This document describes a MEMS-controlled accident reporting system that uses an accelerometer and GPS to detect vehicle accidents. When an accident occurs, the accelerometer detects vibrations and sends a signal to an ARM controller. The microcontroller then enables an airbag and sends a message with the accident location from the GPS to emergency contacts via GSM. The system aims to reduce response times and save lives by quickly notifying emergency services and relatives of accidents.
This document describes the design of a vehicle accident alarm system using GSM and GPS technology. The system uses an accelerometer to detect if an accident has occurred, then sends alert messages via GSM to emergency contacts and tracks the vehicle's location using GPS to help rescuers locate the accident site quickly. The system architecture includes components like an ARM7 microcontroller, GPS and GSM modules, and an LCD display. The goal is to shorten emergency response times and save lives in the event of a vehicle accident.
This document proposes a system to automatically identify road accidents using wireless technology. The system has three modules: a vehicle side module, road side module, and control room module. When an accident occurs, vibration sensors on the vehicle trigger a microcontroller to send an IR signal to a roadside transmitter informing the control room of the accident location. This allows emergency services to quickly locate and assist victims, increasing survival chances. The system aims to address India's high road accident rates by expediting emergency response times.
1. The document presents a project that uses GSM and GPS systems to identify vehicle accidents and locate the accident site. It aims to minimize deaths and injuries by enabling immediate emergency response.
2. The technology detects when an accident occurs and wirelessly transmits the location using GSM and GPS. It is intended to help save thousands of lives by facilitating pre-emptive emergency response.
3. The system includes an accelerometer, microcontroller, GSM and GPS modules to detect accidents and transmit location data to emergency services for rapid response.
Vehicle accident detection and messaging system using GSM and arduinoRamesh Reddy
The document describes a vehicle accident detection system that uses piezoelectric sensors to detect vibrations during an accident. When an accident is detected, an Arduino microcontroller connected to the sensors triggers a GSM module to send notification messages to authorized users. It also triggers a buzzer to alert people nearby. The system is intended to help reduce the number of deaths from road accidents.
This document presents an accident reporting system using a MEM sensor that can detect vehicle accidents and send alerts. The system includes a MEM sensor to detect vibrations during accidents, an LPC2148 microcontroller, a GSM module to send SMS alerts, a GPS module to locate the accident site, and an LCD display. When an accident occurs, the MEM sensor detects it and the microcontroller activates the GSM module to send an SMS with the accident location from the GPS module to emergency services. This allows for faster emergency response times and treatment for victims. The system aims to reduce accident response times and property and life losses.
Automatic vehicle accident detection and messaging system using gsm and gps m...mahesh_rman
This document summarizes an automatic vehicle accident detection and messaging system using GSM and GPS technology. The system uses a microcontroller, GSM modem, and GPS modem to detect if an accident occurs and send an SMS message with the vehicle's location to alert contacts. Some key advantages are providing security while traveling by detecting accident locations and notifying others. The system could also be expanded to track stolen vehicles or interface with other vehicle security systems.
Design of Accident Detection and Alert System for Motor Cycles Dhanith Krishna
This document describes the design of an accident detection and alert system for motorcycles. The system uses an accelerometer, tilt sensor, and impact sensor to detect if an accident has occurred. It then uses GPS technology to determine the location and sends an alert message with the coordinates to emergency services and contacts. The hardware is installed on the motorcycle and includes sensors connected to a microcontroller. The software analyzes the sensor data to identify if an accident occurred and formats an alert message sent via GSM to designated recipients. The prototype was tested on a tricycle and successfully sent alerts when collisions were detected.
EMERGENCY ALERT SYSTEM in VANET (fnl review)PPTshammi24
This document describes an emergency alert system for vehicles (VANET) that automatically detects vehicle accidents and alerts emergency services. The system uses GPS to track the location of the vehicle. If an accident is detected by airbag sensors and vibration sensors, an alarm sounds and lights flash while also sending an alert to nearby hospitals with the vehicle's location. Nearby vehicles within 200m can also be alerted using RFID. The nearest hospital then uses GPS and Google Maps routing to navigate to the accident site quickly. This system aims to reduce emergency response time by automatically detecting accidents and communicating location information without needing a third party to report the incident.
This document describes the design of a vehicle accident alarm system using GSM and GPS technology. The system uses an accelerometer to detect if an accident has occurred, then sends alert messages via GSM to emergency contacts and tracks the vehicle's location using GPS to help rescuers locate the accident site quickly. The system architecture includes components like an ARM7 microcontroller, GPS and GSM modules, and an LCD display. The goal is to shorten emergency response times and save lives in the event of a vehicle accident.
This document proposes a system to automatically identify road accidents using wireless technology. The system has three modules: a vehicle side module, road side module, and control room module. When an accident occurs, vibration sensors on the vehicle trigger a microcontroller to send an IR signal to a roadside transmitter informing the control room of the accident location. This allows emergency services to quickly locate and assist victims, increasing survival chances. The system aims to address India's high road accident rates by expediting emergency response times.
1. The document presents a project that uses GSM and GPS systems to identify vehicle accidents and locate the accident site. It aims to minimize deaths and injuries by enabling immediate emergency response.
2. The technology detects when an accident occurs and wirelessly transmits the location using GSM and GPS. It is intended to help save thousands of lives by facilitating pre-emptive emergency response.
3. The system includes an accelerometer, microcontroller, GSM and GPS modules to detect accidents and transmit location data to emergency services for rapid response.
Vehicle accident detection and messaging system using GSM and arduinoRamesh Reddy
The document describes a vehicle accident detection system that uses piezoelectric sensors to detect vibrations during an accident. When an accident is detected, an Arduino microcontroller connected to the sensors triggers a GSM module to send notification messages to authorized users. It also triggers a buzzer to alert people nearby. The system is intended to help reduce the number of deaths from road accidents.
This document presents an accident reporting system using a MEM sensor that can detect vehicle accidents and send alerts. The system includes a MEM sensor to detect vibrations during accidents, an LPC2148 microcontroller, a GSM module to send SMS alerts, a GPS module to locate the accident site, and an LCD display. When an accident occurs, the MEM sensor detects it and the microcontroller activates the GSM module to send an SMS with the accident location from the GPS module to emergency services. This allows for faster emergency response times and treatment for victims. The system aims to reduce accident response times and property and life losses.
Automatic vehicle accident detection and messaging system using gsm and gps m...mahesh_rman
This document summarizes an automatic vehicle accident detection and messaging system using GSM and GPS technology. The system uses a microcontroller, GSM modem, and GPS modem to detect if an accident occurs and send an SMS message with the vehicle's location to alert contacts. Some key advantages are providing security while traveling by detecting accident locations and notifying others. The system could also be expanded to track stolen vehicles or interface with other vehicle security systems.
Design of Accident Detection and Alert System for Motor Cycles Dhanith Krishna
This document describes the design of an accident detection and alert system for motorcycles. The system uses an accelerometer, tilt sensor, and impact sensor to detect if an accident has occurred. It then uses GPS technology to determine the location and sends an alert message with the coordinates to emergency services and contacts. The hardware is installed on the motorcycle and includes sensors connected to a microcontroller. The software analyzes the sensor data to identify if an accident occurred and formats an alert message sent via GSM to designated recipients. The prototype was tested on a tricycle and successfully sent alerts when collisions were detected.
EMERGENCY ALERT SYSTEM in VANET (fnl review)PPTshammi24
This document describes an emergency alert system for vehicles (VANET) that automatically detects vehicle accidents and alerts emergency services. The system uses GPS to track the location of the vehicle. If an accident is detected by airbag sensors and vibration sensors, an alarm sounds and lights flash while also sending an alert to nearby hospitals with the vehicle's location. Nearby vehicles within 200m can also be alerted using RFID. The nearest hospital then uses GPS and Google Maps routing to navigate to the accident site quickly. This system aims to reduce emergency response time by automatically detecting accidents and communicating location information without needing a third party to report the incident.
This document summarizes a student project that aims to prevent car theft and accidents. It presents the contents, introduction, flow chart, interfacing diagram, description of the hardware and software used, and features of the key components - ARM7 microcontroller, alcohol sensor, speed sensor, and ultrasonic sensor. The system works by storing owner details in the microcontroller. If the car is stolen, the owner can send an SMS to locate it using the GSM modem and GPS. Sensors can also detect alcohol levels, speed, and obstacles to prevent accidents and unauthorized driving. The main advantages are easy vehicle recovery and accident prevention.
This document describes a system to identify vehicle accidents using GPS and GSM technologies. The system tracks a vehicle's location using a GPS modem and satellites. When an accident is detected by limit switches, the vehicle's position is sent via GSM modem to emergency services. A 16x2 LCD also displays the accident location. The system aims to reduce accident fatalities by quickly notifying authorities and providing the location.
The document describes a Vehicle Crash Alert System (VCAS) created by Anurag Garg, Sanjay Singh, and Shadhab Fazvi. VCAS is a small box containing an accelerometer sensor that can detect if a vehicle has crashed or tilted. If so, it transmits coordinates using short-range radio signals to alert emergency responders. The system is low-cost, reliable, and aims to reduce road accident deaths in India by facilitating faster medical response times. A prototype was created using an AVR microcontroller and acceleration sensor to demonstrate transmitting different radio signals based on crash positioning.
K10880 deepaknagar vehicle accident information deepakgurjarajeet
The document describes an automatic vehicle accident information system that uses a microcontroller, GPS, and GSM modules. When an accident is detected by sensors, the GPS module determines the location which is sent via GSM as a message to notified parties. This allows quick identification of accident locations to expedite emergency response.
This document describes a vehicle accident detection system that uses GPS and GSM technology. When a vehicle accident is detected by a vibration sensor, the sensor sends a signal to an ARM controller. The controller then sends an alert message through a GSM modem to emergency services, including the location from the GPS modem. This allows emergency services to quickly locate the accident site based on the GPS coordinates received after an accident is detected.
This document describes a wireless accident identification system that uses GPS and GSM networks. The system includes a vibration sensor, microcontroller, LCD display, keypad, relay, GPS and GSM modules. When an accident occurs, the vibration sensor detects it and sends a signal to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then switches on the GPS and GSM modules using a relay. The GPS module obtains the location coordinates which are sent via GSM to an emergency contact. The system aims to quickly identify accident locations to dispatch ambulances.
This document presents an SMS-based automatic vehicle accident information system that uses a MEMS sensor to detect vehicle vibrations during an accident. When an accident occurs, the sensor detects the vibration and sends a signal to a microcontroller. The microcontroller uses a GPS module to get the location of the accident as latitude and longitude. It then sends an SMS message with the accident location to predefined emergency contact numbers using a GSM module. The system aims to quickly notify emergency services of accidents, especially in remote areas, to provide faster medical assistance to victims.
This document describes an anti-vehicle theft system using GPS and GSM technologies. The system uses a microcontroller interfaced with a GSM module and GPS receiver to send SMS alerts with the vehicle's location if unauthorized access is detected. It allows the owner to remotely stop the vehicle or track its position via SMS. The low-cost prototype provides additional security with password-protected ignition and sensors to detect intrusion while parked.
Gsm based road vehicle accident report system using mems sensor Rohit Sinha
This document describes a vehicle accident reporting system that uses a MEMS accelerometer sensor and GSM modem. When an accident occurs, the MEMS sensor detects abnormal movement and sends a signal to a microcontroller. If movement does not return to normal within a set time, the microcontroller instructs the GSM modem to send an SMS alert about the accident to emergency responders. The system is intended to automatically report vehicle accidents on highways. It consists of an LPC2129 microcontroller interfaced with an accelerometer sensor, ADC, GPS module, GSM modem, and power supply.
This document describes a wireless accident tracking system that uses vibration sensors, GPS, and GSM networks to detect vehicle accidents and send alerts. When an accident occurs, the vibration sensor detects it and sends a signal to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then switches on the GPS and GSM modules. The GPS module obtains the location coordinates, which are sent via GSM to emergency services. This system allows for quick response in remote areas to minimize accident severity.
In highly populated countries, people lose their lives because of accidents and poor emergency facilities every day. These lives could have been saved if medical facilities are provided at the right time. This thesis implies a system which is a solution to this drawback, when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately, accelerometer module detects the signal, and it is sent to the Arduino microcontroller programmed by C programming language. Arduino sends an alert message through the GSM module including the location to the police station or a rescue team. So the police can immediately trace the location through the GPS modem after receiving the information. LCD is used to display location message from GPS module. The system is simulated and practically designed by the use of required hardware components and the results are satisfied with the expectation. Yu Yu Mon Win | Moe Myint Aung | Thin Thin "Accident Detection System using Arduino Uno" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27840.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/27840/accident-detection-system-using-arduino-uno/yu-yu-mon-win
The GV53MG is an upgraded LTE Cat M1/NB2 compact GNSS tracker for light duty applications like auto financing and car rental. It integrates the latest LTE standards for broader coverage and supports covert installation. Basic digital and configurable I/Os enable ignition detection, vehicle control and flexible applications. AES-256 encryption secures data and prevents unauthorized access.
ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN VEHICLE WITH EFFECTIVE RESCUE OPERATIONYoga Lakshmi
In this project ,we provide accident prevention using different sensor simulation where as the vehicle is stopped slowly an driver status is transmitted to nearby hospital(using GPS technology) for immediate rescue operation.
AUTOMATIC VEHICLE ACCIDENT INFORMATION BY SMS SYSTEM (AVAIS SYSTEM) Gps gsm a...kailashgavare
This is the GPS based vehicle accident detection and security system. A GPS receiver must be receive
the signal of satellites to calculate a position (latitude and longitude) and send the data to Micro controller.
All function is done by Micro controller. MCU read the information of GPS Modem and display on LCD. In
the vehicle, has different sensor’s like, Fire Detection, CNG gas Leakage, Smoke detector or vibration
sensor etc. When any sensor detected in vehicle, MCU send location and sensor status VIA SMS to user.
In this project PIC microcontroller is used for interfacing to various hardware peripherals. The current
design is an embedded application, which will continuously monitor a moving Vehicle and report the status
of the Vehicle on demand. For doing so an PIC16Fxxx microcontroller is interfaced serially to a GSM
Modem and GPS Receiver. A GSM modem is used to send the position (Latitude and Longitude) of the
vehicle from a remote place. The GPS modem will continuously give the data i.e. the latitude and
longitude indicating the position of the vehicle. The GPS modem gives many parameters as the output,
but only the NMEA data coming out is read and displayed on to the LCD. The same data is sent to the
mobile at the other end from where the position of the vehicle is demanded. An MCU Internal EEPROM is
used to store the mobile number
Sms based automatic vehicle accident information system 2 ndsohel5692
This presentation summarizes a project that detects vehicle accidents using a MEMS vibration sensor and sends location data and a message via GPS and GSM to notify ambulances. The system includes a vibration sensor, microcontroller, GPS module, GSM modem and other components. When an accident is detected, the GPS obtains location coordinates which the GSM modem sends as a message to authorized contacts. The aim is to provide faster emergency response to accident victims, especially in remote areas without GSM coverage. Future work may incorporate camera images to aid tracking and response.
Vechicle accident prevention using eye bilnk sensor pptsatish 486
This document describes a vehicle accident prevention system using an eye blink sensor. The system uses an IR sensor to detect a driver's eye blinks and a microcontroller to process the sensor data. If no eye blinks are detected for a period of time, indicating potential drowsiness, the system will stop the vehicle and trigger an alarm to prevent accidents. The system could also be expanded in the future to detect alcohol and stop the vehicle if the driver is intoxicated.
This document describes an anti-theft system for bikes and cars. The system uses a microcontroller, GSM module, sensors, and other components to detect unauthorized access and notify owners. It summarizes the components, working, and advantages of the system. The system prevents theft by requiring a password to start the ignition, tracking motion with IR sensors, and alerting owners via text message if the wrong password is entered multiple times. It provides security at a low cost and allows owners to control the system remotely.
This document summarizes the design and development of a laser sensor interface and tire DOT code scanning software. A laser sensor was selected to scan tire DOT codes due to its ability to create distance profiles of tire surfaces. A communication interface was built using a microcontroller, RS485 transceiver, and USB-to-serial converter to connect the laser sensor to a PC. Software was developed in C++ to control the sensor and acquire DOT code scans, and image processing techniques were explored in MATLAB and OpenCV to preprocess scan data. The laser sensor interface and scanning software provide an effective solution for reading important tire information like production dates from their DOT codes.
This document is a project report on an Eye Tracking Interpretation System submitted by three students as a partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering degree. It includes sections on introduction, literature survey, system description, software description, methodology, results, applications, and conclusion. The system uses an ultrasonic sensor and microcontroller to measure the distance to obstacles and displays it on an LCD screen. It aims to provide a low-cost solution for distance measurement that works in different light conditions including underwater.
This document summarizes a student project that aims to prevent car theft and accidents. It presents the contents, introduction, flow chart, interfacing diagram, description of the hardware and software used, and features of the key components - ARM7 microcontroller, alcohol sensor, speed sensor, and ultrasonic sensor. The system works by storing owner details in the microcontroller. If the car is stolen, the owner can send an SMS to locate it using the GSM modem and GPS. Sensors can also detect alcohol levels, speed, and obstacles to prevent accidents and unauthorized driving. The main advantages are easy vehicle recovery and accident prevention.
This document describes a system to identify vehicle accidents using GPS and GSM technologies. The system tracks a vehicle's location using a GPS modem and satellites. When an accident is detected by limit switches, the vehicle's position is sent via GSM modem to emergency services. A 16x2 LCD also displays the accident location. The system aims to reduce accident fatalities by quickly notifying authorities and providing the location.
The document describes a Vehicle Crash Alert System (VCAS) created by Anurag Garg, Sanjay Singh, and Shadhab Fazvi. VCAS is a small box containing an accelerometer sensor that can detect if a vehicle has crashed or tilted. If so, it transmits coordinates using short-range radio signals to alert emergency responders. The system is low-cost, reliable, and aims to reduce road accident deaths in India by facilitating faster medical response times. A prototype was created using an AVR microcontroller and acceleration sensor to demonstrate transmitting different radio signals based on crash positioning.
K10880 deepaknagar vehicle accident information deepakgurjarajeet
The document describes an automatic vehicle accident information system that uses a microcontroller, GPS, and GSM modules. When an accident is detected by sensors, the GPS module determines the location which is sent via GSM as a message to notified parties. This allows quick identification of accident locations to expedite emergency response.
This document describes a vehicle accident detection system that uses GPS and GSM technology. When a vehicle accident is detected by a vibration sensor, the sensor sends a signal to an ARM controller. The controller then sends an alert message through a GSM modem to emergency services, including the location from the GPS modem. This allows emergency services to quickly locate the accident site based on the GPS coordinates received after an accident is detected.
This document describes a wireless accident identification system that uses GPS and GSM networks. The system includes a vibration sensor, microcontroller, LCD display, keypad, relay, GPS and GSM modules. When an accident occurs, the vibration sensor detects it and sends a signal to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then switches on the GPS and GSM modules using a relay. The GPS module obtains the location coordinates which are sent via GSM to an emergency contact. The system aims to quickly identify accident locations to dispatch ambulances.
This document presents an SMS-based automatic vehicle accident information system that uses a MEMS sensor to detect vehicle vibrations during an accident. When an accident occurs, the sensor detects the vibration and sends a signal to a microcontroller. The microcontroller uses a GPS module to get the location of the accident as latitude and longitude. It then sends an SMS message with the accident location to predefined emergency contact numbers using a GSM module. The system aims to quickly notify emergency services of accidents, especially in remote areas, to provide faster medical assistance to victims.
This document describes an anti-vehicle theft system using GPS and GSM technologies. The system uses a microcontroller interfaced with a GSM module and GPS receiver to send SMS alerts with the vehicle's location if unauthorized access is detected. It allows the owner to remotely stop the vehicle or track its position via SMS. The low-cost prototype provides additional security with password-protected ignition and sensors to detect intrusion while parked.
Gsm based road vehicle accident report system using mems sensor Rohit Sinha
This document describes a vehicle accident reporting system that uses a MEMS accelerometer sensor and GSM modem. When an accident occurs, the MEMS sensor detects abnormal movement and sends a signal to a microcontroller. If movement does not return to normal within a set time, the microcontroller instructs the GSM modem to send an SMS alert about the accident to emergency responders. The system is intended to automatically report vehicle accidents on highways. It consists of an LPC2129 microcontroller interfaced with an accelerometer sensor, ADC, GPS module, GSM modem, and power supply.
This document describes a wireless accident tracking system that uses vibration sensors, GPS, and GSM networks to detect vehicle accidents and send alerts. When an accident occurs, the vibration sensor detects it and sends a signal to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then switches on the GPS and GSM modules. The GPS module obtains the location coordinates, which are sent via GSM to emergency services. This system allows for quick response in remote areas to minimize accident severity.
In highly populated countries, people lose their lives because of accidents and poor emergency facilities every day. These lives could have been saved if medical facilities are provided at the right time. This thesis implies a system which is a solution to this drawback, when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately, accelerometer module detects the signal, and it is sent to the Arduino microcontroller programmed by C programming language. Arduino sends an alert message through the GSM module including the location to the police station or a rescue team. So the police can immediately trace the location through the GPS modem after receiving the information. LCD is used to display location message from GPS module. The system is simulated and practically designed by the use of required hardware components and the results are satisfied with the expectation. Yu Yu Mon Win | Moe Myint Aung | Thin Thin "Accident Detection System using Arduino Uno" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27840.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/27840/accident-detection-system-using-arduino-uno/yu-yu-mon-win
The GV53MG is an upgraded LTE Cat M1/NB2 compact GNSS tracker for light duty applications like auto financing and car rental. It integrates the latest LTE standards for broader coverage and supports covert installation. Basic digital and configurable I/Os enable ignition detection, vehicle control and flexible applications. AES-256 encryption secures data and prevents unauthorized access.
ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN VEHICLE WITH EFFECTIVE RESCUE OPERATIONYoga Lakshmi
In this project ,we provide accident prevention using different sensor simulation where as the vehicle is stopped slowly an driver status is transmitted to nearby hospital(using GPS technology) for immediate rescue operation.
AUTOMATIC VEHICLE ACCIDENT INFORMATION BY SMS SYSTEM (AVAIS SYSTEM) Gps gsm a...kailashgavare
This is the GPS based vehicle accident detection and security system. A GPS receiver must be receive
the signal of satellites to calculate a position (latitude and longitude) and send the data to Micro controller.
All function is done by Micro controller. MCU read the information of GPS Modem and display on LCD. In
the vehicle, has different sensor’s like, Fire Detection, CNG gas Leakage, Smoke detector or vibration
sensor etc. When any sensor detected in vehicle, MCU send location and sensor status VIA SMS to user.
In this project PIC microcontroller is used for interfacing to various hardware peripherals. The current
design is an embedded application, which will continuously monitor a moving Vehicle and report the status
of the Vehicle on demand. For doing so an PIC16Fxxx microcontroller is interfaced serially to a GSM
Modem and GPS Receiver. A GSM modem is used to send the position (Latitude and Longitude) of the
vehicle from a remote place. The GPS modem will continuously give the data i.e. the latitude and
longitude indicating the position of the vehicle. The GPS modem gives many parameters as the output,
but only the NMEA data coming out is read and displayed on to the LCD. The same data is sent to the
mobile at the other end from where the position of the vehicle is demanded. An MCU Internal EEPROM is
used to store the mobile number
Sms based automatic vehicle accident information system 2 ndsohel5692
This presentation summarizes a project that detects vehicle accidents using a MEMS vibration sensor and sends location data and a message via GPS and GSM to notify ambulances. The system includes a vibration sensor, microcontroller, GPS module, GSM modem and other components. When an accident is detected, the GPS obtains location coordinates which the GSM modem sends as a message to authorized contacts. The aim is to provide faster emergency response to accident victims, especially in remote areas without GSM coverage. Future work may incorporate camera images to aid tracking and response.
Vechicle accident prevention using eye bilnk sensor pptsatish 486
This document describes a vehicle accident prevention system using an eye blink sensor. The system uses an IR sensor to detect a driver's eye blinks and a microcontroller to process the sensor data. If no eye blinks are detected for a period of time, indicating potential drowsiness, the system will stop the vehicle and trigger an alarm to prevent accidents. The system could also be expanded in the future to detect alcohol and stop the vehicle if the driver is intoxicated.
This document describes an anti-theft system for bikes and cars. The system uses a microcontroller, GSM module, sensors, and other components to detect unauthorized access and notify owners. It summarizes the components, working, and advantages of the system. The system prevents theft by requiring a password to start the ignition, tracking motion with IR sensors, and alerting owners via text message if the wrong password is entered multiple times. It provides security at a low cost and allows owners to control the system remotely.
This document summarizes the design and development of a laser sensor interface and tire DOT code scanning software. A laser sensor was selected to scan tire DOT codes due to its ability to create distance profiles of tire surfaces. A communication interface was built using a microcontroller, RS485 transceiver, and USB-to-serial converter to connect the laser sensor to a PC. Software was developed in C++ to control the sensor and acquire DOT code scans, and image processing techniques were explored in MATLAB and OpenCV to preprocess scan data. The laser sensor interface and scanning software provide an effective solution for reading important tire information like production dates from their DOT codes.
This document is a project report on an Eye Tracking Interpretation System submitted by three students as a partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering degree. It includes sections on introduction, literature survey, system description, software description, methodology, results, applications, and conclusion. The system uses an ultrasonic sensor and microcontroller to measure the distance to obstacles and displays it on an LCD screen. It aims to provide a low-cost solution for distance measurement that works in different light conditions including underwater.
This project is concerned with the
design of SoC for detecting and correcting the error which may occur in the memory unit due to
radiation in LEO (Lower Earth Orbit) and due to stuck-at faults in memory unit in space station.
The error free data is feed to the predestined processor using the serial communication protocol
(UART) and perform its function specified in the data input which is sent from the ground station.
This document is a project report that describes the design and implementation of a microcontroller-based password protected home appliance. The system uses an ATmega8 microcontroller to control a keypad, LCD display, buzzer, and relay. When the correct four-digit password is entered on the keypad, the relay activates to power the appliance and a message is displayed on the LCD. If an incorrect password is entered, the buzzer sounds and access is denied. The report provides details on the hardware components, software code, and circuit diagrams.
This document provides an overview of the Emus BMS system, including its components, functionality, installation, configuration, and maintenance. The main components are the control unit, cell modules, current sensor, cell communication adapters, and software. Key functions include cell monitoring, current measurement, state of charge estimation, charging control, protections, temperature control, and communication with external devices. The document outlines how to install, configure, and maintain the various aspects of the BMS system.
This document is a project report on a Smart Street System. It describes a system that aims to automate street lighting and enable real-time monitoring of streets. The system connects all streetlights to a central server using IoT. This allows the lights to be controlled remotely and usage to be analyzed. Sensors detect factors like light levels and motion to automatically adjust brightness or turn lights on/off. Video cameras monitor streets for unusual activities which are reported. The project aims to improve energy efficiency of street lighting and enhance security.
SoMachine is an OEM software solution that allows users to program, configure, and commission entire machines from a single environment. It supports programming and commissioning of logic, motor control, HMI, and network automation functions using Schneider Electric controllers and devices. SoMachine aims to optimize machine development and help users achieve machine transparency.
This document summarizes the system requirements for Project RIDES, which is being developed by Team Omni at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. It details the revision history of the document, provides an overview of the key subsystems and their requirements, and describes use cases and sequence diagrams for core functions like starting a ride, stopping a ride, and updating vehicle locations. The document is intended to specify the intellectual property and technical requirements for the autonomous vehicle project.
This thesis seeks to improve communication between a host computer and onboard peripherals of an existing low-cost robot used for teaching autonomous systems at University of Innsbruck. Several prototypes were evaluated to find the best solution, including a microcontroller board and single-board computers. The final solution uses an ATmega32 microcontroller programmed to read data from an Android phone and control the robot. Firmware was written for the microcontroller along with an Android application. This improved the robot's modularity and provides easy-to-use interfaces for students.
This document provides instructions for setting up and using Wireless M-Bus devices with the Wireless M-Bus Suite software. It describes the hardware and firmware setup, including supported radio modules, required resources, and how to install firmware. It also provides a quick start guide for using the Wireless M-Bus Suite to test devices, including how to set the COM port, load a demo project, use the collector and meter modes, and perform tests like pinging. Additional chapters cover the Wireless M-Bus protocol monitor for analyzing network packets and a demonstration application.
This document provides a system description of the Electronically Controlled Air Suspension (ECAS) system for buses. ECAS is an electronically controlled air suspension system that offers improved ride comfort, constant vehicle height regardless of load, and kneeling functions compared to traditional mechanical suspension systems. The key components of ECAS include an electronic control unit, solenoid valves, distance sensors, and optional pressure sensors. Newer versions of ECAS use CAN bus technology to network electronic systems and transmit information via standardized identifiers. The document discusses the configuration, functions, components, diagnostics, parameter settings, and other technical aspects of the ECAS system.
This document provides information on the STM8S003F3 and STM8S003K3 microcontrollers. Key features include an 8-bit STM8 core running at up to 16 MHz, 8 KB of flash memory, 1 KB of RAM, 128 bytes of EEPROM, a 10-bit ADC, timers, and communication interfaces like UART, SPI, and I2C. The document describes the microcontroller's architecture, peripherals, memory map, electrical characteristics, and development tools.
This document provides information on the STM8S003F3 and STM8S003K3 microcontrollers. Key details include:
- They have an 8-bit STM8 core, 8KB flash memory, 1KB RAM, and 128B EEPROM.
- Peripheral features include timers, ADC, UART, SPI, and I2C interfaces.
- The STM8S003K3 comes in a 32-pin LQFP package while the STM8S003F3 comes in 20-pin TSSOP or UFQFPN packages.
- Electrical characteristics, memory maps, and development tools are described.
This document provides information on STM32F405xx and STM32F407xx microcontrollers. It includes a description of the ARM Cortex-M4 core, memory features, peripherals, and electrical specifications. The document covers flash and SRAM memory sizes, timers, analog inputs, communication interfaces, and low power modes. Pinout diagrams and memory mappings are also included.
This document is the user's guide for the Anritsu Cell Master MT8212B integrated handheld multi-function base station test tool. It provides instructions for operating the various measurement modes and functions of the Cell Master including cable and antenna analysis, spectrum analysis, power measurement, transmission measurement, interference analysis, and testing of cellular standards. The document also covers preventative maintenance, calibration, and warranty and regulatory information.
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Accident reporting system using mems
1. ABSTRACT
In highly populated Countries like India, everyday people lose their lives because of
accidents and poor emergency facilities. These lives could have been saved if medical facilities
are provided at the right time. This paper implies system which is a solution to this drawback.
Acceleratometer sensor can be used in car security system to sense vibrations in vehicle and
GPS to give location of vehicle, so dangerous driving can be detected. When accident occurs,
Acceleratometer will detect signal and will send signal to AVR controller, microcontroller
will enable airbag to blow and message with accident location is sent to preprogrammed
numbers such as ambulance, police station, etc via GSM.
MEMS controlled accident reporting system is a MEMS-operated unobtrusive assistive
technology, which can potentially avoid losing lives of people with severe with effective access
by sending message to the nearby hospital, police station and relatives. When the MEMS
values goes out of a certain range, it leads to the unstability of the vehicle.the unstable
condition leads to message sending to the nearby contacts.
In this system Acceleratometer and GPS tracking system are used for accident detec-
tion. When accident occurs, this system sends short message to mobile number via GSM
modem. Message will give longitude and latitude values. From these values location of
accident can be determined.
i
5. Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The main objective of this project is to detect the vehicle accident and transmit the
location of the accident with the information of victim and type of accident to the medical
help centre and police control room. So medical help centre and police control room will get
the exact location by the geographical co-ordinates transmitted via message with the help
of map.
The system detects the vehicle accident with the help of MEM sensor. GPS module
captures the location of vehicle accident and a inform message is transmitted which contains
the co-ordinates value with the help of GSM modem. To provide very fast medical treatment
to the victim of vehicle accident. It also sends a message to police control room with the
location of accident to minimise the time required for legal police process, and a victim can
get fast treatment.
In this project an accelerometer can be used in a car alarm application so that dan-
gerous driving can be detected. It can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle
during and after a crash. With signals from an accelerometer, a severe accident can be
recognized. According to this project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately
Vibration sensor will detect the signal or if a car rolls over, a Micro electro mechanical system
(MEMS) sensor will detects the signal and sends it to ARM controller.
If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone‘s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
1
6. Chapter 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 2.1: Block Diagram of MEMS Controlled System
When any kind of movement or tilting of MEM sensor takes place,a output voltage
is produced by the sensor which is fed into ADC of LPC2148.MEMS accelerometers are
one of the simplest but also most applicable micro-electromechanical systems. They became
indispensable in automobile industry, computer and audio-video technology. The ADXL335
is a small, thin, low power, complete 3-axis accelerometer with signal conditioned voltage
outputs. The product measures acceleration with a minimum full-scale range of 3 g. It can
measure the static acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensing applications, as well as dynamic
acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or vibration.
2
7. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
The sensor is a polysilicon surface- micromachined structure built on top of a silicon
wafer. Polysilicon springs suspend the structure over the surface of the wafer and provide
a resistance against acceleration forces. Deflection of the structure is measured using a
differential capacitor that consists of independent fixed plates and plates attached to the
moving mass. The fixed plates are driven by 180 out-of-phase square waves. Acceleration
deflects the moving mass and unbalances the differential capacitor resulting in a sensor output
whose amplitude is proportional to acceleration. Phase-sensitive demodulation techniques
are then used to determine the magnitude and direction of the acceleration.
The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 microcontrollers are based on a 32/16 bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU
with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combines the microcontroller
with embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB. A 128-bit wide
memory interface and a unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at the
maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb mode
reduces code by more than 30
Liquid Crystal Display is a very important device in embedded system. It offers high
flexibility to users as it can display the required data. Frequently, a microcontroller program
must interact with the outside world using input and output devices that communicate
directly with a human being. One of the most common output devices used is a LCD. Some
common LCDs are 4x20 and 20x2 displays.
Department of TCE, S.I.T.,Tumkur 3
8. Chapter 3
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The following are the components used in MEMS Controlled Accident Reporting sys-
tem:
• ARM Processor LPC 2148
• MEM Sensor ADXL 335
• LCD Module
• GSM Module
• GPS Module
3.1 ARM PROCESSOR LPC2148
The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 microcontrollers are based on a 32/16 bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU
with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combines the microcontroller
with embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB. A 128-bit wide
memory interface and a unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at
the maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb
mode reduces code by more than 30./. with minimal performance penalty. Due to their
tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2141/2/4/6/8 are ideal for applications where
miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and point-of-sale.
A blend of serial communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full Speed device,
multiple UARTs, SPI, SSP to I2Cs, and on-chip SRAM of 8 kB up to 40 kB, make these
devices very well suited for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft modems,
voice recognition and low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and high processing
power. Various 32-bit timers, single or dual 10-bit ADC(s),10-bit DAC, PWM channels and
45 fast GPIO lines with up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins make these
microcontrollers particularly suitable for industrial control and medical systems.
3.1.1 Features
• 8 to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 to 512 kB of on-chip flash program memory.
• 16/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.
4
9. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
• 128 bit wide interface/accelerator enables high speed 60 MHz operation.
• In-System/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot-loader software.
• Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of 256 bytes in 1 ms.
• Embedded ICE RT and E RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging
with the
• On-chip Real Monitor software and high speed tracing of instruction execution.
• USB 2.0 Full Speed compliant Device Controller with 2 kB of endpoint RAM.
• In addition, the LPC2146/8 provide 8 kB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by DMA.
• One or two (LPC2141/2 vs. LPC2144/6/8) 10-bit A/D converters provide a total of
6/14
• analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 micro sec per channel.
• Single 10-bit D/A converter provides variable analog output.
• Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare chan-
nels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
• Low power real-time clock with independent power and dedicated 32 kHz clock input.
• Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus
• (400 kbit/s), SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
• Vectored interrupt controller with configurable priorities and vector addresses.
• Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package.
• Up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins available.
• 60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip PLL with settling
time of 100 microseconds.
• On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal in range from 1 MHz
to 30 MHz and with an external oscillator up to 50 MHz.
• Power saving modes include Idle and Power-down.
• Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock scaling for
additional power optimization.
Department of TCE, S.I.T.,Tumkur 5
10. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
• Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt, USB, Brown-Out
Detect (BOD) or Real-Time Clock (RTC).
• Single power supply chip with Power-On Reset (POR) and BOD circuits:CPU operat-
ing voltage range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V per 10
Figure 3.1: ARM processor based LPC 2148 Microcontroller
3.1.2 Architectural Overview
The ARM7TDMI-S is a general purpose 32-bit microprocessor, which offers high per-
formance and very low power consumption. The ARM architecture is based on Reduced
Instruction Set Computer (RISC) principles, and the instruction set and related decode
mechanism are much simpler than those of micro programmed Complex Instruction Set
Computers (CISC). This simplicity results in a high instruction throughput and impressive
real-time interrupt response from a small and cost-effective processor core.
Pipeline techniques are employed so that all parts of the processing and memory
systems can operate continuously. Typically, while one instruction is being executed, its
successor is being decoded, and a third instruction is being fetched from memory. The
ARM7TDMI-S processor also employs a unique architectural strategy known as Thumb,
which makes it ideally suited to high-volume applications with memory restrictions, or appli-
cations where code density is an issue. The key idea behind Thumb is that of a super-reduced
instruction set. Essentially, the ARM7TDMI-S processor has two instruction sets:
Department of TCE, S.I.T.,Tumkur 6
11. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
• The standard 32-bit ARM set.
• A 16-bit Thumb set.
The Thumb sets 16-bit instruction length allows it to approach twice the density of
standard ARM code while retaining most of the ARMs performance advantage over a tradi-
tional 16-bit processor using 16-bit registers. This is possible because Thumb code operates
on the same 32-bit register set as ARM code. Thumb code is able to provide up to 65./.
of the code size of ARM, and 160./. of the performance of an equivalent ARM processor
connected to a 16-bit memory system.
The particular flash implementation in the LPC2141/42/44/46/48 allows for full speed
execution also in ARM mode. It is recommended to program performance critical and short
code sections (such as interrupt service routines and DSP algorithms) in ARM mode. The
impact on the overall code size will be minimal but the speed can be increased by 30./. over
thumb mode.
3.1.3 Pin Diagram
The figure shows the 64 pin arrangement of LPC2148. The pin packaging is done as
per the users demand. The diagram explains the internal structure of the IC and provides
the idea of interconnections.
Figure 3.2: Pin Diagram Of LPC 2148
Department of TCE, S.I.T.,Tumkur 7
12. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
3.1.4 Pin Functions
The pin connect block allows selected pins of the microcontroller to have more than
one function. Configuration registers control the multiplexers to allow connection between
the pin and the on chip peripherals. Peripherals should be connected to the appropriate
pins prior to being activated, and prior to any related interrupt(s) being enabled. Activity
of any enabled peripheral function that is not mapped to a related pin should be considered
undefined.
The Pin Control Module with its pin select registers defines the functionality of the
microcontroller in a given hardware environment. After reset all pins of Port 0 and 1 are
configured as input with the following exceptions: If debug is enabled, the JTAG pins will
assume their JTAG functionality; if trace is enabled, the trace pins will assume their trace
functionality. The pins associated with the I2C0 andI2C1 interface are open drain
3.1.5 On-Chip Flash Memory
The LPC2148 incorporate a 512 kB flash memory system. This memory may be used
for both code and data storage. Programming of the flash memory may be accomplished in
several ways. It may be programmed In System via the serial port. The application program
may also erase and/or program the flash while the application is running, allowing a great
degree of flexibility for data storage field firmware upgrades, etc. Due to the architectural
solution chosen for an on-chip boot loader, flash memory available for users code on LPC2148
is 500 kB. The LPC2148 flash memory provides a minimum of 100,000 erase/write cycles
and 20 years of data-retention.
3.1.6 On-Chip Static RAM
On-chip static RAM may be used for code and/or data storage. The SRAM may be
accessed as 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit. The LPC2148 provide 32 kB of static RAM. In case of
LPC2146/48 only, an 8 kB SRAM block intended to be utilized mainly by the USB can also
be used as a general purpose RAM for data storage and code storage and execution.
3.1.7 General Purpose Parallel I/O
Device pins that are not connected to a specific peripheral function are controlled by
the GPIO registers. Pins may be dynamically configured as inputs or outputs. Separate
registers allow setting or clearing any number of outputs simultaneously. The value of the
output register may be read back, as well as the current state of the port pins.
Department of TCE, S.I.T.,Tumkur 8
13. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
LPC2141/42/44/46/48 introduces accelerated GPIO functions over prior LPC2000 de-
vices:
• GPIO registers are relocated to the ARM local bus for the fastest possible I/O timing.
• Mask registers allow treating sets of port bits as a group, leaving other bits unchanged.
• All GPIO registers are byte addressable.
• Entire port value can be written in one instruction.
3.1.8 10 Bit ADC
The LPC2141/42 contains one and the LPC2144/46/48 contains two analogs to digital
converters. These converters are single 10-bit successive approximation analog to digital
converters. While ADC0 has six channels, ADC1 has eight channels. Therefore, total number
of available ADC inputs for LPC2141/42 is 6 and for LPC2144/46/48 is 14.
3.1.9 Features
• 10 bit successive approximation analog to digital converter.
• Measurement range of 0 V to VREF (2.0 V VREF VDDA).
• Each converter capable of performing more than 400,000 10-bit samples per second.
• Every analog input has a dedicated result register to reduce interrupt overhead.
• Burst conversion mode for single or multiple inputs.
• Optional conversion on transition on input pin or timer match signal.
• Global Start command for both converters (LPC2142/44/46/48 only).
3.1.10 UARTS
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 each contains two UARTs. In addition to standard trans-
mit and receive data lines, the LPC2144/46/48 UART1 also provides a full modem con-
trol handshake interface. Compared to previous LPC2000 microcontrollers, UARTs in
LPC2141/42/44/48 introduce a fractional baud rate generator for both UARTs, enabling
these microcontrollers to achieve standard baud rates such as 115200 with any crystal fre-
quency above 2 MHz In addition, auto-CTS/RTS flow-control functions are fully imple-
mented in hardware (UART1 in LPC2144/46/48 only).
• 16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs.
Department of TCE, S.I.T.,Tumkur 9
14. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
• Register locations conform to 550 industry standard.
• Receiver FIFO trigger points at 1, 4, 8, and 14 bytes
• Built-in fractional baud rate generator covering wide range of baud rates without a
need for external crystals of particular values.
• Transmission FIFO control enables implementation of software (XON/XOFF) flow
control on both UARTs.
• LPC2144/46/48 UART1 equipped with standard modem interface signals. This mod-
ule also provides full support for hardware flow control (auto-CTS/RTS).
3.1.11 USB 2.0 Device Controller
The USB is a 4-wire serial bus that supports communication between a host and a
number (127 max) of peripherals. The host controller allocates the USB bandwidth to
attached devices through a token based protocol. The bus supports hot plugging, unplugging,
and dynamic configuration of the devices. All transactions are initiated by the host controller.
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 is equipped with a USB device controller that enables 12
Mbit/s data exchange with a USB host controller. It consists of a register interface, serial
interface engine, endpoint buffer memory and DMA controller. The serial interface engine
decodes the USB data stream and writes data to the appropriate end point buffer memory.
The status of a completed USB transfer or error condition is indicated via status registers.
An interrupt is also generated if enabled.
3.2 MEM Sensor ADXL 335
MEMS accelerometers are one of the simplest but also most applicable micro-electromechanical
systems. They became indispensable in automobile industry, computer and audio-video tech-
nology. The ADXL335 is a small, thin, low power, complete 3-axis accelerometer with signal
conditioned voltage outputs. The product measures acceleration with a minimum full-scale
range of 3 g. It can measure the static acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensing applications, as
well as dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or vibration.
The user selects the bandwidth of the accelerometer using the CX, CY, and CZ ca-
pacitors at the XOUT, YOUT, and ZOUT pins. Bandwidths can be selected to suit the
application, with a range of 0.5 Hz to 1600 Hz for the X and Y axes, and a range of 0.5 Hz
to 550 Hz for the Z axis.
The ADXL335 is available in a small, low profile, 4 mm 4 mm 1.45 mm, 16-lead, plastic
lead frame chip scale package. It contains a polysilicon surface-micro machined sensor and
Department of TCE, S.I.T.,Tumkur 10
15. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
signal conditioning circuitry to implement open-loop acceleration measurement architecture.
The output signals are analog voltages that are proportional to acceleration. Figure:-4.1
show the functional block diagram of ADXL335.
Figure 3.3: Functional Block Diagram of MEMS
3.2.1 Features
• 3-axis sensing
• Small, low profile package
• 4 mm 4 mm 1.45 mm LFCSP
• Low power : 350 A (typical)
• Single-supply operation: 1.8 V to 3.6 V
• 10,000 g shock survival
• Excellent temperature stability
• BW adjustment with a single capacitor per axis
3.2.2 Working principle of ADXL335
The ADXL335 is a complete 3-axis acceleration measurement system. The ADXL335
has a measurement range of 3 g minimum. It contains a polysilicon surface-micro machined
sensor and signal conditioning circuitry to implement an open-loop acceleration measurement
architecture. The output signals are analog voltages that are proportional to acceleration.
The accelerometer can measure the static acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensing applications
as well as dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or vibrations.
Department of TCE, S.I.T.,Tumkur 11
16. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
The sensor is a polysilicon surface- micro machined structure built on top of a silicon
wafer. Polysilicon springs suspend the structure over the surface of the wafer and provide
a resistance against acceleration forces. Deflection of the structure is measured using a
differential capacitor that consists of independent fixed plates and plates attached to the
moving mass. The fixed plates are driven by 180 out-of-phase square waves. Acceleration
deflects the moving mass and unbalances the differential capacitor resulting in a sensor output
whose amplitude is proportional to acceleration. Phase-sensitive demodulation techniques
are then used to determine the magnitude and direction of the acceleration.
The demodulator output is amplified and brought off-chip through a 32 k resistor.
The user then sets the signal bandwidth of the device by adding a capacitor. This filtering
improves measurement resolution and helps prevent aliasing.
3.2.3 Applications
• Cost sensitive, low power, motion- and tilt-sensing applications
• Mobile devices
• Gaming systems
• Disk drive protection
• Image stabilization
• Sports and health devices
3.3 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Liquid Crystal Display is a very important device in embedded system.It offers high
flexibility to users as it can display the required data. Frequently, a microcontroller program
must interact with the outside world using input and output devices that communicate
directly with a human being. One of the most common output devices used is a LCD. Some
common LCDs are 4x20 and 20x2 displays.
In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs (seven segment LEDs
or other multisegment LEDs). This is due to the following reasons :
1. The declining prices of LCDs.
2. The ability to display numbers, characters, and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs,
Which are limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the
task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU (or in some
Department of TCE, S.I.T.,Tumkur 12
17. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
other way) to keep displaying the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
3.3.1 LCD Pin Description
VCC, VSS, and VEE:
While VCC and VSS provide +5V and ground, respectively, VEE is used for controlling
LCD contrast. RS, register select. There are two very important registers inside the LCD.
The RS pin is used for their selection as follows. If RS=0, the instruction command code
register is selected, allowing the user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at
home, etc. IF RS=1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be
displayed on the LCD.
R/W (read/write):
R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information from
it. R/W=1 when reading; R/W=0 when writing.
E (enable):
The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins.
When data is supplied to data pins, a high-to-low pulse must be applied to this pin in order
for the LCD to latch in the data present at the data pins. This pulse must be a minimum
of 450 ns wide.
D0 - D7:
The 8-bit data pins, D0 - D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the
contents of the LCDs internal registers.
To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A - Z, a - z, and
numbers 0 - 9 to these pins while making RS=1.
There are also instruction command codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the
display or force the cursor to the home position or blink the cursor. Table 11.2 lists the
instruction command codes. We also use RS = 0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the
LCD is ready to receive information. The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W=1
and RS = 0, as follows: if R/W = 1, RS = 0. When D7 = 1 (busy flag = 1), the LCD is
busy taking care of internal operations and will not accept any new information. When D7
= 0, the LCD is ready to receive new information. Note: It is recommended to check the
Department of TCE, S.I.T.,Tumkur 13
18. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
busy flag before writing any data to the LCD.
Figure 3.4: Sample LCD Display
3.3.2 LCD Command Codes
Code Command to LCD Instruction
(Hex) – Register
1 – Clear display screen
2 – Return home
4 – Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)
6 – Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)
5 – Shift display right
7 – Shift display left
8 – Display off, cursor off
A – Display off, cursor on
C – Display on, cursor off
E – Display on, cursor blinking
F – Display on, cursor blinking
10 – Shift cursor position to left
14 – Shift cursor position to righ
18 – Shift the entire display to the left
1C – Shift the entire display to the right
80 – Force cursor to beginning of 1st line
C0 – Force cursor to beginning of 1st line
38 – 2 lines and 5x7 matrix
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19. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
3.4 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
Global System for Mobile communications is the most popular standard for mobile
phones in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimate that 82 % of the global
mobile market uses the standard. GSM is used by over 2 billion people across more than 212
countries and territories. Its ubiquity makes international roaming very common between
mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world.
GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into between 5.6 and
13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of data channel they were allocated,
were used, called Half Rate (5.6 kbit/s) and Full Rate (13 kbit/s). These used a system
based upon linear predictive coding (LPC). In addition to being efficient with bit rates,
these codecs also made it easier to identify more important parts of the audio, allowing the
air interface layer to prioritize and better protect these parts of the signal.
There five different cell sizes in a GSM network-macro, micro, Pico, femto and umbrella
cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment.
Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast
or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is
under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small cells
whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly used indoors. Femtocells
are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect to the
service providers network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to
cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.
Figure 3.5: GSM Module
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20. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
3.4.1 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), commonly
known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the users subscription
information and phonebook. This allows the user to retain his or her information after
switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the
handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone
to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking,
and is illegal in some countries.
A subscriber can usually contact the provider to remove the lock for a fee, utilize pri-
vate services to remove the lock, or make use of ample software and websites available on
the Internet to unlock the handset themselves. While most web sites offer the unlocking for
a fee, some do it for free. The locking applies to the handset, identified by its International
Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number, not o the account (which is identified by the
SIM card). It is always possible to switch to another (non-locked) handset if such a handset
is available.
3.4.2 GSM Modems
A modem is a communication device that converts binary into analog acoustic signals
for transmission over telephone lines and converts these acoustics signals back into binary
form at the receiving end. Conversion to analog signal is known as modulation; conversion
back to binary signal is known as demodulation.
In the terminology used in the RS-232C communication standard, modems are DCEs,
which mean the connected at one end to a DTE (e.g. computer) device. Low-speed modems
are designed to operate say ASK is not used For data communications because it is very sus-
ceptible to electrical noise interference. Low-speed modems use FSK, higher speed modems
use PSK, and the very high speed modems use a conjunction of ASK and PSK synchronously.
Each data frame conforms an asynchronous transmission mechanism.
3.5 Global Positioning System (GPS)
The Global Positioning System (GPS), is the only fully-functional satellite navigation
system. More than two dozen GPS satellites orbit the Earth, transmitting radio signals
which allow GPS receivers to determine their location, speed and direction. GPS has become
indispensable for navigation around the world and an important tool for map-making and
synchronization of telecommunications networks.
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21. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
Figure 3.6: GPS Module
3.5.1 Working of GPS
A GPS receiver calculates its position by measuring the distance between itself and
three or more GPS satellites. Measuring the time delay between transmission and reception
of each GPS radio signal gives the distance to each satellite, since the signal travels at a known
speed. The signals also carry information about the satellites’ location. By determining the
position of, and distance to, at least three satellites, the receiver can compute its location
using trilateration.Receivers do not have perfectly accurate clocks, and must track one extra
satellite to correct their clock error.
Trilateration is a method of determining the relative positions of objects using the
geometry of triangles in a similar fashion as triangulation. Unlike triangulation, which uses
angle measurements (together with at least one known distance) to calculate the subject’s
location, trilateration uses the known locations of two or more reference points, and the
measured distance between the subject and each reference point. To accurately and uniquely
determine the relative location of a point on a 2D plane using trilateration alone, generally
at least 3 reference points are needed.
3.5.2 GPS Receiver
In general, GPS receivers are composed of an antenna, tuned to the frequencies trans-
mitted by the satellites, receiver-processors, and a highly-stable clock. A receiver is often
described by its number of channels, which signifies how many satellites it can monitor
simultaneously.
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22. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
3.5.3 Frequencies used by GPS
• L1 (1575.42 MHz) - Mix of Navigation Message, coarse-acquisition (C/A) code and
encrypted precision P(Y) code.
• L2 (1227.60 MHz) - P(Y) code, and a second C/A code on the Block II-R and newer
satellites.
• L3 (1381.05 MHz) - Used by the Defense Support Program to signal detection of missile
launches, nuclear detonations, and other high-energy infrared events.
• L4 (1841.40 MHz) - Being studied for additional ionospheric correction.
• L5 (1176.45 MHz) - Proposed for use as a civilian safety-of-life (SoL) signal. This fre-
quency falls into an internationally protected range for aeronautical navigation, promis-
ing little or no interference under all circumstances. The first Block IIF satellite that
would provide this signal is set to be launched in 2008.
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23. Chapter 4
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
The softwares used for the development of the system are
• Keil Vision 4
• Philips LPC2000 flash utility V2.2.3
4.1 Keil vision 4
The Vision from keil combines project management, make facilities, source coding edit-
ing, program debugging and complete simulation in one powerful environment. The Vision
development platform is easy to use and helping one quickly create embedded program that
work. The vision editor and debugger are integrated in a single application that provides a
seamless embedded project development environment.
4.2 Philips LPC2000 flash utility V2.2.3
Philips LPC2000 flash utility is a special software program from Phillips which is used
to send new firmware to the product. It is used to serially dump the code. Without the
Bootloader, updating the main firmware in the product is more difficult, because the enclo-
sure must be opened to access the configuration button. The Phillips program, simplifies
the firmware update process. Figure 5.1 shows LPC2000 flash utility window which is used
for serial dumping of the code.
Figure 4.1: LPC2000 Flash Utility Window
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24. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
4.3 Flowcharts
The flowcharts given in the below demonstrate the working of accident reporting system
using MEMS and overall step by step functioning of the system.
Figure 4.2: Flowchart
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25. Chapter 5
Advantages and Disadvantages
5.1 Advantages
• Vehicle which has undergone accident can be identified using tracking technology.
• Few sensors are able to capture a wide variety of movements
• User convenience and effective power saving.
• Immediate medication will be provided to the victims in remote areas.
5.2 Disadvantages
• Delay in sensing of MEMS sensor motion.
• Existing system do not work if the system itself damaged in the vehicle accident.
• System is not very effective in case of accident of heavy vehicles
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26. Chapter 6
Result
In our project the ARM processor LPC 2148 is interfaced with LCD, GPS, GSM AND
MEMS .We had first tried to understand the working of our project through schematic and
then we proceeded to build the circuit as per the schematic. Initially we interfaced LCD
with LPC 2148 and the figures are shown below for the outputs :
Figure 6.1: LPC2148
Figure 6.2: LPC2148
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27. Chapter 7
Conclusion
This system can shorten the alarm time greatly and locate the accident spot accurately,
realizing the automation of accident detection and information transmission. Consequently,
it will save the rescuers form wasting their time in search. The experiments of model cars
collision and rollover proved that this system can automatically detect corresponding accident
and sent related information. Such functions can be achieved by buttons representing ”false
alarm”, help and safety, respectively.
To minimize deaths and the severe conditions due to accidents the GPS and GSM
technologies are used where immediate action would take place by the ambulance/police
service which might reduces the severity. Other advantages of the MEMS controlled system
are being unobtrusive, low cost, minimally invasive, flexible, and easy to operate.
7.1 Future Scope
There is a scope for improvement and as a future implementation we can add a wireless
webcam for capturing the images which will help in providing driver‘s assistance.This system
can be interfaced with vehicle airbag system that prevents vehicle occupants from striking
interior objects such as the steering wheel or window.
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30. ARM PROCESSOR LPC2148
The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 microcontrollers are based on a 32/16 bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU
with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combines the microcontroller
with embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB. A 128-bit wide
memory interface and a unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at
the maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb
mode reduces code by more than 30./. with minimal performance penalty. Due to their
tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2141/2/4/6/8 are ideal for applications where
miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and point-of-sale.
A blend of serial communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full Speed device,
multiple UARTs, SPI, SSP to I2Cs, and on-chip SRAM of 8 kB up to 40 kB, make these
devices very well suited for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft modems,
voice recognition and low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and high processing
power. Various 32-bit timers, single or dual 10-bit ADC(s),10-bit DAC, PWM channels and
45 fast GPIO lines with up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins make these
microcontrollers particularly suitable for industrial control and medical systems.
Features
• 8 to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 to 512 kB of on-chip flash program memory.
• 16/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.
• 128 bit wide interface/accelerator enables high speed 60 MHz operation.
• In-System/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot-loader software.
• Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of 256 bytes in 1 ms.
• Embedded ICE RT and E RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging
with the
• On-chip Real Monitor software and high speed tracing of instruction execution.
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31. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
Figure 7.1: ARM processor based LPC 2148 Microcontroller
• USB 2.0 Full Speed compliant Device Controller with 2 kB of endpoint RAM.
• In addition, the LPC2146/8 provide 8 kB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by DMA.
• One or two (LPC2141/2 vs. LPC2144/6/8) 10-bit A/D converters provide a total of
6/14
• analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 micro sec per channel.
• Single 10-bit D/A converter provides variable analog output.
• Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare chan-
nels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
• Low power real-time clock with independent power and dedicated 32 kHz clock input.
• Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus
• (400 kbit/s), SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
• Vectored interrupt controller with configurable priorities and vector addresses.
• Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package.
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32. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
• Up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins available.
• 60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip PLL with settling
time of 100 microseconds.
• On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal in range from 1 MHz
to 30 MHz and with an external oscillator up to 50 MHz.
• Power saving modes include Idle and Power-down.
• Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock scaling for
additional power optimization.
• Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt, USB, Brown-Out
Detect (BOD) or Real-Time Clock (RTC).
• Single power supply chip with Power-On Reset (POR) and BOD circuits:CPU operat-
ing voltage range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V per 10
Architectural Overview
The ARM7TDMI-S is a general purpose 32-bit microprocessor, which offers high per-
formance and very low power consumption. The ARM architecture is based on Reduced
Instruction Set Computer (RISC) principles, and the instruction set and related decode
mechanism are much simpler than those of micro programmed Complex Instruction Set
Computers (CISC). This simplicity results in a high instruction throughput and impressive
real-time interrupt response from a small and cost-effective processor core.
Pipeline techniques are employed so that all parts of the processing and memory
systems can operate continuously. Typically, while one instruction is being executed, its
successor is being decoded, and a third instruction is being fetched from memory. The
ARM7TDMI-S processor also employs a unique architectural strategy known as Thumb,
which makes it ideally suited to high-volume applications with memory restrictions, or appli-
cations where code density is an issue. The key idea behind Thumb is that of a super-reduced
instruction set. Essentially, the ARM7TDMI-S processor has two instruction sets:
• The standard 32-bit ARM set.
• A 16-bit Thumb set.
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33. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
The Thumb sets 16-bit instruction length allows it to approach twice the density of
standard ARM code while retaining most of the ARMs performance advantage over a tradi-
tional 16-bit processor using 16-bit registers. This is possible because Thumb code operates
on the same 32-bit register set as ARM code. Thumb code is able to provide up to 65./.
of the code size of ARM, and 160./. of the performance of an equivalent ARM processor
connected to a 16-bit memory system.
The particular flash implementation in the LPC2141/42/44/46/48 allows for full speed
execution also in ARM mode. It is recommended to program performance critical and short
code sections (such as interrupt service routines and DSP algorithms) in ARM mode. The
impact on the overall code size will be minimal but the speed can be increased by 30./. over
thumb mode.
Pin Diagram
The figure shows the 64 pin arrangement of LPC2148. The pin packaging is done as
per the users demand. The diagram explains the internal structure of the IC and provides
the idea of interconnections.
Figure 7.2: Pin Diagram Of LPC 2148
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34. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
Pin Functions
The pin connect block allows selected pins of the microcontroller to have more than
one function. Configuration registers control the multiplexers to allow connection between
the pin and the on chip peripherals. Peripherals should be connected to the appropriate
pins prior to being activated, and prior to any related interrupt(s) being enabled. Activity
of any enabled peripheral function that is not mapped to a related pin should be considered
undefined.
The Pin Control Module with its pin select registers defines the functionality of the
microcontroller in a given hardware environment. After reset all pins of Port 0 and 1 are
configured as input with the following exceptions: If debug is enabled, the JTAG pins will
assume their JTAG functionality; if trace is enabled, the trace pins will assume their trace
functionality. The pins associated with the I2C0 andI2C1 interface are open drain
On-Chip Flash Memory
The LPC2148 incorporate a 512 kB flash memory system. This memory may be used
for both code and data storage. Programming of the flash memory may be accomplished in
several ways. It may be programmed In System via the serial port. The application program
may also erase and/or program the flash while the application is running, allowing a great
degree of flexibility for data storage field firmware upgrades, etc. Due to the architectural
solution chosen for an on-chip boot loader, flash memory available for users code on LPC2148
is 500 kB. The LPC2148 flash memory provides a minimum of 100,000 erase/write cycles
and 20 years of data-retention.
On-Chip Static RAM
On-chip static RAM may be used for code and/or data storage. The SRAM may be
accessed as 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit. The LPC2148 provide 32 kB of static RAM. In case of
LPC2146/48 only, an 8 kB SRAM block intended to be utilized mainly by the USB can also
be used as a general purpose RAM for data storage and code storage and execution.
General Purpose Parallel I/O
Device pins that are not connected to a specific peripheral function are controlled by
the GPIO registers. Pins may be dynamically configured as inputs or outputs. Separate
registers allow setting or clearing any number of outputs simultaneously. The value of the
output register may be read back, as well as the current state of the port pins.
LPC2141/42/44/46/48 introduces accelerated GPIO functions over prior LPC2000 de-
vices:
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35. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
• GPIO registers are relocated to the ARM local bus for the fastest possible I/O timing.
• Mask registers allow treating sets of port bits as a group, leaving other bits unchanged.
• All GPIO registers are byte addressable.
• Entire port value can be written in one instruction.
10 Bit ADC
The LPC2141/42 contains one and the LPC2144/46/48 contains two analogs to digital
converters. These converters are single 10-bit successive approximation analog to digital
converters. While ADC0 has six channels, ADC1 has eight channels. Therefore, total number
of available ADC inputs for LPC2141/42 is 6 and for LPC2144/46/48 is 14.
Features
• 10 bit successive approximation analog to digital converter.
• Measurement range of 0 V to VREF (2.0 V VREF VDDA).
• Each converter capable of performing more than 400,000 10-bit samples per second.
• Every analog input has a dedicated result register to reduce interrupt overhead.
• Burst conversion mode for single or multiple inputs.
• Optional conversion on transition on input pin or timer match signal.
• Global Start command for both converters (LPC2142/44/46/48 only).
UARTS
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 each contains two UARTs. In addition to standard trans-
mit and receive data lines, the LPC2144/46/48 UART1 also provides a full modem con-
trol handshake interface. Compared to previous LPC2000 microcontrollers, UARTs in
LPC2141/42/44/48 introduce a fractional baud rate generator for both UARTs, enabling
these microcontrollers to achieve standard baud rates such as 115200 with any crystal fre-
quency above 2 MHz In addition, auto-CTS/RTS flow-control functions are fully imple-
mented in hardware (UART1 in LPC2144/46/48 only).
• 16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs.
• Register locations conform to 550 industry standard.
• Receiver FIFO trigger points at 1, 4, 8, and 14 bytes
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36. ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM USING MEMS 2014-15
• Built-in fractional baud rate generator covering wide range of baud rates without a
need for external crystals of particular values.
• Transmission FIFO control enables implementation of software (XON/XOFF) flow
control on both UARTs.
• LPC2144/46/48 UART1 equipped with standard modem interface signals. This mod-
ule also provides full support for hardware flow control (auto-CTS/RTS).
USB 2.0 Device Controller
The USB is a 4-wire serial bus that supports communication between a host and a
number (127 max) of peripherals. The host controller allocates the USB bandwidth to
attached devices through a token based protocol. The bus supports hot plugging, unplugging,
and dynamic configuration of the devices. All transactions are initiated by the host controller.
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 is equipped with a USB device controller that enables 12
Mbit/s data exchange with a USB host controller. It consists of a register interface, serial
interface engine, endpoint buffer memory and DMA controller. The serial interface engine
decodes the USB data stream and writes data to the appropriate end point buffer memory.
The status of a completed USB transfer or error condition is indicated via status registers.
An interrupt is also generated if enabled.
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