The paper depicts the seasonal variational impact on water quality of Doon Valley . Study was
proposed to analyze the various water sample of Mohand-Rao river flowing in the Mohand Anticline in
the lower parts of Shiwalik hills in Doon Valley for physico-chemical characteristics of water quality
parameters such as pH; Temperature; Conductivity; Hardness; Alkalinity; Total Solids; Total Dissolved
Solids; Total Suspended Solids..To analyze the physical, chemical, and toxicological parameters of
Streams and rivers.
Geographic Analysis of Erosion Prone Areas and Soil Erosion in Panchaganga Ba...Malhari Survase
The main aim of this study is to identify erosion prone areas and nature of soil erosion in Panchaganga Basin of South Maharashtra. The region lies between 160 13”N. to 170 11”N latitude and 730 41”E. to 740 42”E longitude, comprise seven tahsils of Kolhapur District i.e. Karveer, Panhala, Shahuwadi, Hatkanagle, Shirol, Gaganbawada and Radhanagari. It covers about 45752.2sq.km area and supports 26, 11,547 populations.
For the identification of erosion prone area in the Panchaganga Basin three important components i.e. slope, stream frequency and drainage density has been considered. The SOI toposheets of 1:2,50,000 scale has been divided into 2 cm grids. The slope analysis has been calculated by employing Wentworth method. By marking the values derived from three components of each grid, the erosion proneness has computed and categorized into five distinct spatial units. Such areas ware further checked empirically through field trips. Topsoil loss due to raindrop erosion, rill erosion, formation of gullies, stream channel erosion, etc. is the nature of erosion. Deforestation, overgrazing, monsoonal rainfall of high intensity, hilly landforms, and smooth texture of soil is the major causes of erosion. The area of upper Panchaganga Basin including Radhanagari, Gaganbawada, Panhala, Shahuwadi and some part of Karveer tahsil has been facing acute problem of soil erosion. The reciprocal relationship has been found between slope and eroded areas. It needs to take due care immediately
Spatial Distribution of Knick Points and Associated Waterfalls of the Drainag...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The hydrological rate of flow of the watershed of Lake Laya El Hammam depends on its morphometric and geological features as well as its precipitation.The watershed of Lake Laya El Hammam is part of the coastal watersheds in the central-east of Tunisia. It is the only watershed which is not affected by hydraulic constructions such as dams. Besides, it features a surface area that extends to 204 km2 and a high recorded rainfall. To determine the hydrological rate of flow of the watershed, we had to identify its geological and morphometric characteristics, and gauge the flow of Lake Laya El Hammam. The final results have allowed us to identify: the general aspect of the flow of water in the watershed of Lake Laya El Hammam, the relationship lake/ sheet and the importance of gauging in Eastimating the rate of flow of water during periods marked by lack of rain.
Aquagraphy: Analyzing and representing the state of fluid flowArfar M. Razi
This is one of the lecture series of the joint studio program in Spring 2021 with Global Housing Studio of Delft University of Technology, based in the Netherlands (also known as TU Delft, and ranked No 3 in QS World Universities Ranking) organized by Bengal Institute and TU-Delft. For students at TU, Delft, the ‘Dhaka: Hydro-logical Housing Studio’ follows the MSc Global Housing studio that challenges participants to engage with pressing dwelling and urban issues in cities experiencing rapid urbanization, as well as with the increasing cross-cultural character of contemporary architectural practice.
evaluation of water resources in wadi el natrun, western desert, egyptIJEAB
Groundwater of the Pliocene aquifer in Wadi El Natrun area represents the primary source of reliable water for drinking and agriculture uses. This research focuses on the study of the different sources of water in the study area and determines the origin and quality of this waterand also is interested in studying hydrogeochemical processes that affect them and the movement of water through the analysis and determine the activity of different elements, and also to changes in hypothetical salts with the direction of water flow in three sectors of the region and the statement of the most important geochemical processes that occur. Finally it is evaluated the suitability of the water for different purposes. The results show that, there is a zonation of chemical composition; this zonation is characterized by a change of cation species from dominantly Ca and Mg near the east to Na-dominated waters in the west. Mirroring this, anions change from HCO3 type to Cl and SO4 type.The ions displays two grades of metasomatism along flow path, first the stage of mineralization(HCO3>Cl>So4) at the east then the advanced stage of mineralization (Cl>SO4 >HCO3) at the west. According to the(W.H.O.2005), 45 % of tested groundwater samples are permissible for drinking. Most groundwater samples of the Pliocene according to SAR andRSC are suitable for irrigation purposes under normal condition, but all surface water samples (lakes) are saline water,so it is not valid for drinking or irrigation purposes.
Geographic Analysis of Erosion Prone Areas and Soil Erosion in Panchaganga Ba...Malhari Survase
The main aim of this study is to identify erosion prone areas and nature of soil erosion in Panchaganga Basin of South Maharashtra. The region lies between 160 13”N. to 170 11”N latitude and 730 41”E. to 740 42”E longitude, comprise seven tahsils of Kolhapur District i.e. Karveer, Panhala, Shahuwadi, Hatkanagle, Shirol, Gaganbawada and Radhanagari. It covers about 45752.2sq.km area and supports 26, 11,547 populations.
For the identification of erosion prone area in the Panchaganga Basin three important components i.e. slope, stream frequency and drainage density has been considered. The SOI toposheets of 1:2,50,000 scale has been divided into 2 cm grids. The slope analysis has been calculated by employing Wentworth method. By marking the values derived from three components of each grid, the erosion proneness has computed and categorized into five distinct spatial units. Such areas ware further checked empirically through field trips. Topsoil loss due to raindrop erosion, rill erosion, formation of gullies, stream channel erosion, etc. is the nature of erosion. Deforestation, overgrazing, monsoonal rainfall of high intensity, hilly landforms, and smooth texture of soil is the major causes of erosion. The area of upper Panchaganga Basin including Radhanagari, Gaganbawada, Panhala, Shahuwadi and some part of Karveer tahsil has been facing acute problem of soil erosion. The reciprocal relationship has been found between slope and eroded areas. It needs to take due care immediately
Spatial Distribution of Knick Points and Associated Waterfalls of the Drainag...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The hydrological rate of flow of the watershed of Lake Laya El Hammam depends on its morphometric and geological features as well as its precipitation.The watershed of Lake Laya El Hammam is part of the coastal watersheds in the central-east of Tunisia. It is the only watershed which is not affected by hydraulic constructions such as dams. Besides, it features a surface area that extends to 204 km2 and a high recorded rainfall. To determine the hydrological rate of flow of the watershed, we had to identify its geological and morphometric characteristics, and gauge the flow of Lake Laya El Hammam. The final results have allowed us to identify: the general aspect of the flow of water in the watershed of Lake Laya El Hammam, the relationship lake/ sheet and the importance of gauging in Eastimating the rate of flow of water during periods marked by lack of rain.
Aquagraphy: Analyzing and representing the state of fluid flowArfar M. Razi
This is one of the lecture series of the joint studio program in Spring 2021 with Global Housing Studio of Delft University of Technology, based in the Netherlands (also known as TU Delft, and ranked No 3 in QS World Universities Ranking) organized by Bengal Institute and TU-Delft. For students at TU, Delft, the ‘Dhaka: Hydro-logical Housing Studio’ follows the MSc Global Housing studio that challenges participants to engage with pressing dwelling and urban issues in cities experiencing rapid urbanization, as well as with the increasing cross-cultural character of contemporary architectural practice.
evaluation of water resources in wadi el natrun, western desert, egyptIJEAB
Groundwater of the Pliocene aquifer in Wadi El Natrun area represents the primary source of reliable water for drinking and agriculture uses. This research focuses on the study of the different sources of water in the study area and determines the origin and quality of this waterand also is interested in studying hydrogeochemical processes that affect them and the movement of water through the analysis and determine the activity of different elements, and also to changes in hypothetical salts with the direction of water flow in three sectors of the region and the statement of the most important geochemical processes that occur. Finally it is evaluated the suitability of the water for different purposes. The results show that, there is a zonation of chemical composition; this zonation is characterized by a change of cation species from dominantly Ca and Mg near the east to Na-dominated waters in the west. Mirroring this, anions change from HCO3 type to Cl and SO4 type.The ions displays two grades of metasomatism along flow path, first the stage of mineralization(HCO3>Cl>So4) at the east then the advanced stage of mineralization (Cl>SO4 >HCO3) at the west. According to the(W.H.O.2005), 45 % of tested groundwater samples are permissible for drinking. Most groundwater samples of the Pliocene according to SAR andRSC are suitable for irrigation purposes under normal condition, but all surface water samples (lakes) are saline water,so it is not valid for drinking or irrigation purposes.
this is a ppt especially for class 9 students.this contains details about drainage system in india and also about-ganga,indus,brahmaputra river systems
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Drainage pattern & morphometric analyses of drainage basinsUjjavalPatel16
Drainage Pattern & Morphometric analyses of drainage basins.
In geomorphology, the patterns formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. Also known as drainage systems or river systems.
According to the configuration of the channels, drainage systems can fall into one of several categories known as drainage patterns. Drainage patterns depend on the topography & geology of the land.
Drainage basins: The total land surface drained by a system of stream leading to the same outflow.
Drainage system: The stream, tributaries, and other bodies of water by which a region is called drained.
Drainage divide: The boundary between adjacent drainage basins.
An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
It is also called the Catchment area.
Any precipitation which falls into the basin is collected and drains into the main river or its tributaries by runoff, throughflow or groundwater flow.
Its boundary marked by a ridge of high land called watershed.
Drainage basins have one main stream and many tributaries.
Each tributaries of main stream forms sub-drainage basin.
This module gives an overview of general applications of current hydrogeological aspects. It is for the basic understanding of students and research scholars.
Data and Information Integration: Information ExtractionIJMER
Information extraction is generally concerned with the location of different items in any document, may be textual or web document. This paper is concerned with the methodologies and applications of information extraction. The field of information extraction plays a very important role in the natural language processing community. The architecture of information extraction system which acts as the base for all languages and fields is also discussed along with its different components. Information is hidden in the large volume of web pages and thus it is necessary to extract useful information from the web content, called Information Extraction. In information extraction, given a sequence of instances, we identify and pull out a sub-sequence of the input that represents information we are interested in.
Manual data extraction from semi supervised web pages is a difficult task. This paper focuses on study of various data extraction techniques and also some web data extraction techniques. In the past years, there was a rapid expansion of activities in the information extraction area. Many methods have been proposed for automating the process of extraction. We will survey various web data extraction tools. Several real-world applications of information extraction will be introduced. What role information extraction plays in different fields is discussed in these applications. Current challenges being faced by the available information extraction techniques are briefly discussed along with the future work going on using the current researches is discussed.
this is a ppt especially for class 9 students.this contains details about drainage system in india and also about-ganga,indus,brahmaputra river systems
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Drainage pattern & morphometric analyses of drainage basinsUjjavalPatel16
Drainage Pattern & Morphometric analyses of drainage basins.
In geomorphology, the patterns formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. Also known as drainage systems or river systems.
According to the configuration of the channels, drainage systems can fall into one of several categories known as drainage patterns. Drainage patterns depend on the topography & geology of the land.
Drainage basins: The total land surface drained by a system of stream leading to the same outflow.
Drainage system: The stream, tributaries, and other bodies of water by which a region is called drained.
Drainage divide: The boundary between adjacent drainage basins.
An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
It is also called the Catchment area.
Any precipitation which falls into the basin is collected and drains into the main river or its tributaries by runoff, throughflow or groundwater flow.
Its boundary marked by a ridge of high land called watershed.
Drainage basins have one main stream and many tributaries.
Each tributaries of main stream forms sub-drainage basin.
This module gives an overview of general applications of current hydrogeological aspects. It is for the basic understanding of students and research scholars.
Data and Information Integration: Information ExtractionIJMER
Information extraction is generally concerned with the location of different items in any document, may be textual or web document. This paper is concerned with the methodologies and applications of information extraction. The field of information extraction plays a very important role in the natural language processing community. The architecture of information extraction system which acts as the base for all languages and fields is also discussed along with its different components. Information is hidden in the large volume of web pages and thus it is necessary to extract useful information from the web content, called Information Extraction. In information extraction, given a sequence of instances, we identify and pull out a sub-sequence of the input that represents information we are interested in.
Manual data extraction from semi supervised web pages is a difficult task. This paper focuses on study of various data extraction techniques and also some web data extraction techniques. In the past years, there was a rapid expansion of activities in the information extraction area. Many methods have been proposed for automating the process of extraction. We will survey various web data extraction tools. Several real-world applications of information extraction will be introduced. What role information extraction plays in different fields is discussed in these applications. Current challenges being faced by the available information extraction techniques are briefly discussed along with the future work going on using the current researches is discussed.
A Survey of User Authentication Schemes for Mobile DeviceIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Effect Of Water On Slope Stability And Investigation Of ΝΝw Drainage Techniqu...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
A Novel Approach To Answer Continuous Aggregation Queries Using Data Aggregat...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
The determination of this paper is to introduce two new spaces , namely 𝑆𝑔
∗
-compact and 𝑆𝑔
∗
-
connected spaces. Additionally some properties of these spaces are investigated.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 54A05
Hybrid Photovoltaic and thermoelectric systems more effectively converts solar energy into electrical energy. Two sources of energy are used one of the energy is solar,that converts radiant light into electrical energy and heat energy which will convert heat into electricity.Photovoltaic cells and thermoelectric modules are used to capture and convert the energy into electricity.Furthermore solar-thermoelectric hybrid system is environmental friendly and has no harmful emissions.Solar-thermoelectric hybrid system increases the overall reliability without sacrificing the quality of power generated.In this paper an overview of the previous research and development of technological advancement in the solar-thermoelectric hybrid systems is presented.
Greedy – based Heuristic for OSC problems in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJMER
This paper contains optimize set coverage problem in wireless sensor networks with adaptable sensing range. Communication and sensing consume energy, so efficient power management can extended the network lifetime. In this paper we consider a enormous number of sensors with adaptable sensing range that are randomly positioned to monitor a number of targets. Every single target may be redundantly covered by various sensors. For preserving energy resources we organize sensors in sets stimulated successively. In this paper we introduce the Optimize Set Coverage (OSC) problem that has in unbiased finding with an extreme number of set covers in which every sensor node to be activated is connected to the base station. A sensor can be participated in various sensor sets, but the overall energy consumed in all groups is forced by the primary energy reserves. We show that the OSC problem is NP-complete and we propose the solutions: an integer programming for OSC problem, a linear programming for OSC problem with greedy approach, and a distributed and localized heuristic. Simulation results are presented and validated to our approaches.
Generally, the reconstitution of palaeo-geography and related environments
is based on the study of sediment markers such as grain size and clay mineralogy. In
this research, 90 surface and subsurface sediment samples from eight cores were
analyzed for grain size and clay mineralogy in southern part of Urmia lake coast and
adjacent areas. Abundant minerals are quartz, feldspars, calcite and dolomite. Heavy
minerals identified were epidote, hornblende and zircon. Clay minerals are Kaolinite
and Smectite mainly. Clay mineralogy and mean grain size of sediments in eight cores
of Urmia Lake; reflect climatic conditions in this region. Relatively coarse sediments
usually deposited during Urmia Lake low stands and relatively fine sediments
deposited during high stands. The mineralogy of the clay-size fraction was determined
by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mineral assemblages display two climate conditions: Those
having large Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar peaks but a small smectite peak
(interpreted to be cold times), and those with small Kaolinite, quartz and feldspar
peaks and a large smectite peak-(warm sediments). In addition, smectite content
correlate well with high mean grain size in Urmia Lake sediments, whereas sediments
rich in Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar correlate well with finer mean grain size.
Chemical elements of the total sample are mainly of terrigenous origin, supplied by
“Discharge Rivers”, which discharges in Urmia Lake. Variations in clay mineralogy and
grain size didn’t indicate that the lake-level variations and nature of sediments
delivered to the lake vary in concert with global climate changes, recently. Human
activities such as Dams’ constructions and agriculture have probably induced
variations in the mobilization of chemical elements.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Assessment of Quality of the Chambal River Using Combination with That of Kot...ijtsrd
The present study was conducted to understand the physico chemical characteristics of Chambal River, in National Chambal sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh. The Chambal River is located in west central India and flows through three Indian states Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. The Chambal also forms part of the Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh boundary. The stretch of Chambal river contained in the National Chambal sanctuary located at 25 º 23 26 º 52N, 76 º 28 79 º 15E is extending up to 600 km downstream from Kota Rajasthan to the confluence of the Chambal with Yamuna river. On the basis of various parameters studied, Chambal River in this stretch can be placed under the category of Class C as per CPCB standards. The Chambal river water in the sanctuary area is pollution free and can serve as a good habitat for many aquatic flora and fauna including endangered species.The Chambal River originates from the summit of Janapav hill of the Vindhyan range at an altitude of 854 m above the msl at 220 27’ N and 750 37’ E in Mhow, district Indore, Madhya Pradesh. The river has a course of 965 km up to its confluence with the Yamuna River in the Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh. It is one of the last remnant rivers in the greater Ganges River system, which has retained significant conservation values. It harbours the largest gharial population of the world and high density of the Gangetic dolphin per river km. Apart from these, the major fauna of the River includes the mugger crocodile, smooth coated otter, seven species of freshwater turtles, and 78 species of wetland birds. The major terrestrial fauna of the adjacent areas are Indian wolf, golden jackal, caracal, jungle cat, desert cat, ratel, small Indian civet and neelgai. Unlike other rivers of greater Ganges drainage system the Chambal River is relatively unpolluted. Dr. Nitin Gupta | Dr. Rakesh Kumar Dubey | Dr. SM Nafees "Assessment of Quality of the Chambal River Using Combination with That of Kota District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49612.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49612/assessment-of-quality-of-the-chambal-river-using-combination-with-that-of-kota-district/dr-nitin-gupta
Seasonal Variability and Behavior of Hydrographic and Nutrient Parameters in ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Morphometry and Hydrology relationship in Lidder valleyShakil Romshoo
Morphometric analysis of the Lidder catchment was carried out using geospatial technique.The analysis revealed that the area has uniform lithology and is structurally permeable. The high drainage density of all
subwatersheds indicate more surface runoff.The morphometric analysis also indicates that the area is more prone to weathering due to very-coarse to coarse drainage texture.
Integrated application of HEC-RAS and GIS and RS for flood risk assessment i...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Limnological studies related to physico chemical characteristics of shri shar...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present study deals with the seasonal limnological investigation related to physico-chemical characteristics of water of the Shri Sharanabasaveshwara Lake, Karnataka State. Besides temperature and meteorological data, 11 limnological parameters were tested following standard methods at 5 sampling sites/stations of the lake. The physico-chemical parameters (pH, DO, BOD, HCO3, TDS, Chloride, Nitrate, TH, Ca, Mg and SO4 etc.) showed distinct variation in the lake sites. Keywords: Limnology, Physico-chemical parameters, Shri Sharanabasaweshwara Lake
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
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Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
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Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Seasonal Variational Impact of the Physical Parameters On Mohand Rao River Flowing In the Doon Valley
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4| Apr. 2014 | 8 |
Seasonal Variational Impact of the Physical Parameters On
Mohand Rao River Flowing In the Doon Valley
Prashant-Dwivedi1
, Purandara Bekal2
, Kartikeya Dwivedi3
, D.N.Pandey4
1, 3
M.S .College, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh .
2
National Institute of Hydrology, Hard Rock Regional Center, Belgaum Karnataka.
4
Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh.
I. Introduction
The importance of understanding the relationship between man and environment has never been so great as it is
realized at present . Industrial and technological advancement being made throughout the world are undoubtedly
contributing towards our property but creating problems of depletion of environmental resources and increasing
pollution . Therefore, the need for conservations of resources
and environmental protection which are so intimately connected with our survival and sustainable development
is being globally recognized. Pollution may be defined as any undesirable change in physical, chemical or
biological characteristics of air, land or water affecting the life in harmful way. Pollutant get dispersed in air,
water and soil. The dispersion and movement of pollutant in the biosphere is a complex process and it also
accumulates within organism and causes toxic effects. Comprising over 80% of the earth‟s surfaces water is
undoubtedly the most precious natural resources that exist on our planet. It is essential for all form of life on our
planet-Earth. Owing to increasing industrialization on one hand and exploding population on the other, the
demand of water supply have been increasing tremendously. The pollution is objectionable and damaging for
varied reasons of primary importance and is possible hazard to the public health. In many countries, legislation
mandates assessment of the water chemistry, biota, and physical environment of rivers, many of which have
been highly impacted by human activities. Aquatic bodies can be fully assessed by three major components,
hydrology, physico-chemical, and biology. A complete assessment of water quality is based on appropriate
monitoring of these components. Aquatic quality assessment is the overall process of evaluation of the physical,
chemical and biological nature of the water in relation to natural quality, human effects and intended uses,
particularly which may affect human health and health of the aquatic ecosystem. In recent years non-point
sources of pollution are being recognized as a major source of pollution to surface water.
II. Description Of The Study Area
Geology of Area
Dun; Doon: Dhoon in the Sanskrit and Hindi languages means a “Valley” which has not been made by
river soil erosion, but is formed by tectonic activity within the earth that causes movements of its crusts, as
earthquakes, folds, faults or the like.
The Oxford Dictionary defined it as – “Valley in Shiwalik Hills”. There are number of valleys large
and small between the Sub-Himalayas and the Shiwalik Hills. “Valley of Doon” is on the North-West part of the
Indian states of Uttar-Pradesh. The Doon Valley is situated between the latitude of 300
to 300
32‟ and longitude
of 770
43‟ to 780
24‟ It is nearly 75Km long from North-West to South-West.
Region of Dun Valley involves two distinct styles and amplitudes of folding. In the Northern part, the
overturned SANTAURGARH - ANTICLINE with both limbs dipping steep to moderate was developed as
fault propagated fold over the SANTUARGARH –THRUST (ST).
Abstract: The paper depicts the seasonal variational impact on water quality of Doon Valley . Study was
proposed to analyze the various water sample of Mohand-Rao river flowing in the Mohand Anticline in
the lower parts of Shiwalik hills in Doon Valley for physico-chemical characteristics of water quality
parameters such as pH; Temperature; Conductivity; Hardness; Alkalinity; Total Solids; Total Dissolved
Solids; Total Suspended Solids..To analyze the physical, chemical, and toxicological parameters of
Streams and rivers.
Keywords: Anticline, physico-chemical, conductivity, solids, toxicological.
2. Seasonal Variational Impact Of The Physical Parameters On Mohand Rao River Flowing In The
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4| Apr. 2014 | 9 |
Fig-1 Regional geological map of the Himalaya showing tectonic subdivision
The uplifted hanging wall of the Santuargarh-thrust constituted the dissect Shiwalik and the down faulted
footwall formed the pedimented Shiwalik. To the South in the frontal range, the Shiwalik strata were folded into
MOHAND – ANTICLINE. MOHAND-ANTICLINE as fault-bend folds over the HIMALAYAN-FRONTAL-
THRUST (HFT).
The Garhwal Himalaya geographically forms the central part of the Himalayan tectonic region.
Fig-2 MOHAND ANTICLINE between the two main river of Indo-Gangetic plain along with HIMALAYAN
FRONTAL THRUST and the valley of Dehradun
In environment characterized by active tectonic, it is widely accepted that river morphology will be
affected by active fault displacement .For example, there is documented evidence of change in channel slope,
channel width, channel braiding patterns, grain size distribution trend, and stream power in response to active
faults Therefore, river morphology can carry a measurable signature of tectonic activity. Furthermore, it can be
hypothesized that fluvial systems are in fact more sensitive to local faulting than raw topographic expression
This would mean that young active faults will affect river morphology before they are expressed in the local
topography. Therefore, detailed morphological measurements of rivers in tectonic setting could allow for an
early detection of faulting which is not yet expressed in the landscape.
The Dehradun region of the Northwest Himalayan foothills is an ideal test case for this hypothesis. In this area,
the Ganges and Yamuna rivers flow across an active thrust fault system; this is not yet clearly visible in the
landscape. Ganges and Yamuna reaches flowing from the MAIN BOUNDARY THRUST, through the alluvial
Dehradun valley and across the suspected active HIMALAYAN FRONTAL THRUST, and 35Km out into the
Indo-Gangetic Forel and Hinterland and Foreland (brown indicating lower lying elevation, rising to white then
blue representing the highest elevation. The white lines represents drainage networks in the study region, the
yellow lines represent the upstream and downstream ends of the river reaches.
3. Seasonal Variational Impact Of The Physical Parameters On Mohand Rao River Flowing In The
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4| Apr. 2014 | 10 |
Fig-3 Clipped DEM coverage of Dehradun Basin and Mohand (Red Box), Ganges and Yamuna rivers.
III. Drainage System Of Area
A drainage system is the pattern formed by the streams, river, and lakes in a particular drainage basin.
They are governed by the topography of the land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks,
and the gradient of the land. Geomorphologists and hydrologists often view streams as being part of drainage
basins. A drainage basin is the topographic region from which a stream receives runoff, through flow and
ground water flow. Drainage basins are divided from each other by topographic barriers called watershed. A
watershed represents all of the stream tributaries that flow to some location along the stream channel.
The „Garhwal Himalaya‟ demarcates more or less Western and Eastern boundaries by the rivers
Yamuna and Ramganga. The region is mainly covered by the drainage basin of the „Holy-Ganga‟ and its
tributaries which have carved out stupendous gorges for most part of their length and thus presented one of the
best exposed sections of the Himalaya for study. From Shiwalik many river flows through the district
Saharanpur, among these are the river Mohand-Rao (district Saharanpur, Uttar-Pradesh). District Saharanpur is
situated in the North of Uttar-Pradesh .In the North of district Saharanpur on the Shiwalik Range, there is
district Dehradun, in the south there is district Muzzafarnagar and district Haridwar in the east. Yamuna River
lies in the west made boundaries with district Karnal and YamunaNagar means the district lies in doab basin of
Ganga and Yamuna.
Fig-4 Dendrites pattern of drainage system of river Mohand-Rao from the origin i.e. Dat-Temple
Mohand Rao River originates from near a temple Dat-Temple it is about 18 km in length and flow from Dat-
Temple via Iron – Bridge Mohand Village; Khushalipur; Ganeshpur; Tanda-Man-Singh; Biharigarh and then
falls in Solani river near Amanatgarh village which then via khedi-Shikhopur; Hasanpur ; Madanpur;
Khubbanpur-choli; Bhagwanpur; Roorkee; Landhora; and then falls in Ganga river near Luxor. The location of
4. Seasonal Variational Impact Of The Physical Parameters On Mohand Rao River Flowing In The
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4| Apr. 2014 | 11 |
Saharanpur on globe is on latitude 290
58‟ North and longitude 770
33‟. The length of the river is 20 km with a
width varying between 5 to 100 m. The mean depth of the river is only 0.3 m.
(From the sea-level) = 270.50 meters
Latitude 290
58‟
Longitude 770
33‟
Length of river 20 Km
Width of the river 5 to 100 meters
Minimum depth 0.10 meters
Maximum depth 0.50 meters
Mean depth 0.30 meters
Eight samples from each selected centers were taken in three season (summer; winter; Monsoon) 144 samples
were the samples of the present studies. On the forest road to Shakumbra Devi about 1Km from forest toll post
on the right bank of Mohand Rao river section the main HIMALAYAN FRONTAL THRUST (HFT) is exposed
where the middle Shiwalik sandstone is overriding the recent alluvium. The sandstone is steeply about 700
dipping due N 210
S where as after moving upstream along the Rao for about 500m the dip changes to 350
due N
700
E forming a fault bend type antiformal structure referred as Mohand antiform. Further the sandstone is
continuing with a uniform northerly dip upwards.19Km milestone on Mohand-Dehradun road traversing
upstream in the Rao section from this place the boulder conglomerate sequence of upper Shiwalik is
encountered that marks the confirmable contact between middle and upper Shiwalik which continue up to Doon
valley.
Map of the Study - Area
A B
Fig-5 A-Shows the location of flowing of river Mohand-Rao B- Shows the sample stations selected on the
river stream Mohand-Rao for the study purpose; S-1,S-2,S-3,S-4,S-5,S-6 are the various sample stations
selected for our study on river Mohand-Rao
5. Seasonal Variational Impact Of The Physical Parameters On Mohand Rao River Flowing In The
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4| Apr. 2014 | 12 |
IV. Methodology
Methodology
Surface water Analysis for Chemical Mass Balance
Six surface water samples were collected from selected locations In the present study only major physical
parameters were determined by using standard methods.
V. Results
Surface Water Characteristics
Assessment of water quality today in global terms implies the need for a reference point against which
the results of monitoring can be measured and weighted. An attempt is made to define and describe natural
water quality to the extent possible and scientifically justifiable. Aquatic ecosystems as a part of the natural
environment are balanced both within themselves and other environmental compartments and this equilibrium
is subject to natural variations and evolutions as well as variations caused by human interventions. It is the
ambition of the present assessment to identify the anthropogenic influences over time against a natural baseline
situation.
Temperature of the river Mohand Rao varies according to the three season in the region as in Summer
varied maximum while it varied minimum during Winter and is medium in Monsoon thus the temperature of the
stream varied with season in the year 2004-2005. Similarly temperature of the stream varied accordingly to
station it is maximum at station -6 and minimum at station-1
Temperature in celsius(2004-2005)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station6
SAMPLE-STATIONS
TEMPERATURE
Summer
Mansoon
Winter
Graph-1: Seasonal variation of Temperature in the year 2004-2005
Same trend of variation in temperature was followed in the year 2005-2006. Temperature of the river Mohand
Rao varies according to the three season in the region as in Summer varied maximum while it is varied
minimum during Winter and is medium in Monsoon thus the temperature of the stream varied with season in the
year 2005-2006. Similarly temperature of the stream varied accordingly to station it is maximum at station -6
and minimum at station-1
6. Seasonal Variational Impact Of The Physical Parameters On Mohand Rao River Flowing In The
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4| Apr. 2014 | 13 |
Temperature in Celsius(2005-2006)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station6
SAMPLE-STATIONS
TEMPERATURE
Summer
Mansoon
Winter
Graph -2: Seasonal variation of Temperature in the year 2005-2006
pH values varied according to the season and station both in 2004-2005. pH value of the stream is maximum at
station 6 in summer season and minimium in mansoon although pHvalue is minimium at station 2 & station3 in
all the three season .On these two stations the pH value is low in summer & maximum in mansoon . Although at
all the six sample stations there is seasonal variation in pH accordingly.
pH-values(2004-2005)
6.8
6.9
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station6
SAMPLE-STATIONS
pH-VALUES
Summer
Mansoon
Winter
Graph -3: Seasonal variation of pH in the year 2004-2005
In 2005-2006 the value of pH was found to be maximum in the summer at sample
station 5 and minimum in winter of the sample station5 . The trend followed by the pH value of the stream gets
varied accordingly with the season.
7. Seasonal Variational Impact Of The Physical Parameters On Mohand Rao River Flowing In The
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4| Apr. 2014 | 14 |
pH-values(2005-2006)
6.8
6.9
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station6
SAMPLE-STATIONS
pH-VALUES
Summer
Mansoon
Winter
Graph -4: Seasonal variation of pH in the year 2005-2006
In 2004-2005 the conductivity is maximum in monsoon season of sample station-6 although it is minimum in
winter season of sample station-1 while in summer season it follows medium trend though the conductivity
varies in all the six sample stations accordingly with season.
Conductivity (2004-2005)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station6
SAMPLE-STATIONS
CONDUCTIVITYINUs/cm
Summer
Mansoon
Winter
Graph -5: Seasonal variation of conductivity in the year 2004-2005
In 2005-2006 the conductivity is maximum in monsoon season of sample station-5 although it is minimum in
winter season of sample station-4 while in summer season it follows medium trend though the conductivity
varies in all the six sample stations accordingly with season.
8. Seasonal Variational Impact Of The Physical Parameters On Mohand Rao River Flowing In The
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 4| Apr. 2014 | 15 |
Conductivity(2005-2006)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station6
SAMPLE-STATIONS
CONDUCTIVITYINUs/cm
Summer
Mansoon
Winter
Graph-6:Seasonal variation of conductivity in the year 2005-2006
In 2004-2005 the turbidity value is maximum at sample station-5 of monsoon while it is minimum at sample
station-4 in winter season although in summer the turbidity follows median trend. In monsoon the turbidity
increases as lots of solids comes into stream along with flow of water coming from the higher mountain.
Turbidity(2004-2005)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station6
SAMPLE-STATIONS
TURBIDITY(INNTU)
Summer
Mansoon
Winter
Graph-7:Seasonal variation of turbidity in the year 2004-2005
In 2005-2006 the turbidity value is maximum at sample station-6 of monsoon while it is minimum at sample
station-6 in winter season although in summer the turbidity follows median trend. In monsoon the turbidity
increases as lots of solids comes into stream along with flow of water coming from the higher mountain.
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Turbidity(2005-2006)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station6
SAMPLE-STATIONS
TURBIDITY(INNTU)
Summer
Mansoon
Winter
Graph -8: Seasonal variation of turbidity in the year 2005-2006
Water quality analysis results on the distribution of Total-Solids along the stretch of the river , showed an
overall increase in the percentage of Total-Solids from year 2004-2005 except station 5 and station 6 during
summer season Similar trends was continued in the rainy season without any trend of decrease in any station
except station 3 where the solids are gets decreases in rainy seasons , however in winter season Total Solids
increases on station 5 and station 6 whereas in the remaining four station a normal trends was observed Figure-
9 and Figure-10 shows the variation of Total-Solids along the stretch of the river during the year of 2004-2005
Total Solids 2004
0
50
100
150
200
250
Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station6
Sample-Stations of River Mohand-Rao
mg/l
Summer2004
Mansoon2004
Winter2004
Graph-9 Seasonal Variation of Total-Solids during the year 2004-2005
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Total-Solids (2005)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Station-1 Station-2 Station-3 Station-4 Station-5 Station-6
Sample-Station of river Mohand-Rao
mg/l
Summer2005
Mansoon2005
Winter2005
Graph-10 Seasonal Variation of Total-Solids during the year 2005-2006
Total –dissolved –solids are quite prominent in all the sample . The percentage was less during the Summer and
winter months . Total dissolved solids showed a considerable increase during the rainy season followed by
drastic decline during winter season In summer season Total dissolved solids are lower at station-2 while in
rainy season Total dissolved solids are lower at station-4 and winter season this Total dissolved solids are lower
at station-1 and station- 2 Figure 11 and Figure 12 shows the distribution of Total-dissolved – solids in different
seasons along the stretch of the river.
Total-dissolved-solids-2004
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station6
Sample-Station on river Mohand-Rao
mg/l
Summer-2004
Mansoon-2004
Winter-2004
Graph-11 Seasonal variation of Total-Dissolved-Solids during the year 2004 -2005
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Total-dissolved-solids(2005)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Station-1 Station-2 Station-3 Station-4 Station-5 Station-6
Sample-Stations of the river Mohand-rao
mg/l
Summer2005
Mansoon2005
Winter2005
Graph-12 Seasonal variation of Total-Dissolved-Solids during the year 2005-2006
Total Suspended Solids are one of the important physical parameters that studied to understand the water quality
conditions of the stream flowing mostly through hilly area ..Here Total-Suspended-Solids are gets varied in the
summer season it is maximum on station-6 although it gets varied from station 1 to station 6. In monsoon
season it gets maximum as lots of solids flows through stream with pressure from the above hilly places from
where the river originated, although it is maximum at station 4 .In winter the solids gets lowered down the
maximum quantity of the Total-Suspended-Solids are found to be at station 4 and station 5 Figure 13 and Figure
14 shows the seasonal variations of the Total-Suspended-Solids during the year 2004-2006
Total-Suspended-Solid 2004
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station6
Sample-Station on river Mohand-Rao
mg/l
Summer2004
Mansoon2004
Winter2004
Graph-13 Seasonal variation of Total-Suspended-Solid in the year-2004-2005
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Total-Suspended-Solid(2005)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Station-1 Station-2 Station-3 Station-4 Station-5 Station-6
Sample-Station on the river Mohand-Rao
mg/l
Summer-2005
Mansoon-2005
Winter-2005
Graph-14 Seasonal variation of Total-Suspended-Solids in the year 2005-2006
Total-hardness of the stream Mohand-rao is maximum in monsoon at station-2 as most of the ions comes into
the stream from the upper hills of Himalayas while it is minimum in the summer at station-3 although the Total-
Hardness varied in the year 2004-2005 seasonally.
Total-Hardness(2004-2005)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station6
Sample-Stations
Total-Hardnessinppm
Summer
Mansoon
Winter
Graph-15 Seasonal variation of Total-Hardness in the year 2004-2005
In the year 2005-2006 the Total-Hardness followed the similar trend as in the previous year means maximum in
mansoon at station-2 while minimum in summer at station-3.
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Total-Hardness(2005-2006)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station6
Sample-Stations
Total-Hardnessinppm
Summer
Mansoon
Winter
Graph-16 Seasonal variation of Total-Hardness in the year 2005-2006
Hardness in water is defined as concentration of multivalent cations. Multivalent cations are cations (positively
charged metal complexes) with a charge greater than 1+. They mainly have the charge of +2. These cations
include Ca2+ & Mg2+. These ions enter a water supply by leaching from minerals within an aquifer. Common
calcium-containing minerals are calcite and gypsum. A common magnesium mineral is dolomite (which also
contains calcium). Rainwater and distilled water are soft water, because they contain few ions.
VI. Discussion
The above result so obtained from the chemico-physical analysis of the water of flowing stream in the
hilly areas of Himalayas .These data‟s so obtained are gets involved to determine the STANDARD
DEVIATION (S.D) in statistical data analysis –
S.D=√n∑x2
/n-1– √(∑x)2
/n-1
On this formula of standard deviations the mean and Analysis of variation were calculated ,hence whole data
analysis depends upon the above stated formula.
Table-1:-Mean of Temperature in the river at six sample-stations accordingly to season Sample
Sample Station SUMMER MANSOON WINTER
Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D
1. 20.10 0.16 18.35 0.16 10.23 0.24
2. 20.75 0.30 17.99 0.17 9.70 0.23
3. 20.85 0.17 18.54 0.32 9.90 0.13
4. 21.67 0.38 18.93 0.26 9.90 0.15
5. 22.15 0.33 18.99 0.19 9.85 0.31
6. 22.31 0.31 19.32 0.20 9.86 0.14
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MEAN TEMPERATURE(2004-2006)
0
5
10
15
20
25
STATIO
N
-!STATIO
N
-2
STATIO
N
-3
STATIO
N
-4
STATIO
N
-5
STATIO
N
-6
Sample-Stations
MEAN
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
Graph-17: Mean Temperature at different Sample Station in three different Season in the year – (2004-
2006)
Table-2:- Mean pH in the river at six Sample-Stations accordingly to Season Sample
Sample Stations Summer Monsoon Winter
Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D
1. 7.47 0.02 7.33 0.07 7.17 0.14
2. 7.25 0.09 7.38 0.11 7.12 0.07
3. 7.16 0.06 7.30 0.02 7.28 0.08
4. 7.45 0.09 7.35 0.06 7.35 0.07
5. 7.56 0.08 7.49 0.11 7.23 0.14
6. 7.50 0.12 7.54 0.05 7.36 0.12
MEAN pH (2004-2006)
6.9
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
STATIO
N
-1
STATIO
N
-2
STATIO
N
-3
STATIO
N
-4
STATIO
N
-5
STATIO
N
-6
SAMPLE-STATIONS
MEAN-pH
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
Graph-18: Mean pH at different Sample Station in three different Season in the year – (2004-2006)
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Table-3:-Mean Total Conductivity in the river at six Sample-Stations accordingly to Season Sample
Sample Station Summer Monsoon Winter
Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D
1. 0.29 0.01 0.33 0.04 0.26 0.01
2. 0.31 0.01 0.35 0.04 0.27 0.05
3. 0.29 0.01 0.35 0.04 0.27 0.03
4. 0.28 0.02 0.34 0.04 0.26 0.01
5. 0.32 0.03 0.43 0.01 0.29 0.01
6. 0.31 0.02 0.43 0.03 0.27 0.03
MEAN-CONDUCTIVITY
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
STATIO
N-1
STATIO
N-2
STATIO
N-3
STATIO
N-4
STATIO
N-5
STATIO
N-6
SAMPLE-STATION
MEAN-CONDUCTIVITY
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
Graph-19: Mean Conductivity at different Sample Station in three different Season in the year – (2004-
006)
Table-4:-Mean Total Turbidity in the river at six Sample-Stations accordingly to Season Sample
Stations Summer Monsoon Winter
Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D
1. 2.05 0.12 2.45 0.01 1.84 0.07
2. 2.00 0.11 2.35 0.34 2.01 0.10
3. 2.01 0.05 2.43 0.01 1.91 0.10
4. 1.98 0.08 2.42 0.07 1.82 0.13
5. 1.91 0.03 2.52 0.03 1.85 0.04
6. 1.91 0.03 2.53 0.08 1.81 0.04
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MEAN-TURBIDITY
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Station-
1
Station-
2
Station-
3
Station-
4
Station-
5
Station-
6
Sample-Stations
MEAN
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
Graph-20: Mean Turbidity at different Sample Station in three different Season in the year – (2004-
2006)
Table-5:-Mean Total Solids in the river at six Sample-Stations accordingly to Season Sample
Sample
Stations Summer Monsoon Winter
Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D
1. 123.28 3.27 201.08 1.10 99.25 0.94
2. 123.50 1.66 199.54 0.83 96.92 0.53
3. 136.75 1.37 162.50 2.60 103.26 3.34
4. 130.25 0.83 181.00 1.22 100.00 0.71
5. 139.00 1.22 185.38 0.99 111.00 1.27
6. 140.50 1.03 185.38 0.56 116.50 1.66
Mean Total Solids
0
50
100
150
200
250
Station-
1
Station-
2
Station-
3
Station-
4
Station-
5
Station-
6
Sample-Stations
MeanTotalSolids
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
Graph-21: Mean Total-Solids at different Sample Station in three different Season in the year – (2004-
2006)
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Table-6:- Mean Total Dissolved Solids in the river at six Sample-Station accordingly to Season Sample
Station Summer Monsoon Winter
Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D
1. 97.51 2.51 165.63 0.66 70.52 4.48
2. 96.75 1.39 155.50 0.87 71.75 0.97
3. 122.50 2.60 143.00 3.08 89.00 1.22
4. 102.60 0.79 127.63 7.70 71.50 0.87
5. 112.50 2.66 132.50 1.66 81.50 6.54
6. 122.50 2.62 149.10 1.10 94.50 3.57
Mean Total-Dissolved-Solids
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Station-1 Station-2 Station-3 Station-4 Station-5 Station-6
Sample-Stations
Mean-Total-Dissolved-Solids
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
Graph -22: Mean Total-Dissolved-Solids at different Sample Station in three different Season in the year
– (2004-2006)
Table-7:- Mean Total-Suspended- Solids in the river at six Sample-Station accordingly to Seasons Sample
Stations Summer Monsoon Winter
Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D
1. 31.50 0.54 42.53 2.49 24.29 0.36
2. 31.11 1.09 49.00 1.22 28.43 0.49
3. 23.55 0.51 26.92 0.19 18.68 0.30
4. 31.00 1.22 55.38 0.86 34.71 0.65
5. 30.50 1.22 50.00 0.71 37.00 1.22
6. 36.00 2.12 48.00 3.08 29.50 2.60
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Mean Total-Suspended-Solid
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Station-1 Station-2 Station-3 Station-4 Station-5 Station-6
Sample-Stations
MeanTSS
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
Graph -23: Mean Total-Suspended-Solids at different Sample Station in three different Season in the
year – (2004-2006)
Table-7:- Mean Total-Hardness in the river at six Sample-Stations accordingly to Season Sample
Station Summer Monsoon Winter
Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D
1. 83.80 0.45 100.27 0.57 96.18 2.50
2. 84.64 0.65 100.40 0.46 93.50 0.87
3. 60.26 0.62 80.21 0.57 67.53 0.83
4. 82.52 0.86 96.50 1.66 90.25 0.61
5. 79.10 1.12 90.75 0.68 86.75 0.69
6. 78.50 1.22 91.35 0.89 86.51 0.85
TOTAL-HARDNESS
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Station-1 Station-2 Station-3 Station-4 Station-5 Station-6
Sample-Stations
Total-Hardness
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
Graph -24: Mean Total-Hardness at different Sample Station in three different Season in the year –
(2004-2006)
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VII. Conclusions
(1) Water quality analysis of alkali and alkaline earth metals show that water of the studied river is very good
for drinking purpose
(2) Study also revealed that there is an increase in measured parameters from year 2004 and 2005 which may
need a long term monitoring station for further conclusion.
(3) A clearcut impact of manmade disturbance is evident in certain stations which showed a declining trend
of water quality.
Acknowledgement
First of all my deep sense of gratitude goes to Dr Rajan Vats; National Institute of Hydrology; Roorkee
;Uttarakhand for suggestion criticism evaluation encouragement in each step of this work. I am deeply indebted
to Dr I.P.Pandey Reader ;Department of Chemistry; D.A.V College ; Dehradun Uttrakhand.
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