The document discusses active and passive voice as well as present perfect and past perfect tenses. [1] It explains when to use active versus passive voice and provides examples of transforming sentences from active to passive.[2] It then explains when to use present perfect and past perfect tenses, providing examples and focusing on using participles and specifying if "has", "have", or "had" should be used.[3] The document provides exercises for readers to practice transforming sentences to passive voice and using present/past perfect tenses.

1. Active to Passive voice
Present Perfect & Past Perfect tenses
Mr Abel Kok

2. Active to Passive voice
Generally speaking, it is best to use the active voice. Eg.
“I wrote the book”. Instead of “The book was written by
me.”
However, the passive voice is necessary for the following
reasons:
The focus on the object rather than the subject:
Peter was reprimanded by the teacher.
The subject (doer) is unknown:
Eg. The bicycle has been stolen.
To create suspense or dramatic effect:
The cat was eaten by the rat! (This is typically used in
Headlines)

3. Synthesis (ACTIVE to PASSIVE Voice) USE OF
Marie forgets the book. ‘PARTICIPLE’
is forgotten by Marie.
The book________________________________.
+
Marie forgot the book.
The tense
was forgotten by Marie.
The book________________________________. should not
Marie has forgotten the book. be change.
The book________________________________.
has been forgotten by Marie.
Marie had forgotten the book. For ‘has’,
‘have’ &
The book________________________________. ‘had’ – USE
had been forgotten by Marie.
‘BEEN’

4. Synthesis (ACTIVE to PASSIVE Voice) USE OF
Marie wipes the table. ‘PARTICIPLE’
is wiped by Marie.
The table________________________________.
+
Marie wiped the table.
The tense
was wiped by Marie.
The table________________________________. should not
Marie has wiped the table. be change.
The table________________________________.
has been wiped by Marie.
Marie had wiped the table. For ‘has’,
‘have’ &
The table________________________________. ‘had’ – USE
had been wiped by Marie.
‘BEEN’

5. Present and Past Perfect Tenses
Week
5
Used when:
To show the relationship between 2 past events
Structure: had + participle
The time can be specified or left unspecified.
Words like ‘before, after’ can be used to make the
sequencing/ relationship of the 2 events clearer.
Johnson topped the class in last year’s PSLE as he
had studied hard for the past six years.
Which event happened first?

6. Revision on Participles
(Present) (Past) (Participles)
Write Wrote Written
Climb Climbed Climbed
Read Read Read
Come Came Come
Cut Cut Cut

7. Present and Past Perfect Tenses
Used when:
To show the relationship between a past event
(unspecified time in the past) and continues to have an
effect now.
Often used with words like ‘never, ever, once, several
times, already, so far, for, since’.
Structure: has/have + participle
The computer cannot be switched on since he has
damaged the keyboard.
Which event has effects on the current state of affairs.

8. Present and Past Perfect Tenses
Let’s apply
 Complete the sentences below with either the
present or past perfect tenses. (Remember to
use your participles)
 Oh no! My sister _________ (tear) my book! What am I
going to do?
 If they _________ (know) this was going to happen, they
might _______ (avoid) the disaster.
 The monkey _______ (break) the fence after it _____
(steal) the bunch of bananas.
 The monkey _______ (break) the fence before it _____
(steal) the bunch of bananas.

9. Present and Past Perfect Tenses
Recap
Pesent Perfect Tenses emphasis the continuous effects
of a past event on the current state of affairs.
(Structure: has/have + participle)
Words often used with be:
Often used with words like ‘never, ever, once, several
times, already, so far, for, since’.
Past Perfect Tenses make the sequence/ relationship
between two past events clearer.
(Structure: Had + participle)
Words often used with be: before/ after