This document discusses using fusion energy for sustainable development through biomass conversion. It proposes a system where fusion energy is used to provide heat for gasifying biomass into synthetic fuels like methane and diesel. Experiments show biomass can be over 95% converted to hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane gases using nickel catalysts at temperatures of 600-1000 degrees Celsius. A conceptual biomass reactor is presented that could process 6 million tons of biomass per year, consisting of 70% cellulose and 30% lignin, into synthetic fuels to serve as carbon-neutral transportation fuels. Fusion energy could provide the high heat needed for the gasification and synthesis processes.

1. International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
Advanced energy technology for
sustainable development
- Analysis of energy for sustainability-
Satoshi Konishi
Institute for Sustainability Science,
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Aug.12-13, 2011
Summer School AACIMP-2011
Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, Ukraine

2. Fusion Electricity
Institute of Sustainable Science
International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Energy converted to heat and fuel
lithium Energy generated by fusion reaction
deuterium
neutron neutron
tritium Fusion reactor
tritium
Fusion fuel Electricity
Power train
breeding
Fuel cycle Coolant

3. 6．Fuel production

4. Why fuels?International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
Market 3 times larger than electricity
・Carbon-free fuels required Automobile
－ Exhausting fossil resources
－ Global warming and CO2 emission
・Future fuel use Aircraft
－ Fuel cells , automobile
25
－ aircrafts, ships
Energy demand(GTOE)
Electricity
20 Solid Fuel
・Dispersed electricity system Liquid Fuel
Gaseous Fuel
－ Cogeneration 15
－ Fuel cell,
－ micro gas turbine 10
5
(could be other synthetic fuels)
0
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
Year
Substitute fewer than electricity source
Example of Outlook of Global Energy Consumption by IPCC92a

5. Future Energy System International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
・Electricity and Synthetic fuels mutually converted
－ Resources required for raw material and energy
－ Substitution and competition
Renewables
Raw material Energy Conversion
grid
Electrolysis Utility gas
Water H2
Electricity Shift CH 4
Fossil
Reaction transport
resources MeOH
Heat
Reforming Syn. Fuel cell Indepenent
Biomass fuels power
Cogene-
Nuclear ration
CO2
chemical sequestration

6. Fuel Production from biomass
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International Symposium on Global Sustainability
16MJ
External Heat，900℃ 8.2MJ
Biomass
(1kg) + H2O H2,CO
endothermic
cellulose：（C6H10O5）n/6+ n/6H2O → nH2 + nCO – 136n [kJ]
lignin: (CH1.4O0.3)n + 0.7nH2O → 1.4nH2 + nCO –136n[kJ] 24.2MJ
Shift Reaction CO + H2O ⇔ H2 + CO2 + 32 [kJ] Waste heat
Fischer-Tropsch reaction hydrogen Carbon Neutral
2H2 + CO → -CH2- + H2O + 160 [kJ] Waste /usable
8.1MJ
Carbon free OIL alcane Heat for
(0.5 litter) 15.6MJ generation

7. Biomass conversion to fuel
Institute of Sustainable Science
International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Biomass 1kg external heat Gas product
H2：0.138kg,69mol
H2O 8.2MJ CO:0.38ｋｇ,14mol
Cellulose, lignin
CO2：0.74kg,17mol
CH4：0.009kg,0.56mol
21MJ (CH1-2O0-1)n Chemical reactor
１ｋｇ 1.0MJ
Waste 0.40kg 24.2MJ
53mol loss 4MJ
H2O：0.76kg,42mol
CO２:0.13ｋｇ、3mol 8.1MJ
FT synthesis
0.4MJ CH4:0.009kg,0.56mol Heat loss or
generation
diesel(hydrocarbon) Fusion energy used for
-CH2-：0.39kg,28mol conversion
15.6MJ
Energy comes from
Carbon free oil 0.5 liter waste biomass

8. Gasification of Cellulose
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International Symposium on Global Sustainability
>95% carbon was converted to fuel gases
(H2, CO and CH4) with Ni catalyst.
Thermochemical equilibrium
100
CH4
80 Co CO2
Conversion[%]
Ni CO
60
No Cat.
experiments
40
CH4
20 CO2
CO
0
600 700 800 900 1000
Temperature[℃]
This conversion efficiency is practical level.

9. Gasification of Cellulose
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International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Cellulose as a representative of waste biomass
(garbage, paper, wood, straw…)
Simple experiment can prove this reaction.

10. Concept of the biomass reactor International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
cellulose rignin
Reaction 0.29 0.41
Assumed biamass:6Mton/year
heat(kJ)
(cellulose 70%,lignin 30%) 60 60
Reaction
time(s)
biomass
steam
Fusion 10m
reactor
Liquid metal
900℃
Liquid metal path
Diameter:~3.5m
Reactor tube：29500 Gas product
Biomass/product path path
Concept of the reactor

11. High temperature reactor>900゜C
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International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Loop operated >900 ゜ C
Only in the test vessel
SiC module
ヒーティングコイル
アルミナ管
IHX heat transfer from LiPb to He
Installed in 900 ゜ C vessel

12. Use of Fusion Energy
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International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Neutron
SynFUEL
HEAT
Fusion Plant
Industries
Heat generation
heat
Efficient
generation desalination
Domestic use

13. Biomass and Fusion
International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
Biomass converted to fuels by endothermic reaction.
（C6H10O5）n+ nH2O → 6nH2 + 6nCO – 816n [kJ]
Biomass (waste, urban and agricultural)
（18Mton/year⇔ 2120 t/h
Current Japanese burnable
Garbage 60Mton/year）
Fusion Plant
Hydrogen 280 t/h
1GW electricity
equivalent Reactor
heat Fuel Cell Vehicle 1.1M/day*
feeds 17M/year1700**
Free from Carnot’s
Efficiency limit. steam(640 t/h)* 6kg/day.vehicle
** 460g/year.vehicle
Fusion energy can be converted to hydrogen, and fuels.

14. Energy Conversion efficiencyInternational Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
water
Electricity ~30%
Nuclear heat generation hydrogen
Thermal cycle Electrolysis
Loss (40~70%~30C) Loss
water ~50%
Nuclear heat IS process hydrogen
Biomass Chemical cycle
water Loss(50%~120C)
(with enthalpy)
Biomass ~270%
Nuclear heat gasification Hydrogen+CO
Electricity Chemical cycle
~20% Loss(30%~300C) FT oil ~200%
generation

15. Biomass conversion power plant
Institute of Sustainable Science
International Symposium on Global Sustainability
H2 CO + H2O ⇔ H2 + CO2
Hydrogen 9.0kg/s
Liquid fuel Gas separator CO2：90kg/s
CH4：1.5kg/s
Shift reactor
300℃ water
25kg/s
biomass
Heat exchange 63kg/s
reactor Preheat No thermal cycle
used.
water No waste heat
28kg/s Discarded.
gas
Fusion reactor：500MW H2 5.3kg/s
residue CO 39kg/s
Carbon free heat source 10kg/s CO2 29kg/s
CH4 1.5kg/s

16. Biomass-Fusion Hybrid plant
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International Symposium on Global Sustainability
5700ton/day
Kyoto×4
Biomass Electricity
supply Thermal energy to reactor
Landfill cost
300[MW/sec]
Reactor cost Fusion
Product fuel First generation
price FUSION plant can
Diesel fuel Supply fuel to the
market with
1620kl/day
Thermal energy flow competitive price.
HER: Heat exchanger reactor
Electrical energy flow
SEG: Steam-electric generator Fuel is used for
material flow FTR: Fischer-Tropsche reactor generators in microgrids.
money flow FST: Fuel Storage Tank

17. Why waste biomass?
International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
Large amount of biomass is discarded
- burnable garbage
- agricultural byproduct
- woods
- (plastics)
Combustion
Landfill
External CO2
Energy Conversion to use
Source Fuel emission
(regarded
Reduction of
fossil as neutral)
consumption
replacing fossil reduces
CO2 emission

18. Case Study Summary International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
Garbage Woody Agriculture Forestry
Biomass
Cost(JPY/L) -51.6 -42.66 44.16 50.1
Biomass production(t/year) 7,746,000 267,000 1,195,000 446,000
Diesel Product(kL/year) 2,045,000 114,000 487,000 191,000S
Required energy（MW) 941 61 263 101
Fusion energy efficiency 2.90 2.51 2.47 2.51
Total energy efficiency 0.70 0.64 0.65 0.63
・fusion energy efficiency＝product diesel chemical energy/fusion heat
・total energy efficiency＝ product diesel chemical energy/consumed energy

19. National Total
International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
garbage agriculture forestry Woody
waste
Waste total(t/year) 38,067,000 14,650, 000 2,068, 000 1,497, 000
Diesel production 8,992, 000 4,819, 000 714, 000 517, 000
(kL/year)
Diesel total：15,000,000kL/year
aircrafts kerosene diesel
Oil demand 5,324,600 （24,382,000） 36,323,000
(kL/year)
Transport demand：42,000,000kL/year
・36％ demand can be supplied
Replace fossil with carbon free fuel to recuce
CO2 emission

20. Cost of running vehicles International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
Electricity price(8.2¥/kWh) Based on
35 EV
Running cost[¥/km]
Kyoto area
25
15 diesel Dielsel milage
15km/L
5
Biomass diesel
-5
0 10 20 30 40 Electric vehicle
Cost of electricity[¥/kWh] Running distance[km] 200
Battery capacity[kWh] 24
Biomass diesel cost starting Battery cost[104¥/kWh] 10
from-1.8[¥/km] Battery livce[104km] 10
・battery cost 32¥/kWh
・to run vehicles, using electricity to convert biomass to
diesel could be cheaper than Evs.

21. Summary of biomass fuel
Institute of Sustainable Science
International Symposium on Global Sustainability
• Fuel production from biomass has larger market than
electricity.
• Substituting Oil contributes CO2 reduction
• As renewable, fuel production is more important than
electricity.
• Biomass-Fusion Hybrid will give a good chance for
Hybrid Device smaller than ITER and easier.
• Advanced fission or renewable electricity can be
used for biofuel production.
• Utilizing waste biomass promote material recycle and
improve green industry.
Biomass can respond to global environment
and resource problem in the near future!

22. Future world with fusion hydrogen
WASTE RECYCLE FUEL Independent
Electricity
HEAT Grid electricity
HYDROGEN
TRANSPORT
FUEL
VEHICLE Fusion Plant
Desalination
AIRCRAFT Of seawater

23. Future world with fusion hydrogen
Fusion Plant
Heat
factory Farming
electricity
Desalination Plant
HYDROGEN
houses Transport

24. Edo era.
Poor but sustainable with controlled energy supply