The document discusses the admission, transfer, and discharge processes in a healthcare setting. It describes the key steps in each process, including obtaining physician authorization and billing information for admission, explaining the transfer to the client and preparing their belongings, and ensuring discharge orders are complete before a client leaves. The admission process involves assessing the client, developing a care plan, collecting medical history, and orienting the client to their new environment and care routines. Transfers may occur to change units or when a client's condition requires a higher level of care. Referrals connect clients to outside services like hospice care.
Ebola virus disease is a highly infection disease with the death rates of 50% - 90%. However, with proper prevention methods, you can easily reduce your risks. TMMC Healthcare has provided some tips for you to steer clear of Ebola virus
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The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data.
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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2. The Admission Process
Admission: means entering a health care agency for
nursing care and medical or surgical treatment.
The admission process involves the following:
1. Authorization from a physician verifying that the person
required specialized care and treatment.
2. Collection of billing information by the admitting
department of the health care agency.
3. 3. Documentation of the client’s medical history and findings
from physical examination.
4. Development of an initial nursing care plan.
5. Initial medical orders for treatment.
4. Types of admission
Type Explanation Example
Inpatient Length of stay more than 24
hours
Acute pneumonia, head injury,
acute myocardial infarction.
Outpatient Length of stay less than 24
hours; possible return on a
regular basis for continued care
or treatment
Minor surgery, cancer therapy or
Hemodialysis therapy.
5. Nursing admission activities
1) Preparing the clients room
2) Welcoming the client
3) Orienting the client
4) Safeguarding valuables and clothing
5) Helping the client undress
6. Admitting a client
Assessment process involve:
Obtain the name, admitting diagnosis, and condition of the
client and the room to which he or she has been assigned.
Check the appearance of the room and presence of basic
room supplies:
1. Wash basin
2. Soap dish
3. Emesis basin
4. Bedpan
5. urinal
7. Planning include the Following:
1. Assemble needed equipment: admission assessment form,
thermometer, blood pressure cuff, stethoscope, scale, urine
specimen container.
2. Obtain special equipment such as
IV pole, oxygen.
3. Arrange the height of the bed
to coordinate with the expected
mode of arrival.
8. 4. Fold the top linen of the bed if the client will be immediately
confined to bed.
9. Implementation include:
1. Greet the client by name
and demonstrate
a friendly smile, extend
a hand as a symbol
of welcome.
10. 2. Introduce yourself to the client and those who have a
companied the client.
3. Observe the client for sings
of acute distress.
4. Attend to urgent needs for
comfort and breathing.
5. Introduce the client to his or her roommate
6. Offer the client a chair unless the client requires immediate
bed rest.
11. 7. Check the client identification bracelet.
8. Orient the client to the
physical environment
of the room and the
nursing unite.
12. 9. Demonstrate how to use equipment in the room such as
adjustments for the bed, how to use signal for a nurse, use of
the telephone and TV.
10. Explain the general routine and schedules that are followed
for visiting hours, meals, and care.
13. 11. Explain the need to examine the client and ask personal
health questions.
12. Ask if the client would like family members to leave or
remains.
13. Request the client undress and don a hospital or
examination gown. Assist as necessary.
14. Ask the client about the need to
urinate at the present time,
and obtain a urine specimen if ordered.
15. Weigh the client before helping him or her into bed.
14. 17. Assist the client to a comfortable position in bed.
18. Take care of client’s clothing and valuables according to
agency policy.
19. Ask the client to identify allergies to food, drugs, or other
substances and to describe the type of symptoms that
accompany a typical allergic reaction.
20. Apply a second bracelet that is color coded to the client’s
arm that identifies client’s allergy.
15. 21. Wash hands or perform hand antisepsis with an alcohol rub
before any nursing care.
22. Obtain the client’s temperature, pulse,
respiratory rate, and blood pressure.
24. Make sure the bed is in low position, and follow agency
policy about raising the side rails on the bed.
25. Wash hands or perform
hand antisepsis with an
alcohol rub when you
finishing nursing care.
16. Discharging a client include:
1. Determine that medical order has been written.
2. Note that any medical orders must be carried out before the
client’s discharge.
3. Determine the client’s mode of transportation.
4. Cancel any meals that the client’s will miss after discharge.
17. 5. Notify the pharmacy of the approximate time of discharge.
6. Help the client dress clothing appropriate for leaving
hospital.
7. Have the client sing the discharge instruction sheet.
8. Assist the client in to a
wheelchair when
transportation is available.
18. Transfer the client
The client may be transferred to another unit for several
reasons:
1. Assignment to a certain unit is temporary.
2. The client’s condition becomes serious enough to require
transfer to an intensive care unit (ICU).
3. The client is becoming agitated by a very busy unit and
requires a quieter environment.
19. 4. The client is disturbing others, for example by snoring loudly,
and needs a private room.
5. The client has had surgery and is being moved to postsurgical
care.
6. The client is exhibiting behavior that is dangerous to himself or
herself or to others and requires transfer to a psychiatric or
other secure unit.
20. TRANSFER TO ANOTHER UNIT
Preparation for the Transfer
1. Explain the transfer to the client and family.
2. Assemble all the client’s personal belongings, as well as all
documents.
3. Determine how the client will be moved.
4. Provide for client safety. Take measures to hold IV bottles,
drains, and catheters.
21. 5. Collect all the client’s medications, IV bags, and tube feedings,
and take these to the new unit.
6. Record the transfer in a transfer note.
7. Make sure the receiving unit is ready. Usually a short verbal report
is given to the receiving nurse.
Client referral
A referral is the process of sending someone to another person
or agency for special services. For example, client referral to
hospice.