This document discusses building community and social presence in online classrooms. It provides a history of social presence theory and how definitions of social presence have evolved over time. Bounded online learning communities are described as having required participation, fixed time periods, and explicit efforts to connect students. Benefits of online communities include providing social context for learning, bridging school and work environments, and helping students feel more connected. The document cautions that online communities can privilege certain types of students and discusses striving for good instruction that is effective, efficient and engaging.
Scholars across many disciplines have grappled with questions of what it means for a person to
be and interact online. Who are we when we go online? How do others know we are there and
how do they perceive us? Within the context of online learning, scholarly questions tend to
reflect more specific concerns focused on how well people can learn in a setting limited to
mediated interactions lacking various communication cues. For example, how can a teacher and
students come to know each other if they cannot see each other? How can they effectively
understand and communicate with each other if they are separated by space and, in many
instances, time? These concerns are related to issues of social presence and identity, both of
which are complex, multi-faceted, closely interrelated constructs.
Thinking Differently About Social Presence in Online Courses -- Northwest eLe...Patrick Lowenthal
Social presence is a popular construct in online learning. But it was originally developed by Short, Williams, and Christie (1976) to explain the effect telecommunications media can have on communication. Over the years, social presence theory has become much more nuanced. This presentation will illustrate how social presence theory has changed over the years and the implications of these changes for faculty and instructional designers.
Social presence theory is a central concept in online learning. Hundreds of studies have investigated social presence and online learning. However, despite the continued interest in social presence and online learning, many questions remain about the nature and development of social presence. Part of this might be due to the fact that the majority of past research has focused on students' perceptions of social presence rather than on how students actually establish their social presence in online learning environments. Using the Community of Inquiry Framework, this study explores how social presence manifests in a fully asynchronous online course in order to help instructional designers and faculty understand how to intentionally design opportunities for students to establish and maintain their social presence. This study employs a mixed-methods approach using word count, content analysis, and constant-comparison analysis to examine threaded discussions in a totally online graduate education course. The results of this study suggest that social presence is more complicated than previously imagined and that situational variables such as group size, instructional task, and previous relationships might influence how social presence is established and maintained in threaded discussions in a fully online course.
Scholars across many disciplines have grappled with questions of what it means for a person to
be and interact online. Who are we when we go online? How do others know we are there and
how do they perceive us? Within the context of online learning, scholarly questions tend to
reflect more specific concerns focused on how well people can learn in a setting limited to
mediated interactions lacking various communication cues. For example, how can a teacher and
students come to know each other if they cannot see each other? How can they effectively
understand and communicate with each other if they are separated by space and, in many
instances, time? These concerns are related to issues of social presence and identity, both of
which are complex, multi-faceted, closely interrelated constructs.
Thinking Differently About Social Presence in Online Courses -- Northwest eLe...Patrick Lowenthal
Social presence is a popular construct in online learning. But it was originally developed by Short, Williams, and Christie (1976) to explain the effect telecommunications media can have on communication. Over the years, social presence theory has become much more nuanced. This presentation will illustrate how social presence theory has changed over the years and the implications of these changes for faculty and instructional designers.
Social presence theory is a central concept in online learning. Hundreds of studies have investigated social presence and online learning. However, despite the continued interest in social presence and online learning, many questions remain about the nature and development of social presence. Part of this might be due to the fact that the majority of past research has focused on students' perceptions of social presence rather than on how students actually establish their social presence in online learning environments. Using the Community of Inquiry Framework, this study explores how social presence manifests in a fully asynchronous online course in order to help instructional designers and faculty understand how to intentionally design opportunities for students to establish and maintain their social presence. This study employs a mixed-methods approach using word count, content analysis, and constant-comparison analysis to examine threaded discussions in a totally online graduate education course. The results of this study suggest that social presence is more complicated than previously imagined and that situational variables such as group size, instructional task, and previous relationships might influence how social presence is established and maintained in threaded discussions in a fully online course.
SoTEL from the Start: Examining the Impact of Social Media on Community, Teac...Anita Zijdemans Boudreau
Presented at the International Society for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning (ISSoTL) 2019
Faculty and students investigated the impact of social media on asynchronous and synchronous engagement in an online interprofessional PhD. The instructional design intentionally integrates the Scholarship of Technology Enhanced Learning (SoTEL) and Community of Inquiry (COI) framework. We evaluated community, teaching, and learning through course analytics; analysis of Social Presence in a SoTL-COI survey; and self-reported student perceptions. Partnering breaks down barriers between teachers and students. Results provide insights into teaching and learning within the virtual community. We present the instructional design framing the SoTEL inquiry, findings on asynchronous and synchronous engagement, and future directions.
Speak up! Transforming Classroom Discussions
Some students enjoy speaking up in class while others don't. This is a potential situation in many classrooms. In what ways then, can we promote more students to share their ideas?
This presentation will briefly introduce research undertaken on face-to-face and virtual discussions and discuss some of the literature involved. Based on the findings, I will also highlight some of the benefits of virtual discussions and provide links for experiment in your classrooms.
How Affordances of Digital Tool Use Foster Critical Literacy: GCLR Webinar pr...Richard Beach
Global Conversations in Literacy Research's (GCLR) Webinar presentation on how the different affordances of digital tools: multimodality, interactivity, collaboration, intertextuality, and identity construction, can be used to foster critical inquiry in classrooms.
Session for MSc Media Psychology students @salforduni. What does it mean to live and breath the web and how is technology impacting upon the self? Most importantly is the emphasis on our need for networks and how other people contribute to who we are and what we can achieve.
Is being #instagay different from an #lgbttakeover?Stefanie Duguay
*Edited version; see full conference paper here: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/85139/
This paper introduces research in progress that examines how queer women perform sexual identity across social media platforms. Applying a lens of queer theory and Actor Network Theory, it discusses women’s embodied self-representations as taking on forms that both conform to and elaborate upon the selfie genre of digital representation. Acknowledging similarities and differences across platforms, specifically between Instagram and Vine, a novel walkthrough method is introduced to identify platform characteristics that shape identity performances. This method provides insights into the role of platforms in identity performances, which can be combined with analysis of user-generated content and interviews to better understand digital media’s constraints and affordances for queer representation.
Which Conferences Do You Attend?: A Look at the Conference Attendance of Educ...Patrick Lowenthal
Educational technology professionals attend conferences each year. Many have funds to attend at most 1-2 conferences each year. As a result, educational technology professionals must make a decision of which conferences to attend. The following article reports on what conferences other educational technology professionals attend.
SoTEL from the Start: Examining the Impact of Social Media on Community, Teac...Anita Zijdemans Boudreau
Presented at the International Society for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning (ISSoTL) 2019
Faculty and students investigated the impact of social media on asynchronous and synchronous engagement in an online interprofessional PhD. The instructional design intentionally integrates the Scholarship of Technology Enhanced Learning (SoTEL) and Community of Inquiry (COI) framework. We evaluated community, teaching, and learning through course analytics; analysis of Social Presence in a SoTL-COI survey; and self-reported student perceptions. Partnering breaks down barriers between teachers and students. Results provide insights into teaching and learning within the virtual community. We present the instructional design framing the SoTEL inquiry, findings on asynchronous and synchronous engagement, and future directions.
Speak up! Transforming Classroom Discussions
Some students enjoy speaking up in class while others don't. This is a potential situation in many classrooms. In what ways then, can we promote more students to share their ideas?
This presentation will briefly introduce research undertaken on face-to-face and virtual discussions and discuss some of the literature involved. Based on the findings, I will also highlight some of the benefits of virtual discussions and provide links for experiment in your classrooms.
How Affordances of Digital Tool Use Foster Critical Literacy: GCLR Webinar pr...Richard Beach
Global Conversations in Literacy Research's (GCLR) Webinar presentation on how the different affordances of digital tools: multimodality, interactivity, collaboration, intertextuality, and identity construction, can be used to foster critical inquiry in classrooms.
Session for MSc Media Psychology students @salforduni. What does it mean to live and breath the web and how is technology impacting upon the self? Most importantly is the emphasis on our need for networks and how other people contribute to who we are and what we can achieve.
Is being #instagay different from an #lgbttakeover?Stefanie Duguay
*Edited version; see full conference paper here: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/85139/
This paper introduces research in progress that examines how queer women perform sexual identity across social media platforms. Applying a lens of queer theory and Actor Network Theory, it discusses women’s embodied self-representations as taking on forms that both conform to and elaborate upon the selfie genre of digital representation. Acknowledging similarities and differences across platforms, specifically between Instagram and Vine, a novel walkthrough method is introduced to identify platform characteristics that shape identity performances. This method provides insights into the role of platforms in identity performances, which can be combined with analysis of user-generated content and interviews to better understand digital media’s constraints and affordances for queer representation.
Which Conferences Do You Attend?: A Look at the Conference Attendance of Educ...Patrick Lowenthal
Educational technology professionals attend conferences each year. Many have funds to attend at most 1-2 conferences each year. As a result, educational technology professionals must make a decision of which conferences to attend. The following article reports on what conferences other educational technology professionals attend.
Designing Exemplary Online Courses in BlackboardJason Rhode
During this presentation by Jason Rhode at the 12th annual SLATE Conference on 10/23/14, we explored suggested best practices included in the Blackboard Exemplary Course Program Rubric for designing engaging online courses. Jason shared practical tips from his experience building a course in Blackboard that meets the established ECP quality benchmarks. We also covered the steps and associated deadlines for faculty interested in submitting their course for consideration as a Blackboard Exemplary Course. This session was geared toward an audience already familiar with the basic online teaching tools available in Blackboard Learn. While the examples shared were specifically of courses in Blackboard, the principles can be applied to developing quality online courses in any learning management system. Links to resources shared are available at http://www.jasonrhode.com/exemplarycourse
Enterprise Social Media: 5 Emerging TrendsLuis Benitez
From SXSW 2012 -- Social media has gone mainstream! But it's not everywhere yet. In this session, we'll focus on the five emerging trends on how enterprises are leveraging social media. Patterns have emerged among social businesses and we'll review how organizations are leveraging these new capabilities to deliver bottom-line results. Specifically, in this session we will look into the technologies that enable organizations to generate new ideas, accelerate innovation, increase customer satisfaction, increase productivity, and gain a competitive edge. Presented by @Lbenitez & @heidi_ambler .
Designing Exemplary Online Courses in BlackboardJason Rhode
The Blackboard Exemplary Course Program began in 2000 with the goal of identifying and disseminating best practices for designing engaging online courses. Using an established rubric for online course quality, faculty and course designers can evaluate how well their course conforms to proven online teaching best practices for Course Design, Interaction and Collaboration, Assessment, and Learner Support. During this online session offered 12/17/13, we explored suggested best practices included in the Blackboard Exemplary Course Program Rubric for designing engaging online courses. Practical tips for building a course in Blackboard that meets the established quality benchmarks and links to sample award-winning course tours were provided. We also covered the steps and associated deadlines for faculty interested in submitting their course for consideration as a Blackboard Exemplary Course. This workshop was geared toward an audience already familiar with the basic online teaching tools available in Blackboard.
Why is it no one can remember what a preposition is? Or that K-8 kids don\'t know the difference between a proper noun and a pronoun? Part of the problem: Not enough reps and a lack of constructivist pedagogy. Find out one way to make the 8 parts of speech a productive adventure.
Promise and Perils of Mobile Streaming Video Using PeriscopeJason Rhode
During this presentation at OLC Accelerate 2016, learn about one online instructor’s quest to implement live online video presentations and discussion using the mobile video streaming app Periscope. An overview of the opportunities, lessons learned, and tips for other educators interested in implementing similar online video streaming apps in their online teaching will be shared. More information and links to additional resources and samples mentioned during the session are provided at http://jasonrhode.com/periscope
AERA 2011 -- Investigating Students' Perceptions of Various Instructional Str...Patrick Lowenthal
Social presence theory explains how people present themselves as “real” through a communication medium and is a popular construct used to describe how people socially interact in online courses. Because of its intuitive appeal, educators have experimented with different ways to establish social presence in their online courses. Over the years, we have tried many strategies—from rich threaded discussions to personal one-on-one emails to digital stories to using social networking tools like Twitter. Over time, we began questioning how students perceive all of the strategies we use (in other words, what strategies were leading to the most bang for our buck). In this paper, we describe our investigation of students’ perceptions of various instructional strategies to establish social presence.
AERA 2010 - Investigating Social Presence and TwitterPatrick Lowenthal
Abstract
To be truly effective, online learning must facilitate the social process of learning. This involves
providing space and opportunities for students and faculty to engage in social activities.
Although learning management systems offer several tools that support social learning and
student engagement, the scope, structure, and functionality of those tools can inhibit and restrain
just-in-time social connections and interactions. In this paper, we describe the results of our use
of Twitter to encourage free-flowing just-in-time interactions and how these interactions
enhanced social presence in our online courses.
What Do Academics and Educators Do on Social Media and Networks? What Do Thei...George Veletsianos
A presentation to the Canadian Institute of Distance Education Research. In this talk I draw on empirical studies conducted by a number of researchers (including work by myself and Royce Kimmons) to examine academics’ and educators’ participation in networked spaces. These studies point to three significant findings: (a) increasingly open practices that question the traditions of academia, (b) personal-professional tensions in academic work, and (c) a framework of identity that contrasts sharply with our existing understanding of online identity. - See more at: http://www.veletsianos.com/#sthash.73brAcX2.dpuf
Tweeting the night away: Using Twitter to enhance social presencePatrick Lowenthal
To be truly effective, online learning must facilitate the social process of learning. This involves providing space and opportunities for students and faculty to engage in social activities. Although learning management systems offer several tools that support social learning and student engagement, the scope, structure, and functionality of those tools can inhibit and restrain just-in-time social connections and interactions. In this teaching tip, we describe our use of Twitter to encourage free flowing just-in-time interactions and how these interactions can enhance social presence in online courses. We then describe instructional benefits of Twitter, and conclude with guidelines for incorporating Twitter in online courses.
Academics in Social Media: Acts of Personal Defiance and Sharing ( at AECT 2013)George Veletsianos
The ways that emerging technologies and social media are used and experienced by researchers and educators are poorly understood and inadequately researched. The goal of this study was to examine the online practices of individual scholars using ethnographic data collection and qualitative data analysis methods. In this presentation I report two findings: Academics' social media use to (a) defy and circumvent academic publishing, and (b) share intimate details of one’s life.
Building education through and for social justice: lessons from co-creating a...decolonisingdmu
Dr Amy Maclatchy, Dr Moonisah Usman and Lara Pownell, University of Westminster
‘The academy is not a paradise. But learning is a place where paradise can be created’ (hooks, 1994). Universities are sites of struggle and do not always lead to equitable outcomes. National degree awarding gaps highlight the disparities in outcomes of higher education for racially minoritized students. This ongoing issue has been described as a ‘wicked problem’, directly related to structural racism, or policies and practices that continually disadvantage racialised students (Ugiagbe-Green and Ernsting, 2022). Movements to decolonise the curriculum bring hope and the tools to rebuild more socially-just institutions and societies, however, this path is challenging.
It is sometimes questioned whether the field of science, with its guise of objectivity, needs decolonising, or what that process might look like. As decolonising of science gains momentum across the sector, we see it to involve challenging prejudice and bias, shifting from eurocentric epistemology and recentring marginalised voices. Ultimately, shifting our relationship to and practice of science by being actively anti-racist, may help us tackle problems like health inequalities, which affect minoritised groups the most and with which we’ve grappled for too long (Raleigh and Holmes, 2021).
In this collaborative workshop, we will consider how to reimagine higher education, through building student and staff relationships to co-create decolonial learning spaces that allow anti-racist dialogue and practices. We will share lessons from our journey of using co-creation, critical thinking and storytelling to humanise the classroom and tend to issues of race and their intersection with the discipline of life sciences, on the core foundation module ‘Critical Thinking for Academic Professional Development’ in the Centre for Education and Teaching Innovation, University of Westminster.
This presentation was delivered at Reimagining Higher Education: journeys of decolonising at De Montfort University, Leicester, on Wednesday 8th November 2023.
Learning Theories and Instructional Pathways for Adult Learners in the Online...AngelaGibson
Learning Theories and Instructional Pathways for Adult Learners in the Online Environment: What Creates SUCCESS?
Presented by: Dr. Angela M. Gibson, American Public University System, and Dr. Lori Kupczynski, Texas A&M University - Kingsville at the 15th Annual Sloan-C International Conference on Online Learning October 2009
Discussing bringing your digital identity online in higher ed for research and practice with ALS 6015: Teaching in Higher Education @profpatrice's class
Construct maps are important tools in educational assessment and can serve multiple purposes related to development and validation, as well as score interpretation and use. This chapter outlines a process for developing a construct map from the qualitative ordering of teachers’ responses to open-ended assessment items. The construct of interest pertains to a teacher’s ability to attend to what students say and do, which is a key component of many recommendations for instructional practice within mathematics education. The instrument we are developing is designed to measure teachers’ attentiveness to student thinking in quantitative reasoning problem situations. A key aspect of our instrument development process is the development of a construct map that hierarchically orders qualitatively different levels of teacher attentiveness. In this chapter we describe our process for developing the construct map with the intent of providing an example to others who may be interested in engaging in the development of construct maps.
In search of a better understanding of social presence: An investigation into...Patrick Lowenthal
Research on social presence and online learning continues to grow. But to date,
researchers continue to define and conceptualize social presence very
differently. For instance, at a basic level, some conceptualize social presence as
one of three presences within a Community of Inquiry, while others do not.
Given this problem, we analyzed how researchers in highly cited social
presence research defined social presence in an effort to better understand how
they are defining social presence and how this might be changing over time. In
this article, we report the results of our inquiry and conclude with implications
for future research and practice.
Open Access Journals in Educational Technology: Results of a Survey of Exper...Patrick Lowenthal
As the academic publishing industry evolves, there has been an unprecedented growth of “open access journals” (OAJs). In educational technology alone, with an estimated 250 or more total journals, nearly one-third are designated as “open.” Though OAJs are lauded for their contribution to social justice issues (reduction of subscription requirement barriers), many people are suspicious of the content found in them and question the legitimacy of publishing in them. In this study, we sought to discover the opinions of educational technology scholars about OAJs in their own field. We were able to learn which OAJs were deemed to be most valuable, as well as the characteristics of OAJs thought to be particularly important. A companion site accompanies this article, http://edtechjournals.org
In Search of Quality: Using Quality Matters to Analyze the Quality of Massive...Patrick Lowenthal
The concept of the massive, open, online course (MOOC) is not new, but high-profile initiatives have moved them into the forefront of higher education news over the past few years. Members of institutions of higher education have mixed feelings about MOOCs, ranging from those who want to offer college credit for the successful completion of MOOCs to those who fear MOOCs are the end of the university as we know it. We set forth to investigate the quality of MOOCs by using the Quality Matters quality control framework. In this paper, we present the results of our inquiry, with a specific focus on the implications the results have on day-today practice of designing online courses.
Getting graphic About Infographics: Design Lessons Learned From Popular Infog...Patrick Lowenthal
People learn and remember more efficiently and effectively through the use of text and visuals than through text alone. Infographics are one way of presenting complex and dense informational content in a way that supports cognitive processing, learning, and future recognition and recollection. But the power of infographics is that they are a way of delivering the maximum amount of content in the least amount of space while still being precise and clear; because they are visual presentations as opposed to oral or text presentations, they can quickly tell a story, show relationships, and reveal structure. The following paper reports on an exploration of top 20 “liked” infographics on a popular infographic sharing website in an effort to better understand what makes an effective infographic in order to better prepare graduate students as consumers and designers of infographics. The paper concludes with recommendations and strategies on how educators might leverage the power of infographics in their classrooms.
Intentional Web Presence for Research and Technology ProfessionalsPatrick Lowenthal
Intentionally creating a well-crafted online presence, sometimes called a web presence, is important not only for recent graduates but for any professional in a community of practice that values technology use and innovation (e.g., information technology, computer science, digital and graphic design); also, professionals who work with external stakeholders (e.g., consultants working with clients, teachers working with parents, artists working with customers and funding sources) benefit from attention to their web presence. In this presentation, I will share why professionals need to attend to their web presence and share some strategies for crafting the components of a vibrant and dynamic professional web presence and digital footprint.
AERA 2015 Instructional Design Lessons Learned From Reviewing Popular Infogra...Patrick Lowenthal
Infographics are one way of presenting complex and dense informational content in a way the supports cognitive processing, learning, and future recognition and recollection. Infographics, as the name implies, are a way of presenting information graphically. But the power of infographics is that they are a way of delivering the maximum amount of content in the least amount of space while still being precise and clear. In this session we will share the results of our inquiry into what makes an effective infographic. Derived from our inquiry, we will share recommendations on how educators might leverage the power of infographics in their classrooms, and assignments we now use with our students.
Online video is believed to help build social presence and community in online courses. But do students actually watch these videos? And what do they think of them? Do they always build social presence for every student? This mixed methods exploratory study investigates students’ perceptions of online video and the degree to which different uses of online video (e.g., video announcements, instructional screencasts, and video feedback) help establish and maintain social presence. The results of the study and the implications for faculty and instructional designers will be discussed in this session.
Intentional Web Presence for Educational Technology ProfessionalsPatrick Lowenthal
Educational technology professionals must be digitally literate. Part of this involves effectively managing one’s web presence. In this presentation, I will argue that educational technology professionals need to practice what they preach by attending to their web presence. I will share strategies for crafting the components of a vibrant and dynamic professional web presence such as creating a personal website, engaging in social networking, contributing and sharing resources/artifacts, and attending to search engine optimization (SEO).
PASSHE 2015: If You Record It, Will They Watch It? And Will It Matter? Explor...Patrick Lowenthal
If You Record It, Will They Watch It? And Will It Matter? Exploring Student Perceptions of Online Video
Online videos can help build presence and community in online courses. But do students actually watch these videos? The presenter will share his experience using asynchronous video (e.g., video announcements, video feedback) as well as share research on students perceptions of asynchronous video, while engaging the audience in their own use of rich media.
Problems Measuring Social Presence in a Community of InquiryPatrick Lowenthal
"To improve research conducted on communities of inquiry, a group of researchers created the Community of Inquiry Questionnaire (CoIQ). While the development of the CoIQ is a step in the right direction, this instrument does not align as well as it could with previous research on each of the individual presences (i.e., cognitive presence, teaching presence, social presence) that
make up the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework. For instance, the questions in the CoIQ focused on measuring social presence do not align as well as they could with the previous indicators of social presence developed by Rourke, Anderson, Garrison, and Archer (2001). In this paper, we outline the misalignment we have encountered when using the CoIQ in our own research and ways we think future research on communities of inquiry could be improved."
Establishing an equitable and fair admissions systemPatrick Lowenthal
The field of Educational Technology has seen marked growth from just a small number of distance-based doctoral programs to nearly 20 today. Creating and sustaining a quality doctoral program of any kind requires a substantial amount of work; the additional challenges of online programs both increases and changes the nature of the efforts required. Among these challenges is creating an admissions process that treats people fairly, does not create a burdensome system for applicants or those involved in the selection process, and ensures the selection of a solid foundation of high quality candidates with whom faculty can mentor, who add value to the program, and who can benefit from the program. This paper explores common admissions requirements among institutions offering a distance or hybrid doctorate in Educational Technology and examines the specific admissions system used by the Department of Educational Technology at Boise State University.
What was your best learning experience? Our story about using stories to solv...Patrick Lowenthal
“Theory? What does this have to do with anything we’re doing?” Sound familiar? Students may not always verbalize this, but they often think it, especially in courses where the emphasis is on the development of technical skills and the application of those skills to the building of products. Presenting theory in a way that is relevant and engaging can be challenging under these circumstances. This article describes how we addressed this challenge by involving students in an analysis of their “best learning experiences” stories, and then helped them apply their discoveries to the products they built.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
6. Social Presence Theory
• Communications Studies Group at the
University College in London in the 1970s
• Short, J.A., Williams, E., & Christie, B.
(1976). The social psychology of
telecommunications. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
6
7. Social Presence Theory
Social presence is the
degree of salience (i.e.,
quality or state of
being there) between
two communicators
using a communication
medium.
10. 1980’s & CMC
Cuelessness Theory
developed by Rutter (1984, 1987)
Media Richness Theory
developed by Daft & Lengel
(1984, 1986; Daft, Lengel, &
Trevino, 1987)
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
13. Phase Period Key Figures Focus of Research
1. 1970s Short et al. Focused on
Telecommunications
2. 1980s to early
1990s
Rutter
Daft & Lengel
Kiesler
Walther
Focused on CMC
3. Early 1990s to
early 2000s
Gunarwardena
Garrison et al.
Tu
Swan
Richardson
Focused on Online
Learning
4. Mid 2000s to
present
Garrison
Shea
Cleveland-Innes
Akyol
Swan
Richardson
Focused on Online
Learning & the CoI
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
15. slides @ patricklowenthal.com
Affective Communication
• Expression of emotions
• Use of humor
• Self-disclosure
Cohesive Communication
• Continuing a thread
• Quoting from others’ messages
• Referring explicitly to other’s messages
• Asking questions
• Complimenting, expressing
appreciation
• Expressing agreement
Interactive Communication
• Vocatives
• Refers to group using inclusive
pronouns
• Phatics, salutations
+
17. Problem
“Researchers of social presence cannot
agree upon a single definition of social
presence (Biocca & Harms, 7 2002; Biocca,
Harms, & Burgoon, 2003; Rettie, 2003;
Lane, 2011; Tu, 2002)
Instead, researchers continue to redefine
social presence (Lowenthal, 2010; Picciano,
2002)”
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
18. Examples
• “the ability of learners to project
themselves socially and emotionally as
well as their ability to perceive other
learners as “real people””(Boston et al.)
• “the degree to which participants in
computer-mediated communication feel
affectively connected one to another…
(Swan, Garrison, & Richardson, 2009).”
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
19. Definitions…
1. “the degree to which a person is perceived as a
‘real person’ in mediated communication”
(Gunawardena, 1995, p. 151)
2. the ability of learners to project themselves
socially and affectively into a community of inquiry
(Rourke et al., 1999)
3. “…the degree of feeling, perception, and reaction
of being connected by CMC” (Tu & McIsaac,
2002)
4. “…a student’s sense of being in and belonging in
a course and the ability to interact with other
students and an instructor” (Picciano, 2002, p. 22)
20. Garrison
“the ability of participants
to identify with the
community (e.g., course
of study), communicate
purposefully in a trusting
environment, and
develop inter-personal
relationships by way of
projecting their individual
personalities” (Garrison,
2009, p. 352).
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
“the ability of participants
in the Community of
Inquiry to project their
personal characteristics
into the community,
thereby presenting
themselves to the other
participants as ``real
people.'’ (Garrison et al.,
1999)
29. slides @ patricklowenthal.com
“Communities of practice are groups of
people who share a concern or a passion
for something they do and learn how to
do it better as they interact regularly”
Etienne Wenger
30. slides @ patricklowenthal.com
Etienne Wenger
“Communities of practice are groups of
people who share a concern or a passion
for something they do and learn how to
do it better as they interact regularly”
32. Theoretical Support
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
Increased focus on importance of
community in learning environments
(Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Brown
& Campione, 1994; Hill, 1985)
40. Bounded Communities
Participation is required
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
Don’t choose classmates or instructor
Fixed length of time
Explicit effort to connect with others
(Wilson et al., 2004)
41. Bounded Communities
Participation is required
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
Don’t choose classmates or instructor
Fixed length of time
Explicit effort to connect with others
(Wilson et al., 2004)
42. Bounded Communities
Participation is required
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
Don’t choose classmates or instructor
Fixed length of time
Explicit effort to connect with others
(Wilson et al., 2004)
43. Bounded Communities
Participation is required
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
Don’t choose classmates or instructor
Fixed length of time
Explicit effort to connect with others
(Wilson et al., 2004)
46. Benefits of Community
Provide a
social context
for the material
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
Bridge
between
school & work
environments
Students feel
more
connected
within a
community
(Wilson et al., 2004)
47. Benefits of Community
Provide a
social context
for the material
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
Bridge
between
school & work
environments
Students feel
more
connected
within a
community
(Wilson et al., 2004)
48. Benefits of Community
Provide a
social context
for the material
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
Bridge
between
school & work
environments
Students feel
more
connected
within a
community
(Wilson et al., 2004)
49. Where to Begin???
Student-to-student Interaction & presence
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
Student-to-teacher Interaction & presence
Collaboration
55. { When is there not enough? }
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
56. Good Instruction
Effective instruction meets established
learning goals and objectives;
Efficient instruction does so with minimal
expenditure of resources, particularly time;
Appealing instruction draws the sustained
attention and positive response of learners
(Wilson, Parrish, & Veletsianos, 2008)
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
57. Engagement
While appeal suggests merely the ability to
draw learners to the experience (a
unidirectional force), engagement suggests
a reciprocating relationship that changes the
nature of the experience. Rather than just
being sufficiently attracted to pay attention,
learners invest creative effort and emotional
commitment—and a willingness to risk in
anticipation of valued outcomes.
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
[BOOK] The Social Psychology of Telecommunications
J Short, E Williams, B Christie - 1976 - John Wiley & SonsCited by 1745 - Web Search - Library Search
They were interested in how communications media, specifically telecommunications media, impact communication
Adapted from http://elgg.jiscemerge.org.uk/nvdb/weblog/663.html
Adapted from http://elgg.jiscemerge.org.uk/nvdb/weblog/663.html
The Eight General Standards:
Course Overview and Introduction Learning Objectives (Competencies) Assessment and Measurement Instructional Materials Course Activities and Learner Interaction Course Technology Learner Support Accessibility and Usability
Brent G. Wilson Contributing Editor Patrick Parrish George Veletsianos
Raising the Bar for Instructional Outcomes: Toward Transformative Learning Experiences
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.162.1058&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=40
Brent G. Wilson Contributing Editor Patrick Parrish George Veletsianos
Raising the Bar for Instructional Outcomes: Toward Transformative Learning Experiences
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.162.1058&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=40
The Eight General Standards:
Course Overview and Introduction Learning Objectives (Competencies) Assessment and Measurement Instructional Materials Course Activities and Learner Interaction Course Technology Learner Support Accessibility and Usability