Gs and Gi produce stimulation and inhibition of the enzyme adenylate cyclase respectively, whilst Gq interacts with phospholipase C. This document discusses alpha and beta adrenergic receptor blocking drugs. It describes their classification, mechanisms of action, effects, clinical uses, and adverse effects. Alpha blockers are used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia, while beta blockers are used for cardiovascular conditions like hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias. Common side effects of these drugs include hypotension, bradycardia, and bronchospasm.
Drugs used in Parkinsons Disease ( anti- Parkinson drugs) Ravish Yadav
detail and complete study on the topic of anti parkinson drug. the study is done under the guidance of faculty member. the learning content complete information of the topic
Seretonin (5HT) and Its Antagonists PharmacologyPranatiChavan
Serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to wellbeing and happiness.
The scientific name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT. It is mainly found in the brain, bowels, and blood platelets.
Serotonin is used to transmit messages between nerve cells, it is thought to be active in constricting smooth muscles, and it contributes to wellbeing and happiness, among other things. As the precursor for melatonin, it helps regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycles and the internal clock.
It is thought to play a role in appetite, the emotions, and motor, cognitive, and autonomic functions. However, it is not known exactly if serotonin affects these directly, or if it has an overall role in co-ordinating the nervous system.
Drugs used in Parkinsons Disease ( anti- Parkinson drugs) Ravish Yadav
detail and complete study on the topic of anti parkinson drug. the study is done under the guidance of faculty member. the learning content complete information of the topic
Seretonin (5HT) and Its Antagonists PharmacologyPranatiChavan
Serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to wellbeing and happiness.
The scientific name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT. It is mainly found in the brain, bowels, and blood platelets.
Serotonin is used to transmit messages between nerve cells, it is thought to be active in constricting smooth muscles, and it contributes to wellbeing and happiness, among other things. As the precursor for melatonin, it helps regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycles and the internal clock.
It is thought to play a role in appetite, the emotions, and motor, cognitive, and autonomic functions. However, it is not known exactly if serotonin affects these directly, or if it has an overall role in co-ordinating the nervous system.
Serotonin is major neurotransmitter and affects the physiology of our body. Serotonin antagonists are used in various pathological conditions of body. This is a small presentation showing feature of serotonin.
Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them. SIVASWAROOP YARASI
Autacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis. The word autacoids comes from the Greek "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief, i.e. drug).
Hypolipidemic agents, also known as cholesterol-lowering drugs or antihyperlipidemic agents, are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals that are used in the treatment of high levels of fats (lipids), such as cholesterol, in the blood (hyperlipidemia). They are also called lipid-lowering drugs.
This presentation contains drugs which blocks the adrenergic system e.g receptor blockers like alpha and beta receptor antagonists, adrenergic neuron blocking agents in details.various animated pictures are also included to make the presentation interesting as well as i have used various diagrams and tables to have better understanding of the topic. Thank you.
Serotonin is major neurotransmitter and affects the physiology of our body. Serotonin antagonists are used in various pathological conditions of body. This is a small presentation showing feature of serotonin.
Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them. SIVASWAROOP YARASI
Autacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis. The word autacoids comes from the Greek "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief, i.e. drug).
Hypolipidemic agents, also known as cholesterol-lowering drugs or antihyperlipidemic agents, are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals that are used in the treatment of high levels of fats (lipids), such as cholesterol, in the blood (hyperlipidemia). They are also called lipid-lowering drugs.
This presentation contains drugs which blocks the adrenergic system e.g receptor blockers like alpha and beta receptor antagonists, adrenergic neuron blocking agents in details.various animated pictures are also included to make the presentation interesting as well as i have used various diagrams and tables to have better understanding of the topic. Thank you.
This presentation was delivered over two days to second year pharmacy students enrolled in a course in pharmacology & toxicology. This lecture is designed to accompany Goodman & Gilman's (12e) chapter 11.
Lecture 17 from a college level neuropharmacology course taught in the spring 2012 semester by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University.
About pharmacological classification of sympathetic nervus system both sympathomimetics and sympatholytics drug and all about his pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics action on body
This presentation deals with the beta blockers commonly used in day-to-day practice alongwith some interesting mnemonics to remember their names & site of action
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
4. Gs and Gi produce stimulation and inhibition of the enzyme adenylate cyclase
respectively, whilst Gq interacts with phospholipase C.
H. Zhong, K.P. Minneman European Journal of Pharmacology 375 (1999) 261-276
7. Objectives
1. Describe the effects of E and NE in the
presence and in the absence of Alpha
Blocker.
2. Compare the effects among Beta Blockers
3. Compare the pharmacokinetics among
Beta Blockers
4. Describe the clinical applications and
toxicity of typical Alpha- and Beta
Blockers.
9. Outline
II. Alpha-Blocking Drugs (cont’d)
E. Clinical Uses
F. Adverse Effects
III. Beta-Blocking Drugs
A. Classification and Mechanisms
B. Effects and Clinical Uses
C. Adverse Effects
10. I. Concepts
• Classification is based on
receptor selectivity.
• These drugs differ markedly
in their effects and clinical ap
plications.
11. II. Alpha-Blocking Drugs
A. Classification
–based on: selective affinity for alpha
receptors, reversibility
1. Irreversible, long-acting alpha
blockers
2. Reversible, short-acting alpha
blockers
3. Alpha1-selective blockers
4. Alpha2-selective blockers
12. A. Classification
1. Irreversible alpha blockers :
Phenoxybenzamine
–slightly a 1 -selective, long-acting
2. Reversible alpha blockers:
Phentolamine (nonselective), tolazoline
(slightly a 2 -selective)
3. a 1 blockers: Prazosin, Doxazosin,
Terazosin
4. a 2 blockers: Yohimbine, rauwolscine
•
13. B. Pharmacokinetics
• All active orally as well as
parenterally
• Phenoxybenzamine: short t1/2 but long
duration-48 hr (covalent bond)
• Phentolamine, tolazoline: parenteral,
duration 20-40 min by parenteral rout
e
• Prazosin: oral, duration 8-10 hr
14. C. Mechanism of Action
• Phenoxybenzamine: binds
covalently--irreversible (insurmount
able) blockade (slightly a 1 -selective)
• Other agents: competitive
antagonists--the effects can be overc
ome by increased concn
of agonist
16. D. Effects of Alpha Blockers
1. Nonselective alpha blockers
–block alpha-mediated sympathetic
responses and exogenous sympathomi
metics
–Most important effects: CVS effects
•vasodilation --reduce arterial and
venous pressure (a 1 )
•no significant direct cardiac effects
17.
18. • Cause reflex tachycardia (due to
decreased MAP)
• Tachycardia may be exaggerated
because a 2 receptors are also blocked.
• e.g. phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine,
tolazoline
D. Effects of Alpha Blockers
1. Nonselective alpha blockers (cont)
19. Selective a1 blockers cause less reflex tachycardia than
Phenoxybenzamine and Phentolamine
20. 2. Selective a 1 blockers
• The same effects as nonselective alpha
blockers
• But cause much less tachycardia than
nonselective blocker
• e.g. Prazosin, Doxazosin, Terazosin
D. Effects of Alpha Blockers
21. Epinephrine Reversal
occur when alpha blockers are given before Epi
---> Epi produce the opposite effects : decreased
BP resulting from b 2 effect
(a 1 ,a 2,b 1,b 2 )
23. E. Clinical Uses
1. Nonselective alpha-blockers
Presurgery of pheochromocytoma:
phenoxybenzamine
During surgery: phentolamine (sometimes)
Carcinoid tumor: phenoxybenzamine (5-HT blocking)
Mastocytosis: phenoxybenzamine (H1 antihistamine)
Accidental local infiltration of alpha agonist:
phentolamine
Overdose of sympathomimetics (amphetamine,
cocaine, phenylpropranolamine)
Raynaud’ s phenomenon, erectile dysfunction
(phentolamine)
24. Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System:
Raynaud’s Disease
• Raynaud’s disease – characterized by constriction of blood vessels
– Provoked by exposure to cold or by emotional stress
25. Disorders of the
Autonomic Nervous
System:
Hypertension
• Hypertension – high
blood pressure
– Can result from
overactive
sympathetic
vasoconstriction
26. E. Clinical Uses
2. Selective a 1 -blockers
Prazosin and others
Essential Hypertension
Urinary hesitancy
Prevention of urinary retention in
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
27.
28. F. Adverse effects of Alpha
blockers
Orthostatic hypotension (venodilatation)
Reflex tachycardia (nonselective >
selective)
First dose hypotension (take before going
to bed)
Nausea/vomiting
Caution in patients with coronary artery
disease (CAD or CHD): angina
29. Receptor Type a1
a2
Selective Agonist Phenylephrine
Oxymetazoline
Clonidine
Clenbuterol
Selective Antagonist Doxazosin
Prazosin
Yohimbine
Idazoxan
Agonist Potency
Order
A=NA>>ISO A=NA>>ISO
Second Messengers
and Effectors
PLC activation via
Gp/q causes inc.
[Ca2+
]i
dec. cAMP via Gi/o
causes dec. [Ca2+
]i
Physiological Effect Smooth muscle
contraction
Inhibition of
transmitter release
Hypotension,
anaesthesia,
Vasoconstriction
31. 1. An α adrenergic receptor blocker
which is more effective in the
management of benign prostate
hypertrophy:
a) Tamsulosin
b) Phenoxybenzamine
c) Doxazosin
d) Phentolamine
e) Terazosin
32. 2. A non selective α adrenergic
receptor blocking agent:
a) Phenoxybenzamine
b) Prazosin
c) Doxazosin
d) Tamsulosin
e) Terazosin
33. 3. A drug useful in the treatment of a
patient with a slightly enlarged
prostate and suffering from
hypertension:
a) Prazosin
b) Labetalol
c) Phentolamine
d) Propranolol
e) Isoproterenol
34. 4. The reversal of the hypertensive
effect of epinephrine (adrenaline) is
produced by the blockade of:
α)α1 receptors
β) α2 receptors
χ) β1 receptors
δ) β2 receptors
e) M1 receptors
35. Practice Questions
• Blockade of which receptors is responsible for
the therapeutic and adverse effects of
adrenergic receptor agonists?
• Therapeutic: a1, b1
• Adverse: a2, b2
36. • Which type of drugs causes chemical
sympathectomy? Give an example?
• Non-Competitive a blocker
• phenoxybenzamine
37. III. Beta-Blocking Drugs
A. Classification and Mechanisms
All are competitive antagonists
Propranolol is prototype
Classification is based on
Beta subtypes selectivity
Partial agonist activity
Lipid solubility
Local anesthetic action
38. A. Classification and Mechanisms
1. Receptor selectivity
– b 1 -selective: metoprolol, atenolol
– b 2 -selective: butoxamine (research
only)
– Nonselective: propranolol
–Combined beta- and alpha-
blocking: labetalol
39. A. Classification and
Mechanisms
2. Partial agonist activity
–Intrinsic sympathomimetic
activity, ISA
–eg, pindolol, acebutolol
–may be useful in patients
with asthma
40. A. Classification and
Mechanisms
3. Local anesthetic activity
(membrane-stabilizing activity):
–disadvantage when used
topically in the eye
–timolol: no this activity
4. Lipid solubility
–responsible for CNS adverse
effects: propranolol
41. Pharmacokinetics of
Beta blockers
• For systemic effects, developed for
chronic oral use
• Esmolol: short-acting--only used
parenterally
• Nadolol: longest-acting
• Atenolol, acebutolol are less lipid-
soluble
42. B. Effects and Clinical Uses
• Predict from beta blockade
–decreased HR, force of contraction
–decreased A-V conduction
–slow firing rate of SA node
• Cardiovascular and ophthalmic
applications are extremly important
57. 1. A non selective β receptor
antagonist:
a) Timolol
b) Acebutalol
c) Atenolol
d) Esmolol
e) Metoprolol
58. 2. A β receptor antagonist which also
acts as a partial agonist:
a) Pindolol
b) Propranolol
c) Esmolol
d) Timolol
e) Metoprolol
59. 3. Propranolol is contraindicated in
one of the following diseases:
a) Hypertension
b) Tachycardia
c) Hyperthyroidism
d) Angina pectoris
e) Bronchial asthma
60. 4. Propranolol produces its
antihypertensive action by:
a) Vasodilatation
b) Ganglionic blockade
c) Decreased cardiac output
d) A diuretic action
e) Blockade of α1 receptors