English Grammar

GRAMMARGRAMMAR
Prepared by: SAMIER MOUBARAKPrepared by: SAMIER MOUBARAK
20062006
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Main MenuMain Menu
 English AlphabeticEnglish Alphabetic
 Parts of SpeechParts of Speech
 SentencesSentences
 Verb to BEVerb to BE ““
 Verb to DOVerb to DO ““
 Verb to HAVEVerb to HAVE ““
 NounsNouns
– Countable NounsCountable Nouns
– Spelling Rules for PluralsSpelling Rules for Plurals
– Uncountable NounsUncountable Nouns
– Definite & Indefinite ArticlesDefinite & Indefinite Articles
 PronounsPronouns
– Object PronounsObject Pronouns
– Reflexive PronounsReflexive Pronouns
– Relative PronounsRelative Pronouns
 Making QuestionsMaking Questions
 HowHow
 some/some/ any/any/
 Making NegativeMaking Negative
 TENSESTENSES
– Present Simple TensePresent Simple Tense
– Past Simple TensePast Simple Tense
– Future Simple TenseFuture Simple Tense
– Present Continuous TensePresent Continuous Tense
– Past Continuous TensePast Continuous Tense
– Future Continuous TenseFuture Continuous Tense
– Present Perfect TensePresent Perfect Tense
– Past Perfect TensePast Perfect Tense
– Future Perfect TenseFuture Perfect Tense
– Present Perfect ContinuousPresent Perfect Continuous
 ImperativesImperatives
 ModalsModals
 Comparing AdjectivesComparing Adjectives
 AdverbsAdverbs
 Active & PassiveActive & Passive
 Transitive & Intransitive VerbsTransitive & Intransitive Verbs ......
 PrepositionsPrepositions
 Question-TagsQuestion-Tags
 Conditional “if” ”Conditional “if” ”
 Reported SpeechReported Speech
 Countries and NationalitiesCountries and Nationalities
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English AlphabeticEnglish Alphabetic
1.1. Capital LettersCapital Letters
2.2. Small LettersSmall Letters
 Consonant LettersConsonant Letters
 Vowels LettersVowels Letters
AA BB CC DD EE FF GG HH II JJ KK LL MM
NN OO PP QQ RR SS TT UU VV WW XX YY ZZ
aa bb cc dd ee ff gg hh ii jj kk ll mm
nn oo pp qq rr ss tt uu vv ww xx yy zz
bb cc dd ff gg hh jj kk ll mm nn pp qq rr ss tt vv ww xx yy zz
aa ee ii oo uu

Parts of SpeechParts of Speech
NounNoun Ahmed, bookAhmed, book
PronounPronoun I, he, she, it, etc. ……..I, he, she, it, etc. ……..
VerbVerb Play, played, will playPlay, played, will play
AdjectiveAdjective richrich manman
AdverbAdverb Ahmed writesAhmed writes quickly.quickly.
..

PrepositionPreposition Ahmed goesAhmed goes toto schoolschool
They traveledThey traveled byby planeplane
ConjunctionConjunction .. AliAli andand Ahmad visited us yesterday.Ahmad visited us yesterday.
InterjectionInterjection AlasAlas! She died.! She died.
..

ArticleArticle ::
a, an, thea, an, the
. This isThis is aa book.book.
..
. This isThis is anan apple.apple.
..
. This isThis is thethe book I bought yesterday.book I bought yesterday.
..
a
an
the

::
::
Ali doctor.Ali doctor.
::
AliAli isis a doctora doctor

SentencesSentences
 Simple SentencesSimple Sentences
 Compound SentencesCompound Sentences
 Complex SentencesComplex Sentences

Simple SentencesSimple Sentences
::
::
1)1) II sawsaw a boy.a boy.
2)2) The boyThe boy waswas riding a bicycle.riding a bicycle.
::
II sawsaw a boy riding a bicycle.a boy riding a bicycle.

Compound SentencesCompound Sentences
::
and/ but /orand/ but /or
andand::
Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.
::
Ahmed did his homeworkAhmed did his homework andand Anas helped him.Anas helped him.

Compound SentencesCompound Sentences
butbut::
Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.
::
Khaled is richKhaled is rich butbut he is unhappy.he is unhappy.
oror::
We can play football. We can watch TV.We can play football. We can watch TV.
::
We can play footballWe can play football oror we can watch TV.we can watch TV.

Complex SentencesComplex Sentences
::
Main ClauseMain Clause
:: Subordinate ClauseSubordinate Clause
 Noun ClauseNoun Clause
 Adjectival ClauseAdjectival Clause
 Adverbial ClauseAdverbial Clause

Clause & PhraseClause & Phrase
 A clause is a combination of words containing a verb andA clause is a combination of words containing a verb and
has a complete meaning.has a complete meaning.
::
I saw the manI saw the man who was carrying a stick.who was carrying a stick.
 A phrase is a combination of words forming part of theA phrase is a combination of words forming part of the
sentence but without a verb.sentence but without a verb.
::
I saw the manI saw the man carrying a stick.carrying a stick.

Verb to BE “Verb to BE “
 It is used as a principal and a helping verb.It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
::
Subject Present Past Past participle
I am was been
He, She, It is was been
We, They,
You
are were been

Verb to BE “Verb to BE “
..
..
:Examples:Examples
1.1. II amam a pupil.a pupil.
2.2. TheyThey areare boys.boys.

Negative Sentences with the verb toNegative Sentences with the verb to
BEBE ““
 We make negative statements with the verb to BEWe make negative statements with the verb to BE
by using the wordby using the word notnot after the verb to be.after the verb to be.
.. (not)(not)
AffirmativeAffirmative NegativeNegative
II amam at home.at home. II am notam not at home.at home.
YouYou areare tall.tall. YouYou areare notnot tall.tall.

Making Questions with the verb to BEMaking Questions with the verb to BE
““
 ““Yes” or “No” questions and short answersYes” or “No” questions and short answers
::
““Yes” or “No” questionsYes” or “No” questions Short AnswersShort Answers
BeBe +Subject+Subject + Complement+ Complement Yes + SubjectYes + Subject
+ Be+ Be
No + Subject +No + Subject +
Be + notBe + not
AreAre youyou a teacher?a teacher? Yes, I am.Yes, I am. No, I am not.No, I am not.
WereWere the boysthe boys at school?at school? Yes, they were.Yes, they were. No, they wereNo, they were
not.not.

Verb to DO “Verb to DO “
::
I, you, we,
they
do did done
He, She, It does did done
..
..

Verb to HAVE “Verb to HAVE “
::
I, you, we,
they
have had had
He, She, It has had had
..
..

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVENegative Sentences with verb to HAVE
as a main verbas a main verb
SubjectSubject ++
do/does/diddo/does/did
+ not+ not + have+ have ++
ComplementComplement
II dodo notnot havehave a car.a car.
HeHe doesdoes notnot havehave A new watch.A new watch.
TheyThey diddid notnot havehave breakfast thisbreakfast this
morning.morning.

Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as aMaking Questions with the verb to HAVE as a
main verbmain verb
““Yes” or “No” questionsYes” or “No” questions Short AnswersShort Answers
Do/Does/DidDo/Does/Did +Subject+Subject +have+have + Complement+ Complement Yes + Subject +Yes + Subject +
No + Subject +No + Subject +
+not+not
DoDo youyou havehave a car?a car? Yes, I do.Yes, I do. No, I do not.No, I do not.
DoesDoes hehe havehave a new watch?a new watch? Yes, he does.Yes, he does. No, he does notNo, he does not
DidDid theythey havehave Breakfast thisBreakfast this
morning?morning?
Yes, they did.Yes, they did. No, they did not.No, they did not.

Verb to HAVE as a helping verbVerb to HAVE as a helping verb
 Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form theVerb to have is used as a helping verb to form the
perfect tense.perfect tense.
..
::
 TheyThey havehave lived here for two years.lived here for two years.
 AdelAdel hashas just finished his work.just finished his work.

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVENegative Sentences with verb to HAVE
as a helping verbas a helping verb
..
::
I have lived here for a long time.I have lived here for a long time.
I haveI have notnot lived here for a long time.lived here for a long time.
notnot

Making Questions with verb to HAVE as aMaking Questions with verb to HAVE as a
helping verbhelping verb
 ““Yes” or “No” questions and short answersYes” or “No” questions and short answers
::
..
::
 TheyThey have livedhave lived here for a long time.here for a long time.
 HaveHave theythey livedlived here for a long time?here for a long time?
 Yes, theyYes, they havehave. No, they. No, they havehave not.not.

Other Uses of Verb to HAVEOther Uses of Verb to HAVE
““
 To express necessity in the present and pastTo express necessity in the present and past have to, has to,have to, has to,
had to.had to.
::
II have to leavehave to leave now.now.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 With some model auxiliaries.With some model auxiliaries.
::
YouYou had betterhad better see a doctor.see a doctor.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 To show that something is caused by another person.To show that something is caused by another person.
::
II havehave my shoesmy shoes cleanedcleaned every week.every week.

NounsNouns
NounsNouns are words we use to name:are words we use to name:
::
..
PeoplePeople man, father, teacher, neighbor, …man, father, teacher, neighbor, …
ThingsThings book, table, sugar, fruit, …book, table, sugar, fruit, …
PlacesPlaces school, street, city, house, …..school, street, city, house, …..
IdeasIdeas freedom, honesty, truth, ….freedom, honesty, truth, ….
FeelingsFeelings happiness, anger, boredom, joy, ….happiness, anger, boredom, joy, ….

Countable & Uncountable NounsCountable & Uncountable Nouns
 Countable NounsCountable Nouns: are things that be: are things that be
counted as one, two, three, and so on.counted as one, two, three, and so on.
..
 Uncountable NounsUncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.: cannot be counted.
..

Countable NounsCountable Nouns
 These nouns have singular and plural forms.These nouns have singular and plural forms.
..
 Before singular countable nouns you can useBefore singular countable nouns you can use a/ana/an..
..
 You cannot use singular countable nouns aloneYou cannot use singular countable nouns alone
without words such as:without words such as:
a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.
..
(a/an)(a/an)

Spelling Rules for PluralsSpelling Rules for Plurals
We form plurals of most nouns by addingWe form plurals of most nouns by adding “s”“s”
to the singular noun.to the singular noun.
.. ““ss””
SingularSingular PluralPlural
one bookone book two bookstwo books
one horseone horse many horsesmany horses

sh, ch, z, x, ssh, ch, z, x, seses
matchmatch matchesmatches
busbus busesbuses
dishdish dishesdishes
boxbox boxesboxes

citycity citcitiesies
babybaby babbabiesies
yyieie
ss
yy
..yyss
boyboy boyboyss
keykey keykeyss

potatopotato potatopotatoeses
tomatotomato tomatotomatoeses
ooee
ss
..ooss
radioradio radioradioss
zoozoo zoozooss

knifeknife kniknivesves
shelfshelf shelshelvesves
::
classroomclassroom classroomsclassrooms
policemanpoliceman policemenpolicemen
ffee
ss
fefevv

::
manman menmen
womanwoman womenwomen
childchild childrenchildren
personperson peoplepeople
footfoot feetfeet
toothtooth teethteeth
goosegoose geesegeese
mousemouse micemice

Uncountable NounsUncountable Nouns
 Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.
::
 salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, bloodsalt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood..
es , ses , s
aaanan

flourflour saltsalt meatmeat
informationinformation coffeecoffee knowledgeknowledge
butterbutter foodfood teatea
sugarsugar goldgold bloodblood
newsnews glassglass cheesecheese
milkmilk paperpaper breadbread
ricerice woodwood furniturefurniture
rainrain steelsteel grassgrass
clothcloth musicmusic marblemarble

..
::
 CoffeeCoffee isis a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.
 MilkMilk hashas many minerals.many minerals.
..
 Two cups of teaTwo cups of tea areare not enough for me.not enough for me.
 Five liters of oilFive liters of oil dodo not operate this machine.not operate this machine.

Definite & Indefinite ArticlesDefinite & Indefinite Articles
aa//anan
are used as indefinite articles.are used as indefinite articles. ..
TheThe
is used as definite articles.is used as definite articles. ..
 We put “We put “aa” before a noun starting with a constant sound.” before a noun starting with a constant sound.
..
 We put “We put “anan” before a noun starting with a vowel sound.” before a noun starting with a vowel sound.
..
aa
anan

Indefinite Articles “a” & “an”Indefinite Articles “a” & “an”
 We put “We put “aa” before a noun starting with a constant” before a noun starting with a constant
sound.sound.
..
 We put “We put “anan” before a noun starting with a vowel” before a noun starting with a vowel
sound.sound.
..
:: VowelsVowels
a – e – i – o - ua – e – i – o - u
aa
anan

We useWe use a/ana/an::
BeforeBefore a singulara singular
countable noun.countable noun.
.. a table
an egg
Before a job, aBefore a job, a
particular group ofparticular group of
people or a nationality.people or a nationality.
.. Saleh is a doctor
He is an engineer.
She is an English
women.
With numbers thatWith numbers that
mean every.mean every.
““ He washes his
hands ten times a
day. (means every
day).

WeWe DO NOTDO NOT useuse a/ana/an::
No article is used withNo article is used with
abstract nouns and theabstract nouns and the
names of metals.names of metals.
.. Love, beauty,Love, beauty,
hatred, wood, silver,hatred, wood, silver,
goldgold
No article is usedNo article is used
before plural orbefore plural or
uncountable nouns.uncountable nouns.
.. There are books onThere are books on
the table.the table.
Milk is good for you.Milk is good for you.

The Definite Article “The”The Definite Article “The”
““
TheThe is used before:is used before: ::
A noun that is the onlyA noun that is the only
one of its kind.one of its kind.
.. TheThe river Nileriver Nile
TheThe Ka’abaKa’aba
Names of rivers, seas,Names of rivers, seas,
oceans, etc….oceans, etc….
.. TheThe Arabian GulfArabian Gulf
TheThe Red SeaRed Sea
A noun which is theA noun which is the
object of a sentence.object of a sentence.
.. Umar answeredUmar answered thethe
question.question.
The names of musicalThe names of musical
instruments.instruments.
.. Can you playCan you play thethe duff?duff?

““
TheThe is used before:is used before: ::
Names of someNames of some
countries.countries.
.. TheThe United KingdomUnited Kingdom
TheThe U.S.A.U.S.A.
With some timeWith some time
expressions.expressions.
.. atat thethe weekendweekend
inin thethe eveningevening
With dates.With dates. .. OnOn thethe first day of everyfirst day of every
month.month.
With some generalWith some general
expressions.expressions.
.. Listen toListen to thethe radio/news.radio/news.
Go toGo to thethe market/desert.market/desert.

““
Use article with the nameUse article with the name
that is repeated.that is repeated.
.. I saw a man.I saw a man. TheThe manman
was young.was young.
No article is used with theNo article is used with the
names of studies ofnames of studies of
subjects.subjects.
.. I do not like science. MyI do not like science. My
favorite subject isfavorite subject is
mathematics.mathematics.
No article is used beforeNo article is used before
such words as school,such words as school,
home, bed, work, etc.home, bed, work, etc.
........ I am going to school.I am going to school.
I always go to bed early.I always go to bed early.
No article is used beforeNo article is used before
such words such as daysuch words such as day
and month names.and month names.
.. on Monday, in Juneon Monday, in June
in summer (sometimesin summer (sometimes
in the summer).in the summer).
before breakfast.before breakfast.

PronounsPronouns
A pronoun replaces a noun .A pronoun replaces a noun .
SubjectSubject
PronounsPronouns
ObjectObject
PronounsPronouns
PossessivePossessive
AdjectivesAdjectives
PossessivePossessive
PronounsPronouns
ReflexiveReflexive
PronounsPronouns
II meme mymy minemine myselfmyself
youyou youyou youryour yoursyours yourselfyourself
hehe himhim hishis hishis himselfhimself
sheshe herher herher hershers herselfherself
itit itit itsits itsits itselfitself
WeWe usus ourour oursours ourselvesourselves
youyou youyou youryour yoursyours yourselvesyourselves
theythey themthem theirtheir theirstheirs themselvesthemselves

PronounsPronouns
• We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who orWe use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or
what we are talking about .what we are talking about .
..
ExamplesExamples
Ali is a good studentAli is a good student.. HeHe passes all his tests.passes all his tests.

Object PronounsObject Pronouns
 We use an object pronounWe use an object pronoun ..
– After a preposition.After a preposition.
– AfterAfter toto andand forfor with verbs likewith verbs like make, give, send, lend,make, give, send, lend,
pass, take, showpass, take, show..
Do you live near them?
Send the box directly to me.
The little boy made it for her.

Reflexive PronounsReflexive Pronouns
 Reflexive pronouns are used:Reflexive pronouns are used: ..
– for emphasizefor emphasize
– With some special expressionsWith some special expressions
Did you do the decorations yourself ?
I did the painting myself.
Help yourself .
Enjoy yourself.
Behave yourself.
I live by myself. (I live alone)

Relative PronounsRelative Pronouns
• The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.
..
::
1-1- ..
..
..
..
2-2- ..
who
whom
which
whose
that

::
Here is the man. The man is a doctor.Here is the man. The man is a doctor.
::
Here is the manHere is the man whowho is a doctor.is a doctor.
::
1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.
The manThe man whowho was here is a doctorwas here is a doctor
2) My friend swims well. He lives here.2) My friend swims well. He lives here.
My friendMy friend whowho lives here swims well.lives here swims well.
who
Who ]]Who ]]
The manwho

::
The man came here. I visited him.The man came here. I visited him.
::
The manThe man whomwhom I visited came here.I visited came here.
::
1) The man was working with me. I paid him.1) The man was working with me. I paid him.
The manThe man whomwhom I paid was working with me.I paid was working with me.
2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.
This is the girlThis is the girl whomwhom you gave a flower.you gave a flower.
whom
Whom ]]Whom ]]
himwhom

::
He found his book. He lost it yesterday.He found his book. He lost it yesterday.
::
He found his bookHe found his book whichwhich he lost yesterday.he lost yesterday.
::
1) This is the house. I live in it.1) This is the house. I live in it.
This is the houseThis is the house whichwhich I live in.I live in.
2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.
This bookThis book whichwhich is very useful is cheap.is very useful is cheap.
which
Which ]]
Which ]]
himhis bookwhich

::
This is the boy. You met her.This is the boy. You met her.
This is the boyThis is the boy that (whom)that (whom) you met.you met.
I have a bird. It sings.I have a bird. It sings.
I have a birdI have a bird that (which)that (which) sings.sings.
that
That ]]
That ]]

::
This is the man. His car hit the boy.This is the man. His car hit the boy.
This is the manThis is the man whosewhose his car hit the boy.his car hit the boy.
..
whose
Whose ]]
Whose ]]
car
car whose
the man

Making QuestionsMaking Questions
::
:: Helping VerbsHelping Verbs
 am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had – willam – is – are – was – were – have – has – had – will
– would – shall – should – can – could – may –– would – shall – should – can – could – may –
might – must – ought tomight – must – ought to
::
 TheyThey areare doctors.doctors. AreAre they doctors?they doctors?
 SheShe cancan help us?help us? CanCan they help us?they help us?
 II willwill go to the market?go to the market? WillWill you go to the market?you go to the market?

1)1) ::
::
 TheyThey playplay tennis.tennis. DoDo theythey playplay tennis?tennis?
 II writewrite books.books. DoDo youyou writewrite books?books?
2)2) ::
::
 AhmedAhmed playsplays tennis.tennis. DoesDoes AhmedAhmed playplay tennis?tennis?
 HudaHuda watchwatch TV.TV. DoesDoes HudaHuda watchwatch TV?TV?
s
s
do
does

3)3) ::
::
 TheyThey watchedwatched TV last night.TV last night.
DidDid theythey watchwatch TV last night?TV last night?
 II playedplayed football yesterday.football yesterday.
DidDid youyou playplay football yesterday?football yesterday?
::
..YesNo
did

Where?Where?
When?When?
Why?Why?
What?What?
Which?Which?
Who?Who?
Whom?Whom?
::
Wh QuestionsWh Questions

Whose?Whose?
How?How?
How many?How many?
How much?How much?
How long?How long?
How old?How old?
How far?How far?
Wh Questions (Cont.)Wh Questions (Cont.)

Steps for Making a QuestionSteps for Making a Question
1)1) ::
When, Where, Why………..etcWhen, Where, Why………..etc
2)2) ..
3)3) ::
**
**
**
4)4) ..
5)5) ..
helping verb
ssdodo
ssdoesdoes
diddid

::
They are going to eat meat.They are going to eat meat.
WhatWhat are they going to eat?are they going to eat?
** ..
They played tennis at school.They played tennis at school.
WhereWhere did they play tennis?did they play tennis?
** ..
they aremeat
did
edat school

::
::
II youyou youyou II
youryour mymy youyou wewe
..
::
AhmedAhmed broke the window.broke the window. WhoWho broke the window?broke the window?
The bookThe book describes accidents.describes accidents. WhatWhat describes accidents?describes accidents?
who
what

HowHow
He wasHe was very pleasedvery pleased to meet his friend.to meet his friend.
HowHow was he to meet his friend?was he to meet his friend?
HowHow
Thirty boysThirty boys are in this class.are in this class.
How many boysHow many boys are in this class?are in this class?
HowHow
manymany
I amI am twenty years old.twenty years old.
How oldHow old are you?are you?
HowHow
oldold
You paidYou paid five poundsfive pounds for this coat.for this coat.
How muchHow much did you pay for this coat?did you pay for this coat?
HowHow
muchmuch

HowHow
It isIt is 450 KM450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh.from Dammam to Riyadh.
How farHow far is it from Dammam to Riyadh?is it from Dammam to Riyadh?
How farHow far
This rope isThis rope is two meters long.two meters long.
How longHow long is this rope?is this rope?
HowHow
longlong
This fence isThis fence is four meters high.four meters high.
How highHow high is this fence?is this fence?
HowHow
highhigh
Sami isSami is meter and a half tall.meter and a half tall.
How tallHow tall is Sami?is Sami?
HowHow
talltall

some/some/
any/any/
..
..
::
::
some
1) We had some books. 2) Somebody was there.
3) He is somewhere.
any
1) Do you have any books? 2) Is anybody at home?
3) Is he anywhere?
1) We do not have any books. 2) I did not see anybody.
3) He is not anywhere.

Making NegativeMaking Negative
::
:: Helping VerbsHelping Verbs
am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had – will –am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had – will –
would – shall – should – can – could – may – mightwould – shall – should – can – could – may – might
– must – ought to– must – ought to
::
 TheyThey areare happy.happy. TheyThey are notare not happy?happy?
 HeHe cancan help us?help us? HeHe can notcan not help us?help us?
not

Long forms & Short forms of Verb to beLong forms & Short forms of Verb to be
Long FormsLong Forms ShortShort
FormsForms
I am notI am not I’m notI’m not
He is notHe is not He’s notHe’s not
She is notShe is not She’s notShe’s not
It is notIt is not It’s notIt’s not
You are notYou are not You’re notYou’re not
We are notWe are not We’re notWe’re not
They are notThey are not They’re notThey’re not
Long FormsLong Forms ShortShort
FormsForms
I amI am I’mI’m
He isHe is He’sHe’s
She isShe is She’sShe’s
It isIt is It’sIt’s
You areYou are You’reYou’re
We areWe are We’reWe’re
They areThey are They’reThey’re
(Affirmative)(Affirmative) (Negative)(Negative)

..
..
::
(do, does, did)(not)
somesome no, anyno, any
both……andboth……and neither………….norneither………….nor
either…..oreither…..or neither………….norneither………….nor
sometimessometimes nevernever
as………asas………as not so…………..asnot so…………..as
allall not allnot all
everyevery no, not everyno, not every

..
..
::
everyevery alwaysalways usuallyusually
generallygenerally oftenoften sometimessometimes
rarelyrarely nevernever from time to timefrom time to time
1. Present Simple Tense
TENSESTENSES

TENSESTENSES
1.1. II gogo to schoolto school everydayeveryday..
2.2. TheyThey usuallyusually sleepsleep at 11.00 p.m.at 11.00 p.m.
3.3. WeWe oftenoften drinkdrink coffee in the morning.coffee in the morning.
4.4. SheShe isis never late to school.never late to school.
..
1.1. AliAli drinksdrinks milkmilk every morningevery morning..
2.2. A cowA cow givesgives us milk.us milk.
s

..
..
::
yesterdayyesterday lastlast agoago
in 1988 AD, in 1415 AHin 1988 AD, in 1415 AH::
2. Past Simple Tense
ed
Past Simple Tense
TENSESTENSES

TENSESTENSES
I, He, She, itI, He, She, it waswas
They, We, YouThey, We, You werewere
1.1. II watchedwatched televisiontelevision lastlast night.night.
2.2. TheyThey visitedvisited their uncletheir uncle yesterdayyesterday..
3.3. WeWe wentwent to Makkah two monthsto Makkah two months oftenoften..
2. Past Simple Tense

TENSESTENSES
..
..
..
..
::
tomorrowtomorrow nextnext in the futurein the future
in 2010 AD, in 1425 AHin 2010 AD, in 1425 AH::
3. Future Simple Tense
shall will
shallwe Iwill
shallwill

TENSESTENSES
1.1. II willwill gogo to school tomorrowto school tomorrow..
2.2. TheyThey will playwill play foot ball next Friday.foot ball next Friday.
3.3. HeHe will joinwill join the armythe army in the futurein the future..
::
am , is , are going toam , is , are going to

TENSESTENSES
..
::
I am + verb + ingI am + verb + ing
He, she, it is + verb + ingHe, she, it is + verb + ing
They, we, you are + verb + ingThey, we, you are + verb + ing
::
nownow at the momentat the moment looklook
listenlisten at the present timeat the present time
4. Present Continuous Tense
am / is / are + + ing
4. Present Continuous Tense4. Present Continuous Tense

TENSESTENSES
1.1. II am readingam reading a storya story at the momentat the moment..
2.2. TheyThey are watchingare watching televisiontelevision nownow..
3.3. Look!Look! the busthe bus is coming.is coming.

likelike lovelove wantwant preferprefer
wishwish hatehate dislikedislike feelfeel
hopehope hearhear thinkthink seemseem
appearappear fearfear considerconsider fitfit
believebelieve trusttrust understandunderstand
:
TENSESTENSES

TENSESTENSES
..
::
::
::
..
whenwhen whilewhile asas becausebecause
was / were + + ing
5. Past Continuous Tense5. Past Continuous Tense

TENSESTENSES
WhileWhile II was sleepingwas sleeping ,, a thiefa thief enteredentered my room.my room.
(( ..
WhenWhen wewe were eatingwere eating , my father, my father camecame ..
(( ..

TENSESTENSES
::
A thiefA thief enteredentered my roommy room whilewhile II was sleepingwas sleeping ..
My fatherMy father camecame whenwhen wewe were eatingwere eating ..

TENSESTENSES
::
..
..
while
while

TENSESTENSES
..
::
::
( will + be + + ing )
atat byby inin
from…tofrom…to allall afterafter
6. Future Continuous Tense6. Future Continuous Tense

TENSESTENSES
1.1. ByBy 7.30 tomorrow,7.30 tomorrow, II will be flyingwill be flying to Cairoto Cairo..
2.2. TheyThey will be waitingwill be waiting for youfor you atat 5 o'clock5 o'clock ..
6. Future Continuous Tense6. Future Continuous Tense

TENSESTENSES
..
::
::
has / have + II
sincesince forfor justjust
yetyet everever nevernever
recentlyrecently alreadyalready
7. Present Perfect Tense7. Present Perfect Tense

TENSESTENSES
1.1. II have livedhave lived in Riyadhin Riyadh forfor six years.six years.
2.2. II havehave notnot visitedvisited himhim sincesince 1995.1995.
3.3. AhmedAhmed hashas alreadyalready finishedfinished his homeworkhis homework..
4.4. SheShe has writtenhas written three lettersthree letters justjust now.now.
7. Present Perfect Tense7. Present Perfect Tense

TENSESTENSES
• SinceSince means “from some definite point or period n the past up to now”means “from some definite point or period n the past up to now”
..
• ForFor means “a definite period of time”means “a definite period of time”
..
sincesince ForFor
2 o’clock2 o’clock a momenta moment
MondayMonday 3 minutes3 minutes
yesterdayyesterday an houran hour
last nightlast night many hoursmany hours
last week/ last month/ last yearlast week/ last month/ last year 3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months
19961996 a yeara year
last centurylast century 10 years10 years
he came…………he came………… a centurya century
Since & ForSince & For

TENSESTENSES
..
::
::
had + II
afterafter beforebefore
whichwhich as soon asas soon as
8. Past Perfect Tense8. Past Perfect Tense

TENSESTENSES
1.1. II had washedhad washed beforebefore II prayedprayed..
2.2. TheyThey wentwent homehome afterafter theythey had finishedhad finished their worktheir work..
3.3. AhmedAhmed had eatenhad eaten the cakethe cake whichwhich hehe boughtbought..
4.4. As soon asAs soon as theythey had boughthad bought a car, theya car, they drovedrove to Makkah.to Makkah.
..
8. Past Perfect Tense8. Past Perfect Tense

TENSESTENSES
..
::
::
will + have + II
byby atat
9. Future Perfect Tense9. Future Perfect Tense

TENSESTENSES
1.1. ByBy 2.00 this afternoon, I2.00 this afternoon, I will have finishedwill have finished mymy
work.work.
2.2. AtAt 10.00 tonight, she10.00 tonight, she will have writtenwill have written five letters.five letters.
9. Future Perfect Tense9. Future Perfect Tense

TENSESTENSES
..
::
::
has / have + been ++ ing II
forfor sincesince
10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

TENSESTENSES
1.1. II have been studyinghave been studying EnglishEnglish forfor six years.six years.
2.2. SheShe has been sleepinghas been sleeping sincesince 2 o’clock.2 o’clock.

TENSESTENSES
::
• Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are nowMaha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now
one hundred cakes on the table.one hundred cakes on the table.
::
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• SheShe has been makinghas been making cakescakes forfor three hours.three hours.
Present Perfect Tense
• SheShe has madehas made 100100 cakescakes..
Present Perfect

ImperativesImperatives
• ImperativesImperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentencesare verbs used at the beginning of sentences
either in the affirmative or negative to indicate instructions,either in the affirmative or negative to indicate instructions,
invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do.invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do.
..
• The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as:The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as:
walk, read, open,….etc.walk, read, open,….etc.
..

Give InstructionsGive Instructions
• MixMix the flour and the sugar.the flour and the sugar. (Affirmative(Affirmative ))
• TakeTake two tablets every four hours.two tablets every four hours. (Affirmative(Affirmative ))
Make InvitationsMake Invitations
• Come in; makeCome in; make yourselves at home.yourselves at home. (Affirmative(Affirmative ))
• PleasePlease start; do not waitstart; do not wait for me.for me. (Negative(Negative ))
Tell someone what to doTell someone what to do
• OpenOpen your book.your book. (Affirmative(Affirmative ))
• Do not forgetDo not forget to post the letter.to post the letter. (Negative(Negative ))

Give WarningsGive Warnings
• Keep out.Keep out. Danger.Danger. (Affirmative(Affirmative ))
Make Signs & NoticesMake Signs & Notices
• Push.Push. (Affirmative(Affirmative ))
• InsertInsert 2 X 50 SR.2 X 50 SR. (Affirmative(Affirmative ))
• Keep offKeep off the grass.the grass. (Affirmative(Affirmative ))
Make RequestsMake Requests
• PleasePlease openopen the door.the door. (Affirmative(Affirmative ))

ModalsModals
 A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it canA modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can
have several meanings and time frames, depending on thehave several meanings and time frames, depending on the
context in which it is used.context in which it is used.
..
 FormForm
shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to +shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to + ((
))
 Modals have no infinitives or past participles.Modals have no infinitives or past participles.
..

ModalsModals
ModalsModals Expresses:Expresses:
::
ExampleExample
shallshall
PromisePromise YouYou shallshall take a reward.take a reward.
DeterminationDetermination He does not want to obey me: but heHe does not want to obey me: but he
shallshall..
ThreatThreat YouYou shallshall be punished if you come late.be punished if you come late.
shouldshould
DutyDuty YouYou shouldshould obey your teachers.obey your teachers.
Advice or opinionAdvice or opinion YouYou shouldshould stop smoking.stop smoking.
willwill
The simple future tense.The simple future tense. HeHe willwill visit us tomorrow.visit us tomorrow.
Determination or promiseDetermination or promise II willwill travel when I like.travel when I like.
WeWe willwill do as you wish.do as you wish.

ModalsModals
::
ExampleExample
mightmight
PossibilityPossibility I hoped that II hoped that I mightmight succeed.succeed.
I thought that the weatherI thought that the weather mighmight changet change
can, am/is/arecan, am/is/are
able toable to
AbilityAbility HeHe cancan do it carefully.do it carefully.
HeHe is able tois able to solve the problem.solve the problem.
shall be able,shall be able,
will be ablewill be able
Ability in the futureAbility in the future II shall be ableshall be able to help you.to help you.
couldcould
Past, present or future possibilityPast, present or future possibility FahadFahad couldcould drive his car a year ago.drive his car a year ago.
Ali is not in class today. HeAli is not in class today. He couldcould be sick.be sick.
Do not leave now. ItDo not leave now. It couldcould rain now.rain now.
mustmust
NecessityNecessity YouYou mustmust listen to your teachers.listen to your teachers.
had tohad to
The past form of must :past necessityThe past form of must :past necessity Faisal could not come to our dinner party.Faisal could not come to our dinner party.
He hadHe had to stay home to study.to stay home to study.

ModalsModals
::
ExampleExample
ought toought to
AdviceAdvice YouYou ought toought to help the poor.help the poor.
ought toought to
havehave
Actions that were advisable in the pastActions that were advisable in the past YouYou ought to haveought to have studied.studied.
(You did not. That was a mistake)(You did not. That was a mistake)

ModalsModals
AffirmativeAffirmative NegativeNegative QuestionQuestion Short AnswersShort Answers
TheyThey shouldshould eateat
now.now.
TheyThey should notshould not
eat now.eat now.
ShouldShould they eatthey eat
now?now?
Yes, theyYes, they shouldshould.. No, theyNo, they should notshould not..
HeHe willwill leave.leave. HeHe will notwill not leave.leave. WillWill he leave?he leave? Yes, heYes, he willwill.. No, heNo, he will notwill not..
HeHe wouldwould
succeed.succeed.
HeHe would notwould not
succeed.succeed.
WouldWould he leave?he leave? Yes, heYes, he wouldwould.. No, heNo, he would notwould not..
II mightmight succeed.succeed. II might notmight not
succeed.succeed.
MightMight I succeed?I succeed?
II maymay sleep.sleep. II may notmay not sleep.sleep. MayMay I sleep?I sleep?

ModalsModals
AffirmativeAffirmative NegativeNegative QuestionQuestion Short AnswersShort Answers
II cancan do it.do it. II can notcan not do it.do it. CanCan I do it?I do it? Yes, youYes, you cancan.. No, youNo, you cancan notnot..
HeHe couldcould talk.talk. HeHe couldcould notnot talk.talk. CouldCould he talk?he talk? Yes, heYes, he couldcould.. No, heNo, he couldcould notnot..
WeWe couldcould have ahave a
test tomorrow.test tomorrow.
WeWe could notcould not
have a testhave a test
tomorrow.tomorrow.
CouldCould we have awe have a
test tomorrow?test tomorrow?
Yes, youYes, you couldcould.. No, heNo, he could notcould not..
YouYou mustmust go now.go now. YouYou must notmust not gogo
now.now.
MustMust you go now?you go now? Yes, IYes, I mustmust.. No, INo, I must notmust not..
YouYou ought toought to helphelp
them.them.
YouYou ought not toought not to
help them.help them.
OughtOught youyou toto helphelp
them?them?
Yes, IYes, I oughtought toto.. No, INo, I ought notought not..

Comparing AdjectivesComparing Adjectives
1.1. ::
• Ali is oldAli is olderer thanthan Ahmed.Ahmed.
• My Car is fastMy Car is fasterer thanthan yours.yours.
..
• safsafee safsaferer thanthan
• simplsimplee simplsimplerer thanthan
..
• easeasyy easeasierier thanthan
• heavheavyy heavheavierier thanthan
er
1. Comparing Short Adjectives1. Comparing Short Adjectives
than
er
er yyi

2.2. ::
..
• Everest isEverest is thethe highhighestest mountain.mountain.
• This isThis is thethe bigbiggestgest building in Riyadh.building in Riyadh.
..
• safsafee thethe safsafestest
..
• easeasyy thethe easeasiestiest
theest
1. Comparing Short Adjectives1. Comparing Short Adjectives
ee
est yyi

1.1. ::
..
..
• Jeddah isJeddah is more beautifulmore beautiful thanthan Riyadh.Riyadh.
• French isFrench is more difficultmore difficult thanthan English.English.
erest
beautifulbeautiful difficultdifficult
dangerousdangerous correctcorrect
ImportantImportant FluentFluent
2. Comparing Long Adjectives2. Comparing Long Adjectives
than more

2.2. ::
• Amal isAmal is thethe most beautifulmost beautiful girl in her class.girl in her class.
• This isThis is thethe most importantmost important subject in this book.subject in this book.
the most

::
• Adel isAdel is betterbetter thanthan his brother at school.his brother at school.
• This girl isThis girl is thethe worstworst one in her class.one in her class.
goodgood betterbetter thanthan thethe bestbest
badbad worseworse thanthan thethe worstworst
))
))
manymany
muchmuch
moremore thanthan thethe mostmost
)) littlelittle lessless thanthan thethe leastleast
farfar fartherfarther thanthan thethe farthestfarthest

as……..asas……..as ))
not as….asnot as….as
..
• Ali is as tall as his brother.
• This bag is as big as my bag.
..
• Ali is not as tall as his brother.
• This bag is not as big as my bag.
as……..as )as……..as )
not as……..asnot as……..as

AdverbsAdverbs]]]]
• AnAn AdverbAdverb always modifies a verb.always modifies a verb.
• Most adverbs are formed by adding to the adjectives.Most adverbs are formed by adding to the adjectives.
..
slowslow slowlyslowly nicenice nicelynicely
happyhappy happilyhappily carefulcareful
carefullycarefully
ly
ly

AdverbsAdverbs]]]]
There are many kinds of adverbs:
:
1. Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done.
.
• I closed the window carefully.
• The soldier fought bravely.
2. Adverbs of time: express the time when an action is or was done.
.
• I’m going to leave for Cairo tomorrow.
• What’s going to happen next?

AdverbsAdverbs]]]]
3. Adverbs of place: express when an action is done.
.
• I shall stand here.
• I’ve looked everywhere for my lost pen.
Some words that end in can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them refer to time.
:
• A daily newspaper is published daily.
• We get up early to catch an early train.
ly
ly
dailydaily weeklyweekly
monthlymonthly yearlyyearly

AdverbsAdverbs]]]]
4. Adverbs of frequency: tell how often we do something.
:
Verb to BE:
Ali is always on time.
Other Verbs:
Ali sometimes reads a book.
alwaysalways oftenoften
usuallyusually sometimessometimes
seldomseldom RarelyRarely
NeverNever OccasionallyOccasionally

Adverbial Clause of TimeAdverbial Clause of Time
Conjunctions:
when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after, before, until, since
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of time with
the main sentence.
.
:
• I found a watch. I was walking in the street.
• I found a watch while I was walking in the street.

Adverbial Clause of PlaceAdverbial Clause of Place
Conjunctions:
where, wherever
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of place
with the main sentence.
.
:
• Wherever he goes his brother follows him.

Adverbial Clause of CauseAdverbial Clause of Cause
Conjunctions:
because, since, as
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of cause
.
:
• I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.

Adverbial Clause of MannerAdverbial Clause of Manner
Conjunctions:
As, as if, as through
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of manner with the
main sentence.
.
.
:
• He speaks as if he were a king.
.
• It looks as if it would rain.
.
as if
will would
was were

Adverbial Clause of PurposeAdverbial Clause of Purpose
Conjunctions:
that, so that, in order that
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose with the main sentence.
.
a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future.
.
:
 He works hard. He wishes to succeed.
 He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.
b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past.
.
:
 He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.

Adverbial Clause of ResultAdverbial Clause of Result
We use:
to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of result.
.
:
• The man is so weak that he can not walk.
• He wrote such good answers that he got he marks.
so + adverb + that such + noun+ that

Adverbial Clause of ContrastAdverbial Clause of Contrast
Conjunctions:
though, although
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast
.
:
• He is poor. He is happy.
• Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.

Adverbial Clause of ContrastAdverbial Clause of Contrast
Conjunctions:
as….as, so……as
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast
.
:
• Nabeel is as clever as his father.
• Sami is not so strong as his brother.

Adverbial Clause of ConditionAdverbial Clause of Condition
Conjunctions:
if, unless
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition with the
main sentence.
.
:
• If we are ill, we go to bed.
• If we work hard, we will succeed.
• If we worked hard, we would succeed.
• If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself.
• Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow.

as……..asas……..as ]] ]]
not as….asnot as….as
..
• Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother.
..
• Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother.
as……..as ] ]as……..as ] ]
not as……..asnot as……..as

Active & PassiveActive & Passive
..
..
::
• StatementsStatements
• QuestionsQuestions
• CommandCommand

Ahmed broke the window yesterday.Ahmed broke the window yesterday.
..
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The window was broken yesterday.The window was broken yesterday.
The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.
..
by
Active
Ahmed
Passive
Ahmed
A. StatementsA. Statements

:
1. )
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .by
Active
to be
Passive

:
ActiveActive PassivePassive
Ali writes letters.Ali writes letters. Letters are written (by Ali).Letters are written (by Ali).
Huda wrote the lesson.Huda wrote the lesson. The lesson was written (by Huda).The lesson was written (by Huda).
Saleh will buy a car.Saleh will buy a car. A car will be bought (by Saleh).A car will be bought (by Saleh).
Khaled is helping Ahmed.Khaled is helping Ahmed. Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).
She has eaten the apple.She has eaten the apple. The apple has been eaten (by her).The apple has been eaten (by her).

:
am, is, are
was, were
shall be, will be
am being, is being, are being
was being, were being
has been, have been
had been
can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought to
be
to be

:
1. )
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .by
Active
to be
Passive
B. QuestionsB. Questions

:
Does Ahmed write letters?Does Ahmed write letters? Are Letters written (by Ali)?Are Letters written (by Ali)?
Did he eat the cake?.Did he eat the cake?. Was the cake eaten (by him)?Was the cake eaten (by him)?
Will Ali buy a new car?Will Ali buy a new car? Will a new car be bought (by Ali)?Will a new car be bought (by Ali)?
Why is he using a pen?Why is he using a pen? Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).
Who broke the window?Who broke the window? By whom the window was broken?By whom the window was broken?
B. QuestionsB. Questions

:
1. .
2. )
3. .
4. .be
Active
to be
Passive
C. CommandC. Command
let

:
Write the lesson.Write the lesson. Let the lesson be written.Let the lesson be written.
Open the door.Open the door. Let the door be opened.Let the door be opened.
Send this letter to your friend.Send this letter to your friend. Let this letter be sent to your friend.Let this letter be sent to your friend.
C. CommandC. Command

.
AliAli does notdoes not write letterswrite letters Letters are not written (by Ali).Letters are not written (by Ali).
Dickens wrote those novels, didn’t he?Dickens wrote those novels, didn’t he? Those novels were written by Dickens,Those novels were written by Dickens,
weren’t they?weren’t they?
Dickens didn’t write that play, did he?Dickens didn’t write that play, did he? That play wasn’t written by Dickens, was it?That play wasn’t written by Dickens, was it?

Transitive & Intransitive VerbsTransitive & Intransitive Verbs
:Intransitive Verbs ()
:
The sun rises.
:Intransitive Verbs ()
.
Ali raised his hand.
*.
*:
Ahmed gave Huda a flower . :
a) Huda was given a flower (by Ahmed).
b) A flower was given to Huda (by Ahmed) .
toHuda

PrepositionsPrepositions
..
A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object.
There are also prepositions of time and prepositions of place.
..

Use of PrepositionsUse of Prepositions
PrepositionsPrepositions UseUse ExampleExample
onon
DayDay OnOn MondayMonday
Day + morning, nightDay + morning, night OnOn Friday morningFriday morning
Afternoon, evening, dateAfternoon, evening, date My birthday isMy birthday is onon June 10.June 10.
Special daysSpecial days I will travelI will travel onon National Day.National Day.
To mean aboveTo mean above The tea isThe tea is onon the table.the table.

inin
SeasonSeason The trees growThe trees grow inin spring.spring.
YearYear I was bornI was born inin 1968.1968.
MonthMonth The test isThe test is inin May.May.
The morningThe morning I go to workI go to work inin the morning.the morning.
The eveningThe evening I go homeI go home inin the eveningthe evening
To mean aboveTo mean above He isHe is inin the mosque.the mosque.

atat
TimeTime I will come backI will come back atat 2 o’clock.2 o’clock.
FestivalFestival I will meat youI will meat you atat the school festival.the school festival.
Meal timesMeal times I will talk to my fatherI will talk to my father atat lunch.lunch.
The weekendThe weekend We will travelWe will travel atat the weekend.the weekend.
NoonNoon We prayWe pray atat noon everyday.noon everyday.
NightNight We sleepWe sleep atat night.night.
To mean placeTo mean place He isHe is atat the grocer’s.the grocer’s.

atat
at an exact placeat an exact place He livesHe lives atat number 5, King Fahad Street.number 5, King Fahad Street.
at workat work Ahmed isAhmed is atat work.work.
at the tableat the table They are standingThey are standing atat the dinner tablethe dinner table
underunder
The cat isThe cat is underunder the table.the table.
in front ofin front of
The teacher isThe teacher is in front ofin front of the class.the class.
toto
direction/placedirection/place I goI go toto school everyday.school everyday.
Prepositions of PlacePrepositions of Place

inin
To mean insideTo mean inside Put this bookPut this book inin the box.the box.
In a countryIn a country I liveI live inin Saudi Arabia.Saudi Arabia.
In a town./streetIn a town./street I liveI live inin Al-Madina.Al-Madina.
in bedin bed The baby isThe baby is inin bed.bed.
In a building or areaIn a building or area You wereYou were inin the club last night.the club last night.
In a chairIn a chair Ali is sittingAli is sitting inin his chair.his chair.

withwith
I writeI write withwith a pen.a pen.
fromfrom
I amI am fromfrom Riyadh.Riyadh.
behindbehind
The wall isThe wall is behindbehind the class.the class.
betweenbetween
Samah is sittingSamah is sitting betweenbetween Fatma andFatma and
Salwa.Salwa.
onon
TVTV Ali watches footballAli watches football onon TV everyTV every
Saturday.Saturday.
TimeTime He arrivesHe arrives onon time.time.

PrepositionsPrepositions ExampleExample
inin The medicine isThe medicine is inin the bottle.the bottle.
onon The knife isThe knife is onon the table.the table.
atat Someone isSomeone is atat the door.the door.
nearnear Ahmed is sittingAhmed is sitting nearnear the window.the window.
betweenbetween The house isThe house is betweenbetween the school and the mosque.the school and the mosque.
oppositeopposite The bank isThe bank is oppositeopposite to the post office.to the post office.
intointo The electrician is putting his handThe electrician is putting his hand intointo the TV.the TV.
ontoonto The water is spillingThe water is spilling ontoonto the floor.the floor.
More ExamplesMore Examples

offoff The man is fallingThe man is falling offoff the chair.the chair.
out ofout of The child is fallingThe child is falling out ofout of the window.the window.
acrossacross The carpenter cutThe carpenter cut acrossacross the wood.the wood.
over/aboveover/above The light isThe light is overover ((aboveabove) the table.) the table.
under/belowunder/below The fire isThe fire is underunder ((belowbelow) the stairs.) the stairs.
throughthrough The ball is goingThe ball is going throughthrough the window.the window.
amongamong The teacher is sittingThe teacher is sitting amongamong the students.the students.

roundround The car is goingThe car is going roundround the tree.the tree.
in front ofin front of The child is sittingThe child is sitting in front ofin front of the TV.the TV.
behindbehind The headmaster is sittingThe headmaster is sitting behindbehind the pupils.the pupils.
on top ofon top of The sweets areThe sweets are on top ofon top of the table.the table.
at the side ofat the side of The garage isThe garage is at the side ofat the side of the house.the house.
alongalong The man is walkingThe man is walking alongalong the street.the street.
next tonext to The bank isThe bank is next tonext to the baker’s.the baker’s.

Question-TagsQuestion-Tags
..
** ..
** ..

:
* There’s a supermarket near here, isn’t there?
Yes , there is.
* .
* .
:
* You come from the United States, don’t you?
Yes, I do.
*.
do
Yes
not
Questions that we expect the answer “Yes”
“
Questions that we expect the answer “Yes”
“

1) You don’t come from Saudi Arabia, do you?
No, I don’t.
2) It doesn’t take long time be car, does it?
No, it doesn’t.
*.
3) You didn’t travel last year, did you?
No, I didn’t.
*.did
do/does
Questions that we expect the answer “No”
“
Questions that we expect the answer “No”
“

Conditional “if”Conditional “if”
””
..
If itIf it rainsrains tomorrow, Itomorrow, I will staywill stay at home.at home. (())
If youIf you eateat too much, youtoo much, you will becomewill become fat.fat. ::
if + present will +1)

””
if + past would +2)
..
If ShakespeareIf Shakespeare livedlived today, hetoday, he would usewould use different English.different English.
..
::
..
If IIf I werewere you, Iyou, I would buywould buy a new car.a new car. ::
if + subject + past subject+ would +
would
bewerewas

””
If heIf he had livedhad lived in Taif, hein Taif, he would have beenwould have been happyhappy..
If heIf he had visitedhad visited Makkah, heMakkah, he would have seenwould have seen the Ka’aba.the Ka’aba.
if + had + would have +3)

””
..
If youIf you boilboil water, it becomes steam.water, it becomes steam. (())
..
if + present present4)
if + present instructions5)
If the radioIf the radio isis too loud,too loud, turn it offturn it off. Or. Or Turn the radio offTurn the radio off if itif it isis too loud.too loud.
If youIf you areare under 17,under 17, don’t drive a car.don’t drive a car. OrOr Don’t drive a carDon’t drive a car if youif you areare under 17.under 17.
becomes

Reported SpeechReported Speech
..
Indirect SpeechIndirect Speech
There are four kinds of direct and Indirect SpeechThere are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech..
::
1) Statement1) Statement
2) Question2) Question
3) Command3) Command
4) Exclamation4) Exclamation

** ::
1-1-
2-2- ..
3-3- ::
II he, shehe, she wewe theythey
MyMy his, herhis, her ourour theirtheir
4-4- ::
PresentPresent PastPast
PastPast Past PerfectPast Perfect
5-5- ::
NowNow thenthen
herehere therethere
Last nightLast night the night beforethe night before
thisthis thatthat
yesterdayyesterday the day beforethe day before
tomorrowtomorrow the following daythe following day
StatementStatement
that
DirectReported
sai
d

StatementStatement
DirectDirect IndirectIndirect
““I live in Riyadh”I live in Riyadh” He said thatHe said that hehe livedlived in Riyadh.in Riyadh.
““We are happy”We are happy” They said thatThey said that they werethey were happy.happy.
She said: "I have not been in the school libraryShe said: "I have not been in the school library
recently”.recently”.
She said thatShe said that she hadshe had not been to the school librarynot been to the school library
recently.recently.
He said to me: "I shall see you tomorrow”.He said to me: "I shall see you tomorrow”. He told meHe told me that he wouldthat he would seesee me the next dayme the next day..
::
They said to him: “We shall see you tomorrow. WeThey said to him: “We shall see you tomorrow. We
shall visit Ahmed”.shall visit Ahmed”.
They told himThey told him that they wouldthat they would seesee him the next dayhim the next day
and added thatand added that they wouldthey would visit Ahmed.visit Ahmed.
::
She says: “I will cook the food tomorrow”.She says: “I will cook the food tomorrow”. She says thatShe says that sheshe will cook the food tomorrow.will cook the food tomorrow.
We say: “We are playing football now”.We say: “We are playing football now”. We say thatWe say that we are playing football now.we are playing football now.
and added that
say, says

** ::
1-1- ::
PresentPresent PastPast
PastPast Past PerfectPast Perfect
2-2- ..
3-3- ..
4-4- ..
QuestionQuestion
DirectReported
asked

““What is your name?”.What is your name?”. HeHe asked measked me whatwhat mymy namename waswas..
““Why are you late?”Why are you late?” The teacher asked meThe teacher asked me why I waswhy I was latelate..
““Where is your book?”.Where is your book?”. He asked meHe asked me wherewhere mymy bookbook waswas..
::
““Is your school very large?”.Is your school very large?”. He asked meHe asked me ifif mymy schoolschool waswas very largevery large..
..
““Where do you live”.Where do you live”. He asked meHe asked me wherewhere I livedI lived..
““Does he go to school?”.Does he go to school?”. I asked himI asked him ifif hehe wentwent to school.to school.
if
QuestionQuestion
does do

+ ).+ ).
““Where did you go yesterday?”.Where did you go yesterday?”. Sami asked meSami asked me wherewhere I had gone the day beforeI had gone the day before..
““Did Ahmed buy a new car?”.Did Ahmed buy a new car?”. Ali asked meAli asked me ifif AhmedAhmed had boughthad bought a new car.a new car.
::
““Who is your English teacher?”.Who is your English teacher?”. They ask meThey ask me who mywho my English teacherEnglish teacher isis..
““What are your marks?”.What are your marks?”. He asks meHe asks me what mywhat my marksmarks areare..
QuestionQuestion
didhad
ask, asks

** ::
1-1- ..
..
..
..
2-2-
3-3- ..
4-4- ..
II
CommandCommand
DirectReported
ordered
begged
advised
told
to
Please, do

He said to the servant: “bring me aHe said to the servant: “bring me a
glass of water”.glass of water”.
HeHe orderedordered the servantthe servant to bring him ato bring him a
glass of water.glass of water.
The son said to his father: “please ,The son said to his father: “please ,
give me some money”.give me some money”.
The sonThe son beggedbegged his fatherhis father to give himto give him
some money.some money.
The doctor said to me: “Drink a lot ofThe doctor said to me: “Drink a lot of
water”.water”.
The doctorThe doctor advisedadvised meme to drink a lot ofto drink a lot of
water.water.
He said to me: “Do not go to the marketHe said to me: “Do not go to the market
tonight”.tonight”.
He told meHe told me not to go to the market thatnot to go to the market that
nightnight..
CommandCommand

** ::
1-1- ::
2-2-
3-3- ..
!!..
ExclamationExclamation
DirectReported
Alas, Hurrah,
Oh
that
With regretWith regret With angerWith anger
With joyWith joy With admirationWith admiration
With sadnessWith sadness
how, what

He said : “Alas! I will not find myHe said : “Alas! I will not find my
money”.money”.
He saidHe said with sorrowwith sorrow that he would notthat he would not
find his money.find his money.
He said : “How foolish I have been”.He said : “How foolish I have been”. He saidHe said with regretwith regret that he had beenthat he had been
foolish.foolish.
ExclamationExclamation

Countries and NationalitiesCountries and Nationalities
::
::
i, n, ian, ish, esei, n, ian, ish, ese
::
CountryCountry NationalityNationality
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia SaudiSaudi
OmanOman OmaniOmani
AlgeriaAlgeria AlgerianAlgerian
LibyaLibya LibyanLibyan
PalestinePalestine PalestinianPalestinian
SyriaSyria SyrianSyrian
CountryCountry NationalityNationality
BritainBritain BritishBritish
TurkeyTurkey TurkishTurkish
ChinaChina ChineseChinese
LebanonLebanon LebaneseLebanese
FranceFrance FrenchFrench
SwitzerlandSwitzerland SwissSwiss

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