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Prevalence of
Convenient
Sampling
An investigation into
sampling trends in
online learning
research
Patrick R. Lowenthal & Ross Perkins
Boise State University
Online Growth
+ million
post-secondary
students
Source: Class Differences: Online Education in the United States, 2010
Poor
Quality
Research
Studies ā€œsuffered from
weaknesses such as small
sample sizes; failure to
report retention rates for
students in the conditions
being contrasted; and, in
many cases, potential bias
stemming from the
authorsā€™ dual roles as
experimenters and
instructorsā€
(Means et al., 2009, p. xviii)
Online learning research is
ā€œseverely wanting in terms
of depth of reportingā€
Bias
Context matters: A
description and
typology of the
online learning
landscape.
www.patricklowenthal.com/publications/AE
CT2009TypologyOnlineLearning.pdf
Balance
What are the
sampling trends of
online learning
research?
What are the
sampling trends of
online learning
research focused on
social presence?
ā€œsocial presenceā€
&
ā€œonline learningā€
Ebsco--Academic Search Premier,
Applied Science & Tech full text
(H.W. Wilson), Communication &
Mass Media Complete, Education
Research Complete, ERIC,
PsycINFO
Key
Words
ā€œsocial presenceā€
&
ā€œonline learningā€
102
studies
Results [Type of Publication]
4%
23%
73%
Journal
Dissertation
Journal
Article
Results [Popular Outlets]
Journal of Interactive Online Learning
ā€¢ 8 articles
Internet and Higher Education
ā€¢ 8 articles
International Review of Research in
Open & Distance Learning
ā€¢ 4 articles
Journal of Asynchronous Learning
ā€¢ 4 articles
Computers & Education
ā€¢ 4 articles
Results [Methodology]
16% Mixed
methods
Results [Subject]
79%
9%
6%
6%
Education
Buisness
Nursing
Psychology
Results [Format]
19%
15%
1%
65%
Blended
Both
F2F
Online
Results [Level]
High School 4
Undergraduate 25
Graduate 35
6%
39%
55%
High School
Undergraduate
Graduate
Results [Sample Size]
ā€¢ 13%: 10 or less students
ā€¢ 24 %: 20 or less students
ā€¢ 34%: 50 or more students
ā€¢ 25%: 100 or more students
ā€¢ Mean: 101
ā€¢ Mode: 6
ā€¢ Median: 43
ā€¢ Range: 2 to 709
More time
reporting on
sampling
rationale
Study under-
represented
groups &
subjects
Replicate
studies in
different
contexts
Share &
publish more
dissertation
research
More time
reporting on
sampling
rationale
Study under-
represented
groups &
subjects
Replicate
studies in
different
contexts
Share &
publish more
dissertation
research
More time
reporting on
sampling
rationale
Study under-
represented
groups &
subjects
Replicate
studies in
different
contexts
Share &
publish more
dissertation
research
More time
reporting on
sampling
rationale
Study under-
represented
groups &
subjects
Replicate
studies in
different
contexts
Share &
publish more
dissertation
research
patricklowenthal@boisestate.edu
slides @ patricklowenthal.com

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Aera2014 sampling

Editor's Notes

  1. In the fall of 2009, 5.6 million students took at least one online course according to Sloan-C
  2. Lowenthal, P. R., Wilson, B., & Parrish, P. (2009, October). Context matters: A description and typology of the online learning landscape. Paper presented at the 2009 AECT International Convention, Louisville, KY. http://www.patricklowenthal.com/publications/AECT2009TypologyOnlineLearning.pdf
  3. We posit that researchers need to do a better job of researching various contexts of online learning and investigating how the context shapes the experience. We are not arguing as some have that we simply need more experimental or multi-institutional studies with samples in the thousands but rather that we need to do a better job of investigating various and diverse samples of online learning (which then might lead to larger multi-institutional studies).
  4. Initially found 194 results (1994-2011) After deleting duplicates, 156 studiesCouldnā€™t locate 16 dissertations Couldnā€™t locate 11 journal articlesCouldnā€™t locate 4 journal articlesRemoved 10 articles that were reviews
  5. Journal of Interactive Online learning: 8Internet and Higher Ed: 8International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning: 4Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks: 4Computers & Education: 4
  6. 16 out of 102
  7. 12 werenā€™t listed
  8. 12 werenā€™t listed
  9. 12 werenā€™t listed
  10. 12 werenā€™t listed
  11. 12 werenā€™t listed
  12. 12 werenā€™t listed
  13. 12 werenā€™t listed