the lights to be dimmed at night to save energy when traffic is low. A microcontroller provides different light intensities at different late night times. Solar power charges a battery, with overload and deep discharge protection. The system components include a solar panel, microcontroller, LEDs, PWM, MOSFET, photovoltaic cells, resistors and capacitors.
This document presents information on components used in a speed control circuit for a DC motor. It discusses transformers, variable resistors, capacitors, resistors, integrated circuits, transistors, DC motors, and bridge rectifiers. A group of students guided by two professors developed a project to control the speed of a DC motor using a chopper circuit. The document provides basic definitions and explanations of each electrical component used in the circuit.
This document provides an overview of power electronics. It discusses different types of power electronic converters including rectifiers, inverters, DC-DC converters, and AC-AC converters. It also covers topics like harmonics, semiconductor devices used in power electronics, and applications of power electronics. The document is divided into multiple chapters that go into further details on specific topics like diode and thyristor rectifiers, Fourier analysis, and effects of harmonics on power system components.
This document provides an overview of power electronics. It discusses different types of power electronic converters including rectifiers, inverters, DC-DC converters, and AC-AC converters. It also covers topics like harmonics, semiconductor devices used in power electronics, and applications of power electronics. The document contains chapters that go into more detail on specific topics like diode rectifiers, thyristor rectifiers, Fourier analysis, and more.
The electrical power is almost exclusively generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of ac because of economical consideration but for operation of most of the electronic devices and circuits, dc supply is required. Dry cells and batteries can be used for this purpose. No doubt, they have the advantages of being portable and ripple free but their voltages are low, they need frequent replacement and are expensive in comparison to conventional dc power supplies.
The document provides an overview of the basic parts and operation of an Adjustable Frequency Drive (AFD). It discusses the four main sections of an AFD: 1) the rectifier converts 3-phase AC power to DC power, 2) the intermediate circuit conditions and stores the DC power, 3) the inverter converts the DC back to AC power using pulse width modulation to control motor speed, and 4) the control and regulation section interfaces with the other sections to monitor and adjust the drive operation. Diagrams and pictures of parts in a 400kW drive are provided as examples to illustrate the sections.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Fabrication Of Low Power Audio Amplifier Using IC LM386Kapil Tapsi
This document describes the fabrication of an audio amplifier using the IC-LM386. It provides the circuit diagram and lists the components required, including the IC-LM386, capacitors, resistors, potentiometer, battery, speaker, and PCB board. It then explains the working principle of the circuit, describing the role of each pin of the IC-LM386 and how it functions as an audio amplifier. Details of the components used such as the IC, PCB board, capacitors, and resistors are also provided.
The document presents information on a student project to design a simple DC to AC inverter circuit using a 555 timer IC. It includes an introduction, descriptions of the main components used including the 555 timer IC, transistor, voltage regulator, transformer, and rechargeable battery. The document outlines the circuit diagram and working principle of how the 555 timer pulse is used to switch the transistor on and off to produce an AC output from the transformer. It concludes that the inverter was successfully designed and can be used to power devices during power outages, and that further advancement of the design is possible in the future.
This document introduces an advanced power electronics course. It discusses the lecturer's background and qualifications. It outlines some ground rules for students, including submitting assignments on time, maintaining academic integrity, and being respectful. It then provides a general overview of the course, defining power electronics and discussing some key applications like power supplies, inverters, and motor drives. It also introduces some important power electronic components like capacitors, inductors, diodes, and active switching devices.
This document provides an overview of the Power Electronics 17EC73 subject. It discusses the key topics that will be covered, including the basic theory of power semiconductor devices, practical applications of devices in power electronic systems, AC-DC and DC-DC conversion circuits. It also outlines the objectives and outcomes of Module 1, which will cover the construction, characteristics and applications of power devices and power electronic converters. The document then provides details on the history and applications of power electronics, as well as the characteristics, types and design of key power semiconductor devices and power electronic circuits.
This document provides an overview of the Power Electronics 17EC73 subject. It discusses the key topics that will be covered, including the basic theory of power semiconductor devices, practical applications of devices in power electronic systems, AC-DC and DC conversion circuits. It also outlines the objectives and outcomes of Module 1, which will cover the construction, characteristics and applications of power devices and different power electronic converter types.
automatic light control at night ppt by Shubhan rajShubham Raj
This document presents a project on an automatic light control circuit that can switch lights on and off without manual operation based on ambient light levels. The circuit uses an LDR sensor to detect light intensity and control a relay driver IC and relay to power the lights. It includes sections describing the hardware requirements, circuit diagram, components, simulation, PCB layout, advantages, and conclusions. The system is intended to automatically control lights to save electricity while requiring minimal maintenance.
This document provides an overview of an anti-sleep alarm circuit project. It includes a circuit diagram, descriptions of the main components used including an IC555 timer, relay, push button switch, buzzer, resistor, capacitor, transistor and diode. It describes the power supply, including the transformer, rectifier and filter. It explains how the circuit operates to sound an alarm after a set time interval if the push button is not pressed. The conclusion states that the circuit can be used to automatically switch home appliances on and off to save time and electricity.
The document introduces the basic electronic components including breadboards, resistors, capacitors, diodes, triodes, transistors, LEDs, coils, transformers, switches, relays, and integrated circuits. It provides brief descriptions of each component, including their symbols and functions. Resistors limit current, capacitors store energy, diodes allow current to pass in one direction, and transistors amplify signals. Together, these components form the building blocks of modern electronic circuits and devices.
The document introduces the basic electronic components including breadboards, resistors, capacitors, diodes, triodes, transistors, LEDs, coils, transformers, switches, relays, and integrated circuits. It provides brief descriptions of each component, their symbols and functions. Resistors limit current, capacitors store energy, diodes allow current to pass in one direction, transistors amplify signals, and integrated circuits combine multiple electronic components into a single chip. The document serves to familiarize readers with fundamental building blocks of electronics.
Speed Control of DC motor using AT89C52 ICDisha Modi
This document describes a project to control the speed of a DC motor using pulse width modulation (PWM) generated by an AT89C52 microcontroller. The document outlines the purpose, components, circuit diagram, programming, and workflow. Key components include an AT89C52 microcontroller, L293D motor driver, DC motor, voltage regulator, and buttons. PWM signals of varying duty cycles control the motor's speed. Code uses timers to generate PWM and buttons to select speed. The summary provides an overview of the goal and approach.
The document describes the design of three electronics projects: 1) A voltage regulated DC power supply that outputs +/- 5V DC. It includes the circuit diagram, components, and function of each component. 2) A multi-vibrator circuit using the NE555 timer IC to generate astable and monostable signals. It again includes the circuit, components, and function. 3) The design of second order active low pass, high pass, and band pass filters. It provides the circuit diagrams, components, design procedure, observations and calculations, results, and conclusions. The document contains detailed information on the circuit design and analysis of each project.
This project report describes the design and components of a 12V DC to 220V AC converter. The key components are an inverter, step-up transformer, rechargeable battery, battery charger, resistors, capacitors, transistors, LED bulb, and MOSFET. The inverter uses an oscillator and amplifier circuit with MOSFETs to generate a 50Hz square wave that is stepped up by the transformer to 220V AC. The battery provides 12V DC power input and can be recharged by the battery charger. The converter effectively powers loads up to 85W by converting stored DC battery power to a 220V AC output.
This document describes a solar-powered LED street light system with programmable intensity control. It uses LEDs which can be intensity controlled through pulse width modulation, allowing the lights to be dimmed at night to save energy when traffic is low. A microcontroller provides different light intensities at different late night times. Solar power charges a battery, with overload and deep discharge protection. The system components include a solar panel, microcontroller, LEDs, PWM, MOSFET, photovoltaic cells, resistors and capacitors.
This document presents information on components used in a speed control circuit for a DC motor. It discusses transformers, variable resistors, capacitors, resistors, integrated circuits, transistors, DC motors, and bridge rectifiers. A group of students guided by two professors developed a project to control the speed of a DC motor using a chopper circuit. The document provides basic definitions and explanations of each electrical component used in the circuit.
This document provides an overview of power electronics. It discusses different types of power electronic converters including rectifiers, inverters, DC-DC converters, and AC-AC converters. It also covers topics like harmonics, semiconductor devices used in power electronics, and applications of power electronics. The document is divided into multiple chapters that go into further details on specific topics like diode and thyristor rectifiers, Fourier analysis, and effects of harmonics on power system components.
This document provides an overview of power electronics. It discusses different types of power electronic converters including rectifiers, inverters, DC-DC converters, and AC-AC converters. It also covers topics like harmonics, semiconductor devices used in power electronics, and applications of power electronics. The document contains chapters that go into more detail on specific topics like diode rectifiers, thyristor rectifiers, Fourier analysis, and more.
The electrical power is almost exclusively generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of ac because of economical consideration but for operation of most of the electronic devices and circuits, dc supply is required. Dry cells and batteries can be used for this purpose. No doubt, they have the advantages of being portable and ripple free but their voltages are low, they need frequent replacement and are expensive in comparison to conventional dc power supplies.
The document provides an overview of the basic parts and operation of an Adjustable Frequency Drive (AFD). It discusses the four main sections of an AFD: 1) the rectifier converts 3-phase AC power to DC power, 2) the intermediate circuit conditions and stores the DC power, 3) the inverter converts the DC back to AC power using pulse width modulation to control motor speed, and 4) the control and regulation section interfaces with the other sections to monitor and adjust the drive operation. Diagrams and pictures of parts in a 400kW drive are provided as examples to illustrate the sections.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
1. FOUR QUADRENT DC MOTOR
Under the Guidance of
Er. Rajendra Kumar
Submitted by
Ashish Singh (1600420003)
Avinash Kr. Vishwakarma (1600420004)
Deepak Kushwah (1600420005)
Kashif (1600420009)
Project Title
2. 1. ABSTARCT
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
3. HARDWARE COMPONENTS
4. BC457 TRANSISTOR
5. IC 555 TIMER
6. LED
7. 1N4007 DIODES
8. RESISTOR
9. RELAY
10. CAPACITOR
11. VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
12. WORKING
13. ADVANTAGE
3. ABSTARCT
The main intention of this project is to control the speed of a DC motor in
alternative directions using speed control unit and to operate the motor in
four quadrants: ie, clockwise, counter clock-wise, forward brake and reverse
brake.
This system uses an H-bridge motor drive IC for controlling the DC motor
from corresponding switches used by the user for pressing.
The four switches are connected to the circuit for controlling the movement
of the motor.
One slide switch interfaced to the circuit is for controlling the alternative
direction of the DC motor.
A 555 timers is used in the project to develop the required PWM pulses for
speed control.
4. CONTD…
The relays are used for changing the polarities of the motor as well as to
apply brake to the motor. In the regenerative mode, the current is applied
to the circuit in such a way that a revere torque is produced to stop the
motor instantaneously .
The four-quadrant control of the DC motor is archived by the varying
duty cycles from a 555 timer and their changing polarity with the H-
bridge IC by appropriate switch pressing. The alternative speed control
feature is achieved by a slide switch operation.
This project in future can be improved by using higher-power electronic
devices to operate high- capacity DC motors. Regenerative braking for
optimizing the power consumption can also be incorporated.
7. BC547
The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial
Silicon Transistor.
The BC547 transistor is a general-purpose
transistor in small plastic packages.
It is used in general-purpose switching and
amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA
NPN general-purpose transistors.
Whenever base is high, then current starts
flowing through base and emitter and after that
only current will pass from collector to emitter
8. IC-555
IC 555 timer is a well-known component in the electronic circles but
what is not known to most of the people is the internal circuitry of the
IC and the function of various pins present there in the IC.
Let me tell you a fact about why 555 timer is called so, the timer got
its name from the three 5 kilo-ohm resistor in series employed in the
internal circuit of the IC.
IC 555 timer is a one of the most widely used IC in electronics and is
used in various electronic circuits for its robust and stable properties.
It works as square-wave form generator with duty cycle varying from
50% to 100%, Oscillator and can also provide time delay in circuits.
The 555 timer got its name from the three 5k ohm resistor connected
in a voltage-divider pattern which is shown in the figure below.
A simplified diagram of the internal circuit is given below for better
understanding as the full internal circuit consists of over more than 16
resistors, 20 transistors, 2 diodes, a flip-flop and many other circuit
components.
9. CONTD…
The 555 timer comes as 8 pin DIP
(Dual In-line Package) device.
There is also a 556 dual version
of 555 timer which consists of
two complete 555 timers in 14
DIP and a 558 quadruple timer
which is consisting of four 555
timer in one IC and is available as
a 16 pin DIP in the market.
10. LED
LEDs are semiconductor devices.
Like transistors, and other diodes, LEDs are made out of
silicon.
What makes an LED give off light are the small amounts of
chemical impurities that are added to the silicon, such as
gallium, arsenide, indium, and nitride.
When current passes through the LED, it emits photons as a
byproduct.
Normal light bulbs produce light by heating a metal filament
until its white hot.
11. CONTD…
When the diode is forward biased (switched
on), electrons are able to recombine with holes
and energy is released in the form of light.
This effect is called electroluminescence and
the color of the light is determined by the
energy gap of the semiconductor.
The LED is usually small in area (less than 1
mm2) with integrated optical components to
shape its radiation pattern and assist in
reflection.
12. 1N4007
Diodes are used to convert AC into DC
these are used as half wave rectifier or full
wave rectifier.
Three points must he kept in mind while
using any type of diode.
a. Maximum forward current capacity
b. Maximum reverse voltage capacity
c. Maximum forward voltage capacity
13. CONTD…
Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one another.
Besides this diode of more capacity can be used in place of diode of low capacity but
diode of low capacity cannot be used in place of diode of high capacity.
For example, in place of IN4002; IN4001 or IN4007 can be used but IN4001 or
IN4002 cannot be used in place of IN4007.
The diode BY125made by company BEL is equivalent of diode from IN4001 to
IN4003.
BY 126 is equivalent to diodes IN4004 to 4006 and BY 127 is equivalent to diode
IN4007.
14. RESISTORS
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed
to oppose an electric current by producing a voltage drop
between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is,
in accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR
Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and
electronic circuits. They are extremely commonplace in
most electronic equipment.
Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and
films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-
resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).
15. RELAY
A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire
wrapped around a soft iron core, an iron yoke which provides a
low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature,
and one or more sets of contacts.
The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to
one or more sets of moving contacts.
It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-
energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit.
In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay
pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may
have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function.
16. CONTD…
Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts
depending on their function.
The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the
armature to the yoke.
This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving
contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed
circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the
PCB.
When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often
placed across the coil to dissipate the energy from the
collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would
otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous
to semiconductor circuit components.
Such diodes were not widely used before the application
of transistors as relay drivers, but soon became ubiquitous as
early germanium transistors were easily destroyed by this
surge.
17. CAPACITORS
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic
component consisting of a pair of conductors
separated by a dielectric.
When a voltage potential difference exists
between the conductors, an electric field is
present in the dielectric.
This field stores energy and produces a
mechanical force between the plates.
The effect is greatest between wide, flat,
parallel, narrowly separated conductors.
18. Voltage Transformer
One of the main reasons that we use alternating AC
voltages and currents in our homes and workplace’s
is that AC supplies can be easily generated at a
convenient voltage, transformed (hence the name
transformer) into much higher voltages and then
distributed.
The reason for transforming the voltage to a much
higher level is that higher distribution voltages
implies lower currents for the same power and
therefore lower I2R losses along the networked grid
of cables.
These higher AC transmission voltages and currents
can then be reduced to a much lower, safer and usable
voltage level where it can be used to supply electrical
equipment in our homes and workplaces, and all this
is possible thanks to the basic Voltage Transformer.
19. CONTD…
The Voltage Transformer can be
thought of as an electrical
component rather than an electronic
component.
A transformer basically is very
simple static (or stationary) electro-
magnetic passive electrical device
that works on the principle of
Faraday’s law of induction by
converting electrical energy from
one value to another.
20. WORKING
The four switches are connected to the circuit for controlling the movement of the
motor.
One slide switch interfaced to the circuit is for controlling the alternative direction of
the DC motor.
A 555 timers is used in the project to develop the required PWM pulses for speed
control.
The relays are used for changing the polarities of the motor as well as to apply brake
to the motor.
In the regenerative mode, the current is applied to the circuit in such a way that a
revere torque is produced to stop the motor instantaneously .
In the regenerative mode, the current is applied to the circuit in such a way that a
revere torque is produced to stop the motor instantaneously .
21. ADVANTAGE
A 555 timers is used in the project to develop the required PWM pulses for speed
control.
The alternative speed control feature is achieved by a slide switch operation.