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![Transformer losses
Before correction:
Total losses = 1000 + 5000 [(80+170) 0.66]² / (0.75 * 400)= 2513W
Total losses/year = 2513X5100 = 12814kWh
Total kWh = 785 + 8782 + 12814 = 22381
After correction:
Total losses = 1000 + 5000 [(80+170) 0.66]²/ (0.93 * 400) = 1984W
Total losses/year = 10118kWh
Total kWh/year = 510+5697+10118 = 16325
kWh reduction/year = 22381 - 16325 = 6056kWh
27% reduction
CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2-150210221551-conversion-gate02/85/2-compensacion-reactiva-39-320.jpg)
Uploaded byLuis Miranda Guarniz
2.. compensación reactiva
This document discusses types of industrial loads and power factor correction. It begins by describing the three categories of loads: resistive, inductive, and capacitive. It then provides examples of common industrial equipment that fall under each category. The document goes on to explain concepts like reactive power, power factor, and how connecting capacitors can improve the power factor by offsetting the reactive power of inductive loads. Graphs and examples are provided to illustrate power factor correction calculations. Benefits of power factor correction like reduced losses and cost savings are also summarized.
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2.. compensación reactiva
- 1. CARGAS INDUSTRIALES -COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO Expositor : Huber Murillo M.
- 2. TIPOS DE CARGAS Threecategories of loads RESISTIVES INDUCTIVES CAPACITIVES Ohms Ω Henry Hy Farad F R L C CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 3. RESISTIVE Furnaces Electrical heaters Electrical irons Light bulbs .... INDUCTIVE Transformers Induction motors Fluorescent lighting Induction furnaces Welding machines Drivers ........ CAPACITIVE Capacitors CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO TIPOS DE CARGAS
- 4. OHMIC LOAD. RESISTIVE VACR -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 405 450 495 540 VAC CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO Corriente IR = U/R Amper Potencia P = RI² = U²/R Watts
- 5. OHMIC LOAD. RESISTIVE IR VACR -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 405 450 495 540 VAC IR CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO VAC IR ω
- 6. INDUCTIVE LOAD. INDUCTIVE VACL -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 405 450 495 540 VAC CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO Corriente IL = U / ωL Amper. Potencia P = U² / ωL var or kvar
- 7. INDUCTIVE LOAD. INDUCTIVE IL VACL -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 405 450 495 540 VAC IL CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO VAC IL ω 90°
- 8. CAPACITIVE LOAD. CAPACITIVE VACC -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 405 450 495 540 VAC CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO Corriente Ic = ω C U Amper. Potencia P = ω C U² var or kvar
- 9. CAPACITIVE LOAD. CAPACITIVE IC VACC -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 405 450 495 540 VAC IC CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO VAC IC ω90°
- 10. MIXED LOADS. Mainindustrial loads I V L VR VL R The majority of industrial loadscan be regarded as comprising resistor and inductor in series. V : supply voltage VR: resistance voltage drop VL: inductance voltage drop I : total supply current CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 11. Main industrialloads I V L VR VL R VR VL 90° ω I V φ "I" lags "V" by some angle φ CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO MIXED LOADS.
- 12. Main industrialloads φ CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO MIXED LOADS.
- 13. CAPACITOR CONNECTION I L R V IRL IRL: current through the load IC : current through the capacitor I : total current drawn from supply C IC CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO MIXED LOADS.
- 14. CAPACITOR CONNECTION I VL R IC ω V IRL C IRL IC I ϕ1 ϕ2 ϕ1 ϕ2 ϕ cos ϕ I CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO MIXED LOADS.
- 15. k W - Active power(kW) performs the work (useful power) kVA - Apparent power (kVA) total power consumed kv ar - Reactive power (kvar) sustains electromagnetic field (non useful power) CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION.
- 16. BASIC CONCEPTS. kVA Apparent power φ Activeor useful power kW Reactive power kvar kvar Power factor cos φ = kW / kVA CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO HOW CAN WE IMPROVE THE PF CORRECTION AND THUS REDUCE THE CONSUMED POWER?
- 17. kW Kvar2 The capacitor connectedin parallel will draw kvar in the same way than the load but in phase opposition (leading) kVA kvar1 CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO BASIC CONCEPTS.
- 18. CARGAS INDUSTRIALES -COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO BASIC CONCEPTS. φ1 kW kvar kVA1 φ2 kVA2 kvar2 kvar1
- 19. )2tan1kW(tankvarc kW kvar tan kvar²kW² kW cos kvar²kW²kVA kVA kvar sin kVA kW cos −= = + = += = = kW kvar kVA φ CARGAS INDUSTRIALES- COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO BASIC CONCEPTS. φφ φφ φ φ φ φ
- 20. Power factor correctionchart Kvar = k * kW Desired PF InitialPF CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 21. 0.46 Nomogram Kvar = k* kW CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 22. kW=410 kVA1=586 kvar1=419 φ1 CARGAS INDUSTRIALES -COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO Ejemplo
- 23. kW=410 kVA1=586 kvar1=419 φ1 284 CARGAS INDUSTRIALES -COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO Carga compensada
- 24. kW=410 kVA1=586 kvar1=419 φ1 kvar2=135284 CARGAS INDUSTRIALES -COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO Carga compensada
- 25. kW=410 kVA1=586 kvar1=419 φ1 φ2 kVA2=432 kvar2=135284 CARGAS INDUSTRIALES- COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO Carga compensada
- 26. Advantages of agood power factor CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 27. Transformers and distributioncables lightened ( I ) 0.70.95 27% CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 28. Reduced Joule losses( RI² ) 46 cos φ final values cos φ initial values % reduction in losses CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO CABLES
- 29. Reduced Joule losses( RI² ) 1150 6000 CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO TRANSFORMER
- 30. Reduced Joule losses( RI² ) CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 31. kVA output reduced cosφ initial % kVA recovered 0.75 CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 32. Voltage drop intransformer 5.1 Voltage drop cos φ 0.6 Low losses CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO Normal losses VOLTGE DROP Cos ? = 0.6 * 5.1% Cos ? = 0.6306 Cos φ = 0.6306 φ = 50.906
- 33. Typical PF encounteredin industry CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 34. Energy saving calculation. 400kVA 400 V P=80 kW cos φ = 0.75 P=170 kW cos φ = 0.75 1 cable 70 mm² 20 m 2 cables 70 mm² 100 m A B CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 35. Energy saving calculation. Consumer'selectricity bill: • Monthly kWh consumed = 70125 • Monthly kvarh consumed = 63081 • Assuming an activity of : 340 days/year 15 hours/day • Average kW = 70125/425 = 165 (66% of the full load) • Average kvar = 63081/425 = 148 • Average kVA = √165² + 148² = 222 • Average P.F. = kW/ √kW² + kvar² = 0.744 CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 36. Energy saving calculation. MinP.F. value to avoid penalty : 0.93 capacitor required = kW (tgφ1 - tgφ2) =165 (0.898 - 0.395) = 83kvar (in practice cap. size is increased by 5 to 10% to ensure a P.F.> 0.93) New situation kW = 165 (unchanged) kvar = 148 - 83 = 65 () kVA = √165² + 65² = 177 () (222 previously) Monthly demand (kVA) is reduced by 20% CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 37. Cable losses Cos φ= 0.75 Workshop A : I = P*0.66/ √3 V cos φ = 80000 * 0.66/ √3 400 0.75 = 102A Cable losses : P = 3 RI²L (R= ρ1/S) = 3 * 246.10-6 Ω/m * (102)² * 20 =154W 5100 h/year P = 785kWh Workshop B : I = 170000 * 0.66/√3 400 0.75 = 216A Cable losses : P = 2 (3RI²L) = 2 * 3 * 246.10-6 * (216/2)² * 100 = 1722W 5100h/year P = 8782 kWh CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 38. Cable losses Cos φ: 0.93 Workshop A: - I = 102 (0.75/0.93) = 82A - Cable losses = 154 (82/102)² = 100W - Cable losses/year = 150kWh Workshop B: - I = 216 (0.75/0.93) = 174A - Cable losses = 1722 (174/216)² = 1117W - Cables losses/year = 5697kWh CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 39. Transformer losses Before correction: Totallosses = 1000 + 5000 [(80+170) 0.66]² / (0.75 * 400)= 2513W Total losses/year = 2513X5100 = 12814kWh Total kWh = 785 + 8782 + 12814 = 22381 After correction: Total losses = 1000 + 5000 [(80+170) 0.66]²/ (0.93 * 400) = 1984W Total losses/year = 10118kWh Total kWh/year = 510+5697+10118 = 16325 kWh reduction/year = 22381 - 16325 = 6056kWh 27% reduction CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 40. POWER FACTOR CORRECTION Themain reason for installing power capacitors is to reduce reactive power costs and avoid the penalties. Typical pay back period is less than 1-2 years. Sometimes as little as a few months. CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO TYPICAL INSTALLATION • Individual compensation of large motors (>50kW ≈ 70hp) • Fixed compensation of transformers (+/-10 % of transformer rating) • Automatic capacitor bank to compensate varying load
- 41. Locating capacitors onyour system Capacitors may be installed at various locations on your electrical system. 1 : Capacitors on the incoming plant service 2 : Capacitors on the main bus 3 : Capacitors on the bus for various feeders 4 : Capacitors a the individual load point Capacitor location 1 2 &3 4 Technical approach Best Flexibility Least Less Best Savings Least less Max. Cost per kvar Least Lower Highest CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 42. TRANSFORMER COMPENSATION - Increaseduseful capacity - Reduced losses - Reduced voltage drop Degree of compensation : 1. "Rule of thumb" : +/- 10 % of transformer's nominal rating. 2. Calculation based on the individual transformer and its load pattern. Note : check for resonance between transformer and capacitor. CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 43. Individual transformer compensation Theresonant frequency can be calculated from the following formula : f fp Psc Pc = f = resonant frequency fp = power frequency Psc = short circuit power of the transformer (kVA) Pc = power of the capacitor (kVAR) If the frequency obtained is too close to that of a harmonic, the value of the capacitor rating should be modified. Most common harmonic frequencies, 3rd, 5th, 7th, etc... CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 44. MOTOR COMPENSATION CARGAS INDUSTRIALES- COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO Methods for determining capacitor rating for motor compensation 1.- Rule of thumb Qc = 40% of motor KW . rating. 2.- Use of table the speed and motor power . into acount 3.- Calculation based on exact individual . motor charasteristics.
- 45. AUTOMATIC BANK COMPENSATION Advantagesof automatic capacitor banks : - Regulation of cos φ. - Better utilisation of the capacitor compared to individual compensation. - Eliminates the possibility of overcompensation. CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 46. AUTOMATIC BANK COMPENSATION Pointsto consider for automatic banks • Choice of regulator characteristics (c/k and tolerance) and step size to avoid hunting. • Correlation between minimum interval between switching and discharge device of capacitor to avoid energising a charged capacitor. • Disconnecting of all steps in case of a mains outage. • Insensitivity to harmonics. • Possibility to extend existing banks without changes in the control equipment. CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO
- 47. LVCP THE NEW CHOICEFOR POWER FACTOR CORRECTION BANCO DE CONDENSADORES ING. HUBER Compact Modular Safe Reliable
- 48. Compact Small dimensions 210mm 200 mm78 mm Compact High power density 20 kvar @ 400/415 V BANCO DE CONDENSADORES ING. HUBER
- 49. Modular Terminals sized for commoncable shoes Built-in safety discharge resistors (<75V in 3 min.) Enclosure with double casing insulation BANCO DE CONDENSADORES ING. HUBER
- 50. Modular Interconnection bars Fixation holes Clipssystem for group assembly BANCO DE CONDENSADORES ING. HUBER
- 51. Modular Easy and quickassembly of capacitor modules BANCO DE CONDENSADORES ING. HUBER DIN rail fixation
- 52. Examples of LVCPmodule assembly 30 kvar = 15 kvar + 15 kvar 35 kvar = 20 kvar + 15 kvar 40 kvar = 20 kvar + 20 kvar 400V/50Hz BANCO DE CONDENSADORES ING. HUBER
- 53. Examples of LVCPmodule assembly 400V/50Hz 45kvar = 15kvar + 15kvar + 15kvar 50kvar = 16.7kvar + 16.7kvar + 16.7kvar 60kvar = 20kvar + 20kvar + 20kvar BANCO DE CONDENSADORES ING. HUBER
- 54. Modular External discharge device Safedischarge < 50V in 1 minute BANCO DE CONDENSADORES ING. HUBER Protective cover IP20
- 55. Safe Built in safetydischarge resistors Fuse Pressure sensitive disconnector Thermo-setting resin Dry type self healing capacitor winding Insulating enclosure BANCO DE CONDENSADORES ING. HUBER
- 56. system Self-healing + Internal fuse+ Pressure sensitive disconnector BANCO DE CONDENSADORES ING. HUBER
- 57. Reliable In-house metallized film Voltagewithstand capability Peak current Capacitance stability Life Self-healing Losses BANCO DE CONDENSADORES ING. HUBER
- 58. Reliable Automatized manufacturing process Controlled performance Repeatable quality BANCO DE CONDENSADORES ING. HUBER IEC 60831 1&2 ISO 9001 ISO 14001
- 59. Reliable Comprehensive testing • Ageing • Temperature •Humidity • Dielectric • Self-healing • Current • Voltage BANCO DE CONDENSADORES ING. HUBER
- 60. Range (50Hz) 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 230 400 415 450 465 KVAR BANCO DECONDENSADORES ING. HUBER
- 61. Range (60Hz) 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 220 240 380 440 450 BANCO DECONDENSADORES ING. HUBER
- 62. THEN YOU ABB BANCODE CONDENSADORES ING. HUBER YOUR choice for Power Factor Correction