This document is a project report on an Eye Tracking Interpretation System submitted by three students as a partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering degree. It includes sections on introduction, literature survey, system description, software description, methodology, results, applications, and conclusion. The system uses an ultrasonic sensor and microcontroller to measure the distance to obstacles and displays it on an LCD screen. It aims to provide a low-cost solution for distance measurement that works in different light conditions including underwater.
This document summarizes a mini project report on an ultrasonic distance meter submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes an introduction, history of distance measurement techniques, circuit diagram, implementation details of the ultrasonic distance meter using an ATmega8 microcontroller, ultrasonic sensor, LCD display and buzzer. It also includes the block diagram, sample output, advantages, source code, conclusion and outlook for future improvements. The project involves designing and developing an ultrasonic distance measurement system to measure distances up to 4 meters without contact.
It is designed to measure the distance of any object by using an ultrasonic transducer. Ultrasonic means of distance measurement is a convenient method compared to traditional one using measurement scales.This kind of measurement is particularly applicable to inaccessible areas where traditional means cannot be implemented such as high temperature, pressure zones etc.
A report on ultrasonic distance measurementitfakash
The document describes an ultrasonic distance meter circuit. It consists of a microcontroller that encodes and transmits ultrasonic pulses via a transmitter. When the pulses reflect off an object, a receiver detects the echo and the microcontroller calculates the distance based on the time elapsed. It displays the measured distance on an LCD screen. The circuit uses various components like a voltage regulator, microcontroller, LCD, buzzer, and ultrasonic transducers to transmit pulses, receive echoes, and determine distances to objects.
Temperature based fan speed control & monitoring usingJagannath Dutta
Our object of making this project is for reducing the power consumption. And also to assist people who are disabled and are unable to control the speed of fan.
PROJECT REPORT ON Home automation using by BluetoothAakashkumar276
This document summarizes a student project on developing a home automation system using an Arduino board and Bluetooth. The system allows users to control electrical appliances like fans and lights in their home remotely using an Android phone app. The app communicates with an Arduino Uno microcontroller via HC-05 Bluetooth module. The Arduino is connected to a 4-channel relay board to switch appliances on and off. The project aims to provide a low-cost solution for remote home control without needing physical switches or remote controls.
B.Tech.Final Year ECE Project Report on Ultrasonic distance measure robotSushant Shankar
ULTRA-4 or ultrasonic distance measure robot is a robot which perform many action such as it gives the actual position of wall or obstacle which comes in front of it, measures the distance which displayed by 7-segment and also show the moving images of the objects by camera.
The application area of ultra-4 is very wide such as rescue oprations, spy robot, versatile use in autonomus technology,use in mining,it has found essential use in light industry (e.g. toy industry) agriculture and power engineering and used in car parking system.
design of FPGA based traffic light controller systemVinny Chweety
The document describes the design of an FPGA-based traffic light controller system that uses sensors to detect vehicle presence and a finite state machine to control the timing of traffic lights at an intersection between a highway and side road. It discusses the requirements for the system, including coordinating light timing, responding to sensor inputs, and generating timing signals. The proposed design implements these functions on an FPGA to intelligently manage traffic flow based on vehicle demand.
Obstacle detection using ultra sonic sensorsatyashanker
The document summarizes the working principles and applications of ultrasonic sensors, specifically the HC-SR04 sensor. It describes how ultrasonic sensors use piezoelectric materials to generate and detect sound waves to measure the distance to targets. The HC-SR04 sensor can detect objects from 2cm to 400cm away and is unaffected by light or dark surfaces. Its operation involves transmitting ultrasonic pulses and measuring the echo return time to determine distance. Common applications of ultrasonic sensors include obstacle detection, motion sensing, and liquid level measurement.
This document summarizes a mini project report on an ultrasonic distance meter submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes an introduction, history of distance measurement techniques, circuit diagram, implementation details of the ultrasonic distance meter using an ATmega8 microcontroller, ultrasonic sensor, LCD display and buzzer. It also includes the block diagram, sample output, advantages, source code, conclusion and outlook for future improvements. The project involves designing and developing an ultrasonic distance measurement system to measure distances up to 4 meters without contact.
It is designed to measure the distance of any object by using an ultrasonic transducer. Ultrasonic means of distance measurement is a convenient method compared to traditional one using measurement scales.This kind of measurement is particularly applicable to inaccessible areas where traditional means cannot be implemented such as high temperature, pressure zones etc.
A report on ultrasonic distance measurementitfakash
The document describes an ultrasonic distance meter circuit. It consists of a microcontroller that encodes and transmits ultrasonic pulses via a transmitter. When the pulses reflect off an object, a receiver detects the echo and the microcontroller calculates the distance based on the time elapsed. It displays the measured distance on an LCD screen. The circuit uses various components like a voltage regulator, microcontroller, LCD, buzzer, and ultrasonic transducers to transmit pulses, receive echoes, and determine distances to objects.
Temperature based fan speed control & monitoring usingJagannath Dutta
Our object of making this project is for reducing the power consumption. And also to assist people who are disabled and are unable to control the speed of fan.
PROJECT REPORT ON Home automation using by BluetoothAakashkumar276
This document summarizes a student project on developing a home automation system using an Arduino board and Bluetooth. The system allows users to control electrical appliances like fans and lights in their home remotely using an Android phone app. The app communicates with an Arduino Uno microcontroller via HC-05 Bluetooth module. The Arduino is connected to a 4-channel relay board to switch appliances on and off. The project aims to provide a low-cost solution for remote home control without needing physical switches or remote controls.
B.Tech.Final Year ECE Project Report on Ultrasonic distance measure robotSushant Shankar
ULTRA-4 or ultrasonic distance measure robot is a robot which perform many action such as it gives the actual position of wall or obstacle which comes in front of it, measures the distance which displayed by 7-segment and also show the moving images of the objects by camera.
The application area of ultra-4 is very wide such as rescue oprations, spy robot, versatile use in autonomus technology,use in mining,it has found essential use in light industry (e.g. toy industry) agriculture and power engineering and used in car parking system.
design of FPGA based traffic light controller systemVinny Chweety
The document describes the design of an FPGA-based traffic light controller system that uses sensors to detect vehicle presence and a finite state machine to control the timing of traffic lights at an intersection between a highway and side road. It discusses the requirements for the system, including coordinating light timing, responding to sensor inputs, and generating timing signals. The proposed design implements these functions on an FPGA to intelligently manage traffic flow based on vehicle demand.
Obstacle detection using ultra sonic sensorsatyashanker
The document summarizes the working principles and applications of ultrasonic sensors, specifically the HC-SR04 sensor. It describes how ultrasonic sensors use piezoelectric materials to generate and detect sound waves to measure the distance to targets. The HC-SR04 sensor can detect objects from 2cm to 400cm away and is unaffected by light or dark surfaces. Its operation involves transmitting ultrasonic pulses and measuring the echo return time to determine distance. Common applications of ultrasonic sensors include obstacle detection, motion sensing, and liquid level measurement.
Distance Measurement Using Ultrasonic Sensor and NodemcuIRJET Journal
This document describes a distance measurement system using an ultrasonic sensor and NodeMCU microcontroller. The system is designed to remotely monitor and measure distances of obstacles for surveillance purposes. It works by sending ultrasonic pulses and measuring the echo return time to calculate distance. The NodeMCU transmits distance data from the ultrasonic sensor to a smartphone app via WiFi in real-time. The system allows remote monitoring of areas with obstacles detected and distance information sent automatically to a mobile device.
This document provides a project report on a Bluetooth controlled robot car. The project uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller, HC-05 Bluetooth module, L293D motor driver, and two DC motors to build a robot car that can be controlled remotely via a Bluetooth connected Android device running a control application. The report describes the hardware and software design and implementation, including connecting the Bluetooth module to the Arduino, sending control commands from the app to drive the motors via the motor driver, and a flowchart of the Arduino sketch logic. The total cost of components for the project was around 1315 INR. The conclusion states that the project demonstrated using Arduino and Bluetooth to remotely control devices like lights and appliances via a smartphone.
Automatic railway gate control using arduino unoselvalakshmi24
This document describes an automatic railway gate control system using Arduino Uno. The system uses IR sensors to detect the arrival and departure of trains. When a train is detected, the system closes the railway gate automatically using servo or DC motors controlled by the Arduino. Buzzers notify people trying to cross the gate that it is closing. The system aims to prevent accidents at unmanned railway crossings by automating gate operation instead of manual control. The hardware components include an Arduino Uno, IR sensors, motors, buzzers and more. The system is programmed using Arduino C code.
This document describes a smart door locking system using an Arduino board. The system uses a keypad to enter a password, which is checked by the Arduino. If the correct password is entered, the Arduino sends a signal to a servo motor to unlock the door. The system aims to provide secure, password-protected access to restricted areas. It uses an Arduino board along with a keypad, servo motor, and LCD display to control a door lock. The document outlines the hardware, software, working mechanism, and concludes the system provides a cost-effective, easy to install smart locking alternative to conventional door locks.
BLUETOOTH CONTROL ROBOT WITH ANDROID APPLICATIONVarun Divekar
This document proposes designing a Bluetooth controlled robot that can be operated wirelessly via a smartphone. It discusses using an Arduino board connected to DC motors and a Bluetooth module to allow control of the robot's movement. A literature review covers previous work on Bluetooth communication systems for robot control. The objectives are to allow forward, reverse and turning control of the robot from a phone and transmit instructions wirelessly via Bluetooth. The methodology involves programming an Android app for control and analyzing the Bluetooth module connection.
This document describes the design and implementation of a real time clock using an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller and DS3231 RTC IC. The DS3231 IC measures time and temperature even without main power using a backup battery. It communicates with the Arduino via I2C protocol to display date, time, and temperature on a LCD screen in real time. The project aims to build a low power RTC that can keep accurate time even during power failures.
This document summarizes a senior design project report for a smart glove that translates hand gestures into vocalized speech. The project aims to help deaf and mute people communicate by converting sign language gestures into audio that can be understood by others. The smart glove uses flex sensors on the fingers and an accelerometer to detect hand and finger movements. An AVR microcontroller reads the sensor data and sends it to a speech synthesizer module that outputs the corresponding audio. The report describes the design process, including an overview of the hardware and software components, sensor testing and interfacing, gesture recognition algorithms, and prototype testing. The smart glove aims to improve communication for deaf and mute individuals and reduce barriers between them and others.
The document describes a robotic car project that uses an 8051 microcontroller, LCD display, and common components. The robotic car can be controlled with switches and has a program saved to non-volatile memory. It uses a gear system and stepper motor for precise movement. The car has applications in monitoring hazardous areas, security, lifting weights, and military and detection uses.
The document proposes a low-cost, wireless remote health monitoring system using sensors to measure vital signs like temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and lung capacity. The sensor data is sent to a monitoring system via wireless communication networks and the Internet of Things (IoT), allowing doctors to remotely monitor patients and reducing the need for frequent in-person visits. The proposed system aims to make healthcare more accessible and affordable for chronic disease patients.
This was one of my Diploma in Engineering Projects.
It's a Voice controlled Home Automation System which works with the Internet. Which means you can control your home appliances from anywhere.
I did the Presentation for the Home Automation System. I was also one of the core team members who made it happen.
Here are the complete powerpoint slides.
Thank You
The document is an industrial training report submitted by Aman Jaiswal to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes a declaration, certificate, acknowledgement, abstract, and profile of Roboslog Pvt Ltd where the training took place. The report describes various training courses provided by Roboslog on topics like ARM, AVR, IoT, PCB design, 8051 microcontrollers, and Raspberry Pi. It also outlines projects completed during the internship, including an obstacle avoiding robot, NPK soil detection, smart air purifier, and WiFi quadcopter.
The document summarizes a technical seminar presentation on an ultrasonic radar system using a microcontroller. It describes the system architecture which includes a 8051 microcontroller, ultrasonic sensor, buzzer, and servo motor. It provides details on the implementation including interfacing these components and operating voltages. Advantages include ability to work in adverse conditions and high sensing distances. Applications discussed include target detection and traffic enforcement. The conclusion states the designed project can detect objects within 30cm and provide audio alerts.
Minor Project Report: Automatic Door Control SystemSaban Kumar K.C.
This minor project is based on the automatic door control system used in a room or hall based on IR sensor. This project is applicable at such places where the people are busy and people are in large number.
This project aims to design a Bluetooth controlled robot car that can be controlled using an Android phone or laptop. An Atmega8 microcontroller is used for serial communication via a Bluetooth HC-05 module using embedded C programming. The HC-05 module allows wireless Bluetooth control of the robot car from a phone or laptop. An L293D motor driver is used to control the motors based on commands received over Bluetooth from the Android device.
The Automatic railway gate control system by android remote control is used to operate and control unmanned railway gate in order to avoid train accidents.
This document describes a student project to build a distance meter using ultrasonic transducers. It includes an abstract, table of contents, and sections on background, literature review, and methodology. The project will use an ultrasonic reflection method to measure distance, which is simpler than laser methods. An Arduino board will control an ultrasonic sensor module to emit and receive ultrasonic pulses and calculate distance based on time of flight.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Akhil Garg to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. It discusses embedded systems and the 8051 microcontroller family. Specifically, it provides an introduction to embedded systems, compares microprocessors and microcontrollers, describes the architecture and features of the 8051 microcontroller, explains programming the 8051 in both assembly and C languages, and includes examples of programming the 8051 to control LEDs, 7-segment displays, LCDs, keypads and more. It also discusses the tools needed for 8051 programming including the Keil compiler and Flash Magic programmer.
The ultrasonic sensor transmits ultrasonic waves above 20 kHz and detects the reflected waves with a receiver to measure distance. The HC-SR04 module can measure distances from 2 to 400 cm with 5V power and works by sending a 10 microsecond trigger signal to initiate a transmission, then measuring the echo pulse width to calculate the distance. Ultrasonic sensors can be used to measure distance, level, presence and more without contact and have applications in obstacle detection robots, parking assistance systems and more.
This document describes a project to design and build a prototype automated parking lot system using an Arduino board. The objectives are to control the system for automated parking and learn how to program Arduino. The system will use sensors to track the number of occupied and unoccupied spaces, raise gates to allow entry and exit, and track parking times. An Arduino Uno microcontroller, sensors, servo motor, 7-segment display and other components will be used to control the gates and display parking information based on sensor inputs. The code will be programmed using the Arduino IDE and uploaded to the microcontroller to operate the system.
Distance Measurement Using Ultrasonic Sensor and NodemcuIRJET Journal
This document describes a distance measurement system using an ultrasonic sensor and NodeMCU microcontroller. The system is designed to remotely monitor and measure distances of obstacles for surveillance purposes. It works by sending ultrasonic pulses and measuring the echo return time to calculate distance. The NodeMCU transmits distance data from the ultrasonic sensor to a smartphone app via WiFi in real-time. The system allows remote monitoring of areas with obstacles detected and distance information sent automatically to a mobile device.
This document provides a project report on a Bluetooth controlled robot car. The project uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller, HC-05 Bluetooth module, L293D motor driver, and two DC motors to build a robot car that can be controlled remotely via a Bluetooth connected Android device running a control application. The report describes the hardware and software design and implementation, including connecting the Bluetooth module to the Arduino, sending control commands from the app to drive the motors via the motor driver, and a flowchart of the Arduino sketch logic. The total cost of components for the project was around 1315 INR. The conclusion states that the project demonstrated using Arduino and Bluetooth to remotely control devices like lights and appliances via a smartphone.
Automatic railway gate control using arduino unoselvalakshmi24
This document describes an automatic railway gate control system using Arduino Uno. The system uses IR sensors to detect the arrival and departure of trains. When a train is detected, the system closes the railway gate automatically using servo or DC motors controlled by the Arduino. Buzzers notify people trying to cross the gate that it is closing. The system aims to prevent accidents at unmanned railway crossings by automating gate operation instead of manual control. The hardware components include an Arduino Uno, IR sensors, motors, buzzers and more. The system is programmed using Arduino C code.
This document describes a smart door locking system using an Arduino board. The system uses a keypad to enter a password, which is checked by the Arduino. If the correct password is entered, the Arduino sends a signal to a servo motor to unlock the door. The system aims to provide secure, password-protected access to restricted areas. It uses an Arduino board along with a keypad, servo motor, and LCD display to control a door lock. The document outlines the hardware, software, working mechanism, and concludes the system provides a cost-effective, easy to install smart locking alternative to conventional door locks.
BLUETOOTH CONTROL ROBOT WITH ANDROID APPLICATIONVarun Divekar
This document proposes designing a Bluetooth controlled robot that can be operated wirelessly via a smartphone. It discusses using an Arduino board connected to DC motors and a Bluetooth module to allow control of the robot's movement. A literature review covers previous work on Bluetooth communication systems for robot control. The objectives are to allow forward, reverse and turning control of the robot from a phone and transmit instructions wirelessly via Bluetooth. The methodology involves programming an Android app for control and analyzing the Bluetooth module connection.
This document describes the design and implementation of a real time clock using an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller and DS3231 RTC IC. The DS3231 IC measures time and temperature even without main power using a backup battery. It communicates with the Arduino via I2C protocol to display date, time, and temperature on a LCD screen in real time. The project aims to build a low power RTC that can keep accurate time even during power failures.
This document summarizes a senior design project report for a smart glove that translates hand gestures into vocalized speech. The project aims to help deaf and mute people communicate by converting sign language gestures into audio that can be understood by others. The smart glove uses flex sensors on the fingers and an accelerometer to detect hand and finger movements. An AVR microcontroller reads the sensor data and sends it to a speech synthesizer module that outputs the corresponding audio. The report describes the design process, including an overview of the hardware and software components, sensor testing and interfacing, gesture recognition algorithms, and prototype testing. The smart glove aims to improve communication for deaf and mute individuals and reduce barriers between them and others.
The document describes a robotic car project that uses an 8051 microcontroller, LCD display, and common components. The robotic car can be controlled with switches and has a program saved to non-volatile memory. It uses a gear system and stepper motor for precise movement. The car has applications in monitoring hazardous areas, security, lifting weights, and military and detection uses.
The document proposes a low-cost, wireless remote health monitoring system using sensors to measure vital signs like temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and lung capacity. The sensor data is sent to a monitoring system via wireless communication networks and the Internet of Things (IoT), allowing doctors to remotely monitor patients and reducing the need for frequent in-person visits. The proposed system aims to make healthcare more accessible and affordable for chronic disease patients.
This was one of my Diploma in Engineering Projects.
It's a Voice controlled Home Automation System which works with the Internet. Which means you can control your home appliances from anywhere.
I did the Presentation for the Home Automation System. I was also one of the core team members who made it happen.
Here are the complete powerpoint slides.
Thank You
The document is an industrial training report submitted by Aman Jaiswal to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes a declaration, certificate, acknowledgement, abstract, and profile of Roboslog Pvt Ltd where the training took place. The report describes various training courses provided by Roboslog on topics like ARM, AVR, IoT, PCB design, 8051 microcontrollers, and Raspberry Pi. It also outlines projects completed during the internship, including an obstacle avoiding robot, NPK soil detection, smart air purifier, and WiFi quadcopter.
The document summarizes a technical seminar presentation on an ultrasonic radar system using a microcontroller. It describes the system architecture which includes a 8051 microcontroller, ultrasonic sensor, buzzer, and servo motor. It provides details on the implementation including interfacing these components and operating voltages. Advantages include ability to work in adverse conditions and high sensing distances. Applications discussed include target detection and traffic enforcement. The conclusion states the designed project can detect objects within 30cm and provide audio alerts.
Minor Project Report: Automatic Door Control SystemSaban Kumar K.C.
This minor project is based on the automatic door control system used in a room or hall based on IR sensor. This project is applicable at such places where the people are busy and people are in large number.
This project aims to design a Bluetooth controlled robot car that can be controlled using an Android phone or laptop. An Atmega8 microcontroller is used for serial communication via a Bluetooth HC-05 module using embedded C programming. The HC-05 module allows wireless Bluetooth control of the robot car from a phone or laptop. An L293D motor driver is used to control the motors based on commands received over Bluetooth from the Android device.
The Automatic railway gate control system by android remote control is used to operate and control unmanned railway gate in order to avoid train accidents.
This document describes a student project to build a distance meter using ultrasonic transducers. It includes an abstract, table of contents, and sections on background, literature review, and methodology. The project will use an ultrasonic reflection method to measure distance, which is simpler than laser methods. An Arduino board will control an ultrasonic sensor module to emit and receive ultrasonic pulses and calculate distance based on time of flight.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Akhil Garg to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. It discusses embedded systems and the 8051 microcontroller family. Specifically, it provides an introduction to embedded systems, compares microprocessors and microcontrollers, describes the architecture and features of the 8051 microcontroller, explains programming the 8051 in both assembly and C languages, and includes examples of programming the 8051 to control LEDs, 7-segment displays, LCDs, keypads and more. It also discusses the tools needed for 8051 programming including the Keil compiler and Flash Magic programmer.
The ultrasonic sensor transmits ultrasonic waves above 20 kHz and detects the reflected waves with a receiver to measure distance. The HC-SR04 module can measure distances from 2 to 400 cm with 5V power and works by sending a 10 microsecond trigger signal to initiate a transmission, then measuring the echo pulse width to calculate the distance. Ultrasonic sensors can be used to measure distance, level, presence and more without contact and have applications in obstacle detection robots, parking assistance systems and more.
This document describes a project to design and build a prototype automated parking lot system using an Arduino board. The objectives are to control the system for automated parking and learn how to program Arduino. The system will use sensors to track the number of occupied and unoccupied spaces, raise gates to allow entry and exit, and track parking times. An Arduino Uno microcontroller, sensors, servo motor, 7-segment display and other components will be used to control the gates and display parking information based on sensor inputs. The code will be programmed using the Arduino IDE and uploaded to the microcontroller to operate the system.
The paper presents an Arduino-based wireless sensor network to monitor parking lots using a non-standard low-power energy-balanced system. The event-driven routing protocol follows the hierarchical clustering philosophy. Energy is saved by minimising the number of transmissions needed to forward information to the base station. The smart sensor platform is build using the popular Arduino development platform, Sharp IR distance sensors and nRF24 low-power radio modules. Our practical results show that this platform is easy to use, but not the most appropriate platform to develop low-power wireless sensor network applications.
Class materials for teaching the use of the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor with an Arduino Uno. These materials were originally used in Startathon 2016.
The code is available here. https://github.com/SustainableLivingLab/ultrasonic-hc-sr04-usage
This document describes an Arduino-based parking lot system project created by two students. The system uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller to keep track of the number of parked cars, display vacant spaces on a 7-segment display, and control a gate arm. The objectives are to design and build a prototype automated parking system and learn how to program and operate such a system using Arduino. Required materials include an Arduino Uno, servo motor, display, resistors, breadboard, and other basic electronic components. Potential real-world applications and current limitations are also outlined.
Obstacle detection Robot using Ultrasonic Sensor and Arduino UNOSanjay Kumar
This document describes how to build an obstacle detection robot using an Arduino UNO, ultrasonic sensor, and motor driver module. It explains the components used, including the Arduino, ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles from 2-400cm away, and an L298N motor driver module to control DC motors. It provides details on connecting the components, programming the ultrasonic sensor to trigger and receive echo signals to determine distances, and controlling the motor's direction depending on detected obstacles to help the robot navigate. Code and more details are available at the provided GitHub link.
This is a presentation of OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOT. which has the details on making an obstacle avoider using arduino uno, ultrasonic sensor. This presentation has the detailed description of all the components that are being used in making. And also circuit diagram and flow chart of the robot.
The document discusses Arduino, an open-source electronics prototyping platform. It began in 2005 as a cheaper alternative for students to use in physical computing classes compared to other microcontroller boards. Arduino boards use a microcontroller, such as the Atmega328, and can be programmed and controlled from a computer. The Arduino software and hardware designs are open-source, allowing anyone to build upon and distribute Arduino clones and compatible boards. The Arduino platform and community have grown significantly since 2005.
The document reports on Tong Xu's experience making an Arduino shield in the ECE Lab. The process involved laying out components on a stripboard according to a LED circuit diagram, carefully cutting tracks to prevent cross-circuiting, soldering the components while wearing safety glasses, and fitting the completed shield onto an Arduino board. Tong then wrote code to control an LED using a potentiometer, and was able to successfully light the LED by running the Arduino on a Mac computer.
Ultrasonic based distance measurement systemMrinal Sharma
Ultrasonic waves, which have a frequency above the human hearing range, can be used to measure distance. An ultrasonic transducer sends ultrasonic pulses and receives echoes to determine the distance to an object. A piezoelectric crystal is commonly used in ultrasonic transducers to generate and detect ultrasonic waves. In this ultrasonic distance measurement system, an 80251 microcontroller analyzes the time of flight for ultrasonic pulses to calculate the distance to a target and displays it on an LCD screen. The system provides an inexpensive, compact solution for distance measurement.
This document is a project report on a Smart Street System. It describes a system that aims to automate street lighting and enable real-time monitoring of streets. The system connects all streetlights to a central server using IoT. This allows the lights to be controlled remotely and usage to be analyzed. Sensors detect factors like light levels and motion to automatically adjust brightness or turn lights on/off. Video cameras monitor streets for unusual activities which are reported. The project aims to improve energy efficiency of street lighting and enhance security.
This document describes the design of an automated class attendance recording system by Carel van Wyk. The system uses RFID and WiFi technologies to record student attendance. The design includes hardware components like an RFID scanner, LCD display, keypad, and processing board. Software components include a database to store attendance records, memory mapping, LCD layout, and a website for device configuration. Testing was conducted on hardware modules and their integration. Measurements show the WiFi and RFID modules work as intended. The system will integrate with an existing MyStudies application and server to manage attendance records.
This document is a project report that describes the design and implementation of a microcontroller-based password protected home appliance. The system uses an ATmega8 microcontroller to control a keypad, LCD display, buzzer, and relay. When the correct four-digit password is entered on the keypad, the relay activates to power the appliance and a message is displayed on the LCD. If an incorrect password is entered, the buzzer sounds and access is denied. The report provides details on the hardware components, software code, and circuit diagrams.
This document describes a student project to develop an affordable environmental monitoring and controlling system for greenhouses. It aims to create a low-cost wireless sensor network using sensor nodes to measure factors like temperature, humidity, and soil moisture. The sensor data will be sent to a centralized server and displayed on a web interface to allow remote monitoring. Farmers will be able to view real-time sensor readings and historical data charts to help control the greenhouse environment and improve crop yields. The project aims to address the need for affordable sensor systems for farmers in developing countries like Sri Lanka.
This document describes a MEMS-controlled accident reporting system that uses an accelerometer and GPS to detect vehicle accidents. When an accident occurs, the accelerometer detects vibrations and sends a signal to an ARM controller. The microcontroller then enables an airbag and sends a message with the accident location from the GPS to emergency contacts via GSM. The system aims to reduce response times and save lives by quickly notifying emergency services and relatives of accidents.
This document presents a dissertation on designing and implementing a 3D hand tracking interface using the Nintendo Wii Remote. It begins with an introduction describing the background and objectives of the project. It then provides a literature review on the Wii Remote's capabilities and technical specifications. The document outlines several conceptual models for hand tracking with increasing degrees of freedom. It presents the implementation of a 6 degree of freedom hand tracking system using two IR light sources and the Wii Remote's infrared camera. Testing and results demonstrate that the system allows for fast and accurate 3D tracking of hands at low cost, with potential applications for molecular visualization and other CAD programs.
Maxime Javaux - Automated spike analysisMaxime Javaux
This document summarizes Maxime Javaux's master's thesis conducted at the University of Liège for Melexis to develop an automated spike analysis tool for integrated circuit production testing. The tool aims to detect undesirable high frequency voltage spikes during testing that could damage components, and to localize the source of any spikes found. To achieve this, the thesis designed analog circuit boards to detect spikes and interface with an oscilloscope for data acquisition. It also created a computer program to synchronize the test equipment, acquire and analyze waveforms, and identify which tests produce spikes. The completed tool allows test engineers to more efficiently debug spike issues, reducing analysis time from days or weeks to just hours.
The document is a report submitted by Priya Hada to Ms. Pushpa Gotwal on PLC and SCADA. It includes a certificate signed by Mr. Sudhir Kumar Mishra confirming Priya completed the work. The report contains an introduction to automation, PLCs, and SCADA. It discusses the history and features of PLCs, and provides examples of ladder logic programming. It also covers the architecture, communications, interfacing and applications of SCADA systems.
Vehicle to Vehicle Communication using Bluetooth and GPS.Mayur Wadekar
This document is a project report on vehicle to vehicle wireless communication using Bluetooth and GPS. It describes a system developed by four students to enable vehicles to share location data with each other using onboard GPS receivers and Bluetooth transmitters. The system aims to improve road safety by allowing vehicles to be aware of other nearby vehicles' positions. The report outlines the objectives, methodology, system components, implementation, performance analysis and applications of the proposed vehicle communication system.
This document summarizes the design and development of a laser sensor interface and tire DOT code scanning software. A laser sensor was selected to scan tire DOT codes due to its ability to create distance profiles of tire surfaces. A communication interface was built using a microcontroller, RS485 transceiver, and USB-to-serial converter to connect the laser sensor to a PC. Software was developed in C++ to control the sensor and acquire DOT code scans, and image processing techniques were explored in MATLAB and OpenCV to preprocess scan data. The laser sensor interface and scanning software provide an effective solution for reading important tire information like production dates from their DOT codes.
Final thesis report on eye tracking based driver fatigue hardeep singh pec un...HardeepSingh Dhillon
Published in: Power Electronics (IICPE), 2010 India International Conference on
Date of Conference: 28-30 Jan. 2011
Date Added to IEEE Xplore: 10 March 2011
ISBN Information:
Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4244-7882-8
Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-7883-5
CD-ROM ISBN: 978-1-4244-7881-1
Print on Demand(PoD) ISBN: 978-1-4244-7883-5
ISSN Information:
INSPEC Accession Number: 11873780
DOI: 10.1109/IICPE.2011.5728062
Publisher: IEEE
ABSTRACT The Project entitled “Eye Tracking based Driver Fatigue Monitoring and Warning System” consists of the hardware and the software modules. The main idea behind this project is to develope a non-intrusive system which can detect fatigue of driver and issue a timely warning. Since large number of road accidents are caused by driver drowsiness. Hence this system will be helpful in preventing many accidents, and consequently save money and reduce personal suffering. This system will detect eye movement to detect the fatigue state of driver. By monitoring the eyes using camera and developing an algorithm we can detect symptoms of driver fatigue early enough to avoid an accident. So this project will be helpful in detecting driver fatigue in advance and will gave a warning output in form of sound and vibration. For indication of warning we will use two approaches i.e one by blowing alarm and second by seat belt vibration whose frequency will vary between 100 to 300 Hzs. Moreover the warning will be deactivated manually rather than automatically. So for this purpose a deactivation switch will be used to deactivate warning. Moreover if driver felt drowsy there is possibility of sudden acceleration or de-acceleration hence we can judge this by plotting a graph in time domain and when all three input variables shows a possibility of fatigue at one moment then a warning signal is shown in form of text or red colour circle. This will directly give an indication of drowsiness/fatigue which can be further used as record of driver performance or can be used by traffic police which can take further action accordingly.
Thesis report on eye tracking based driver fatigue hardeep singh pec universi...HardeepSingh Dhillon
The Project entitled “Eye Tracking based Driver Fatigue Monitoring and Warning System” consists of the hardware and the software modules. The main idea behind this project is to develope a non-intrusive system which can detect fatigue of driver and issue a timely warning. Since large number of road accidents are caused by driver drowsiness. Hence this system will be helpful in preventing many accidents, and consequently save money and reduce personal suffering. This system will detect eye movement to detect the fatigue state of driver. By monitoring the eyes using camera and developing an algorithm we can detect symptoms of driver fatigue early enough to avoid an accident. So this project will be helpful in detecting driver fatigue in advance and will gave a warning output in form of sound and vibration. For indication of warning we will use two approaches i.e one by blowing alarm and second by seat belt vibration whose frequency will vary between 100 to 300 Hzs. Moreover the warning will be deactivated manually rather than automatically. So for this purpose a deactivation switch will be used to deactivate warning. Moreover if driver felt drowsy there is possibility of sudden acceleration or de-acceleration hence we can judge this by plotting a graph in time domain and when all three input variables shows a possibility of fatigue at one moment then a warning signal is shown in form of text or red colour circle. This will directly give an indication of drowsiness/fatigue which can be further used as record of driver performance or can be used by traffic police which can take further action accordingly.
The document outlines the components and methodology for a project on a vending machine controlled by sensors and Arduino. It includes chapters on the circuit diagram, components like Arduino, motors, sensors. It describes the coding and flowchart for the procedure to sense the line and select options. The objectives are to create an automated, cost efficient vending machine that can make different coffee decoctions using sensors and artificial intelligence.
The document is a project report submitted by three students - Rishabh Hastu, Parag Jagtap and Abhishek Shukla - for their Bachelor's degree. It examines security challenges in cognitive radio networks and proposes a two-stage solution. The first stage involves efficient spectrum sensing using eigenvalue-based energy detection. The second stage detects unauthorized malicious users using a security algorithm and encryption, which the malicious users cannot decrypt without the secret key. The project was carried out under the guidance of Prof. D.D. Ambawade at Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan’s Sardar Patel Institute of Technology, University of Mumbai.
This document describes the design of a real-time standalone system for controlling load resonant inverters using a TMS320F28335 digital signal processor (DSP). It discusses implementing a digital control algorithm optimized in embedded C language. The algorithm is experimentally evaluated on a load resonant inverter prototype for an induction heating system. Sections cover literature review on induction heating and switched mode power supplies, the control algorithm mathematical model and software model, implementation details including hardware/software components and experimental setups, simulation and real-time results, and conclusions.
This document is the bachelor's thesis of Cristóbal Cuevas García from June 2018. The thesis proposes a preliminary collision avoidance system for unmanned aerial vehicles using ultrasonic range finders and an Arduino microcontroller board. The system involves assembling a quadcopter from scratch and integrating additional hardware and software for collision avoidance. Ground and flight tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the collision avoidance system in detecting obstacles and maneuvering the quadcopter to avoid collisions. While the system was able to detect obstacles and trigger avoidance maneuvers, improving stability after avoidance maneuvers was identified as an area for future work.
This document describes a project to integrate satellite substations in Colombo City, Sri Lanka into the existing SCADA system of the Ceylon Electricity Board. The project aims to connect more satellite substations and automate them in a cost-effective way. It also aims to provide CEB engineers mobile access to alarm data through a virtual private network. The project is divided into four phases: 1) SCADA system integration using Viola M2M gateways and RTUs; 2) Design and implementation of a secondary server for packet inspection and analysis; 3) Development of Android and web applications; 4) Experimenting with wireless communication to bypass power transformers. Challenges addressed include interoperability issues and
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1. A Project Report on
EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
Submitted by
Name Seat No
GAVHALE NAVLESH B120283824
GAVHANE DEVENDRA B120283825
KURKUTE SIDDHESHWAR B120283843
A Project report submitted as a partial fulfillment towards Project for term-II of
Bachelor of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,
2015-16
Under the guidance of
Mrs.S.R.Pawar
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi (D),
Pune 412 105
Savitribai Phule Pune University.
2015-2016
2. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Name Seat No
NAVLESH GAVHALE B120283824
DEVENDRA GAVHANE B120283825
SIDDHESHWAR KURKUTE B120283843
of
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi (D), Pune have submitted Project report on
EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM as a partial fulfillment of term II for award
of degree of Bachelor of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, from Savitribai Phule
Pune University, Pune, during the academic year 2015-16.
Project Guide Head of Dept
Mrs.S.R.Pawar Dr.M.D.Goudar
External Examiner
3. Acknowledgement
We take this opportunity to thank certain people without whom this endeavor would not have been
possible. We would also express our thanks to the head of Department of Electronics engineering
Dr.M.D.Goudar. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our guide Mrs.S.R.Pawar
for constant encouragement, help and guidance without which this project would not have been
completed.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude towards Mr.S.A.Khandekar, Mr.P.R.Ubare,
Mr.G.R.Vyawhare, Mr.P.P.Kumbhar for their constant support and valuable advice throughout
the progress of the project. Last but not the least, We express our heartiest acknowledgement to
our parents, friends and colleagues who directly or indirectly helped us in completing the project.
4. ABSTRACT
Distance measurement of an object in the path of a person, equipment, or a vehicle, stationary or
moving is used in a large number of applications such as robotic movement control, vehicle con-
trol, blind mans walking stick, medical applications, etc. Measurement using ultrasonic sensors is
one of the cheapest among various options. In this project distance measurement of an obstacle
by using ultrasonic sensor and a microcontroller is presented.
8. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
List of Tables
3.1 Component Cost Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9.1 Project Schedule Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
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9. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Distance measurement of an object in front or by the side of a moving entity is required in a large
number of devices. These devices may be small or large and also quite simple or complicated.
Such distance measurement systems are available. These use various kinds of sensors and sys-
tems. Low cost and accuracy as well as speed is important in most of the applications.
In this project, we have implemented such a measurement system which uses ultrasonic sensor
unit and a ATmega32 microcontroller based system. This microcontroller is easily available at low
cost. A correlation is applied to minimize the error in the measured distance. Ultrasound sensors
are very versatile in distance measurement. They are also providing the cheapest solutions. Ultra-
sound waves are useful for both the air and underwater. Ultrasonic sensors are also quite fast for
most of the common applications. In simpler system a low cost version of 8- bit microcontroller
can also be used in the system to lower the cost.
The current methods of blockage detection are based on manual visual inspection and inspection
through CCD camera based equipments. In such systems first pictures of obstacle can be obtained
and then they are observed and analyzed. The main limitation of these systems are that they cannot
tell you the exact distance or location of the obstacle.
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10. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
1.1 Problem Statement
As IR sensors distance measurement systems cannot work good in different light conditions and
also cannot work in water,hence build a low cost system to measure the distance which will work
under water and is not affected by varying light conditions.
1.2 Necessity of project
The main objective of this project is to Provide a useful system to measure the distance which will
be easy to configure and handle.
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11. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Obstacle detecting sensors are one of the most basic type of sensors that electronic hobbyists use.
There are several methods to make cheap obstacle sensors. These simple sensors are made using
a IR Rx/Tx pair or Normal LED and LDR pair(this design is most basic and is heavily affected
by environment lighting conditions). These sensor may be useful for simple requirement but they
have following drawbacks :
1. Cant say anything about the real distance of obstacle.
2. Give different result for different coloured obstacles.
3. Need calibration (like setting up a variable resistor).
To solve these problems initially IR Range Finder Modules(like one made by Sharp) were used but
they have small range.
1. Sharp GP2D12 Distance Measurement Sensor has a maximum range of 80cm
2. Sharp GP2D120 Distance Measurement Sensor has a maximum range of 30cm only.
To solve all these problem we can use an Ultrasonic Range Finder Module. An Ultrasonic Range
Finder Module uses ultrasonic waves (inaudible to humans) to measure distance. These module
consist of an Ultrasonic Transmitter (Tx) that emits the ultrasonic wave, the waves after striking
any obstacle bounces back and reach the Ultrasonic Receiver (Rx). By measuring the time it take
for the whole process to complete and using simple arithmetic we can measure the distance to the
obstacle. The Ultrasonic Range Finder Modules has a wide operating range of 1cm to 400cm with
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12. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
an accuracy of 1cm. These specifications makes it ideal for distance measurement application.
These can be used for:
1. Contact less measurement of liquid level in tanks (even 4m deep tank).
2. Radars for robot.
3. Obstacle sensing in Robotics.
4. Speed check in roads.
5. Handheld units that can be pointed on vehicles to measure their speed.
6. Fixed unit installed in check booths that can click pictures of over speeding vehicles.
The reason for using ultrasonic wave are
1. The speed of Ultra Sonic waves is 343m/s (Speed of Sound) which is not too fast for MCUs to
measure accurately. Compare this with speed of electromagnetic waves (like light or radio waves)
which is 30,00,00,000 m/s! So it takes only 20ns (nano second) to go and bounce back from an
obstacle which is 3m away! An AVR running at 16MIPS(maximum for most AVRs) takes 62ns to
execute a single instruction.
2. Ultrasonic waves travels more narrow, like a beam than normal sound wave. This property helps
the sensor detect the obstacles that are exactly in line with it only. The sensors can be rotated with
steppers or servo motors to get a ”image” of obstacle in the surrounding area (like a radar).
3. Finally the wave do not disturb any humans nearby.
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13. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
Chapter 3
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
3.1 Related work component selection
1. Ultrasonic Sensor - HC-SR04
2. ATmega32
3. 16x2 LCD Display
3.2 Ultrasonic Ranging Module HC - SR04
3.2.1 Features
Ultrasonic ranging module HC - SR04 provides 2cm - 400cm non-contact measurement function.
The modules includes ultrasonic transmitters, receiver and control circuit. The basic principle of
work:
1.Using IO trigger for at least 10us high level signal
2.The module automatically sends eight 40 kHz and detect whether there is a pulse signal back.
3.IF the signal back, through high level , time of high output IO duration is the time from sending
ultrasonic to returning.
4.Test distance = (high level time velocity of sound (340M/S)/2
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14. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
Figure 3.1: HC SR04
3.2.2 Electrical Parameters
Figure 3.2: Electrical Parameters
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15. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
3.2.3 Timing Diagram
The Timing diagram is shown below. You only need to supply a short 10uS pulse to the trigger
input to start the ranging, and then the module will send out an 8 cycle burst of ultrasound at 40
kHz and raise its echo. The Echo is a distance object that is pulse width and the range in proportion
.You can calculate the range through the time interval between sending trigger signal and receiving
echo signal. Formula: uS / 58 = centimeters or uS / 148 =inch; or the range = high level time *
velocity (340M/S) / 2; It is advised to use over 60ms measurement cycle, in order to prevent trigger
signal to the echo signal.
Figure 3.3: Timing Diagram of HC SR04
3.3 ATmega32
The ATmega32 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC
architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega32 achieves
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16. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
Figure 3.4: Atmega32
throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power con-
sumption versus processing speed.
3.3.1 Specifications
1. High-performance, Low-power AVR 8-bit Microcontroller
2. Advanced RISC Architecture
a) 131 Powerful Instructions Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
b) 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
c) Fully Static Operation
d) Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
e) On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
3. Peripheral Features
a) Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
b) One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode
c) Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
d) Four PWM Channels
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17. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
e) 8-channel, 10-bit ADC
f) Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
g) Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
h) On-chip Analog Comparator
4. Special Microcontroller Features
a) Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
b) Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
c) External and Internal Interrupt Sources
f) Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby and Extended
Standby
3.3.2 GPIO
VCC:Digital supply voltage.
GND:Ground.
Port A (PA7..PA0): Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A is also used
as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port if the analog to digital converter is not used. The Port A output
buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs, they
will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. When a reset condition becomes
active, Port A pins are tri-stated even if the clock is not running.
Port B (PB7..PB0): Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors. The
Port B output buffers also have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. Port B pins which are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors
are activated. When a reset condition becomes active and even if the clock is not running, the Port
B pins becomes tri-stated.
Port C (PC7..PC0): Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (se-
lected for each bit). If the pull-up resistors are activated Port C output buffers also have symmetrical
drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. Port C pins which are externally
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18. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
pulled low will source current. When a reset condition becomes active the Port C pins are tri-
stated, even if the clock is not running. The pull-up resistors on pinsPC5 (TDI), PC3 (TMS) and
PC2(TCK) will be activated if the JTAG interface is enabled even if a reset occurs.
Port D (PD7..PD0): Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors. The
Port D output buffers also have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port D pins which are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. When a reset condition becomes active the Port D pins becomes tri-stated,
even if the clock is not running.
figure below shows the pin diagram of the ATmega32
Figure 3.5: Pin diagram of Atmega32
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19. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
3.3.3 Timer
Timers are standard features of almost every microcontroller. So it is very important to learn their
use. Since an AVR microcontroller has very powerful and multifunctional timers, the topic of timer
is somewhat vast. Moreover there are many different timers on chip. So this section on timers will
be multipart. I will be giving basic introduction first.
What is a timer?
A timer in simplest term is a register. Timers generally have a resolution of 8 or 16 Bits. So a 8
bit timer is 8Bits wide so capable of holding value withing 0-255. But this register has a magical
property ! Its value increases/decreases automatically at a predefined rate (supplied by user). This
is the timer clock. And this operation does not need CPUs intervention.
Figure 3.6: Basic Operation of Timer
Since Timer works independently of CPU it can be used to measure time accurately. Timer upon
certain conditions take some action automatically or inform CPU. One of the basic condition is
the situation when timer OVERFLOWS i.e. its counted upto its maximum value (255 for 8 BIT
timers) and rolled back to 0. In this situation timer can issue an interrupt and you must write an
Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) to handle the event.
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20. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
3.4 LCD Display
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is an electronic display system. A 16x2 LCD display is a very basic
system and commonly used in various devices and circuits. LCDs are preferred over seven seg-
ments and other multi segment LEDs. The advantages of LCDs are as follows:
1. LCDs are economical.
2. They are easily programmable.
3. A number of characters can be displayed.
4. Very compact and light.
5. Low power consumption
Figure 3.7: 16X2 LCD Display
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and 2 such lines are there. In this LCD
every character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. LCD possesses two registers: Data and Command
registers. The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command
can be defined as an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task. For example, initializing
the LCD, clearing the screen, controlling the cursor position, controlling the display etc. The data
register stores the data which is displayed on the LCD screen. The data is the ASCII value of the
character which is displayed on the LCD screen.
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21. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
3.4.1 Pin Diagram
Figure 3.8: LCD Pin Diagram
Pin Descriptions
Figure 3.9: Pin Description of 16X2 LCD
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22. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
PROGRAMMING OF LCD:
For programming the 16x2 LCD display there are three basic steps.
1. Initialization of LCD
2. Giving command for reading the given data
3. Giving command for writing data and displaying on the screen
LCD COMMANDS:
Figure 3.10: LCD Commands Description
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23. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
3.5 Costing
Sr.No. Component Cost
1) HC SR04 200
2) ATmega 32 300
3) 16X2 LCD Display 200
Table 3.1: Component Cost Table
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24. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
Chapter 4
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 AVR Studio 4
4.1.1 Introduction
The following softwares were used for programming and feeding in ATmega32 microcontroller.
1. AVR Studio 4 : AVR Studio 4 is the development platform. AVR studio is required to write the
C-code and generate its HEX code.
2. Win AVR: It is used to compile the program.
3. Sinaprog 2.0 : It is used to burn the program and hex file is dumped into the microcontroller.
4.1.2 Starting AVR Studio 4 and Creating a Project
1. Open the AVR Studio.
2. Click on the New Project button.
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25. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
Figure 4.1: Welcome Window
3. Do the followings:
a) In the left side, select AVR GCC.
b) Choose the name for the project.
c) Choose the location where the files of the project will be saved.
d) Press the next button.
Figure 4.2: Name the project
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26. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
4. Choose AVR Simulator from left side and ATmega32 from the right side and press Finish
button.
Figure 4.3: Choosing the microcontroller
5. Write the program.
6. Save the program.
7. Select Build for compiling the program.
Figure 4.4: Building the program
8. Correct the errors.
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27. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
4.1.3 Burning the code using Sinaprog Software
The hex file is generated with same name as program using WinAvr. This program is transferred
to flash memory of microcontroller. An USB ISB programmer can be used to burn the program.
Through the sinaprog software the program is burnt into microcontroller. The burner uses SPF port
of microcontroller to load the program.
Steps :
1. Hex file is generated.
2. Connect the ATmega32 development board and PC through burner.
3. Open sinaprog and select ATmega32.
4. Load the program and burn through sinaprog.
5. Output is shown.
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28. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
Chapter 5
METHODOLOGY
5.1 Block Diagram and Description
Block Diagram:
Figure 5.1: Block Diagram[9]
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29. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
Description:
The block diagram mainly consist of six parts
1) Power Supply
2) Ultrasonic Sensor Unit
3) Microcontroller
4) 16X2 LCD Display
5) Object
1)Power Supply:It is a key block in the project which will be powering to the LCD,MCU and
Ultrasonic Sensor
2)Ultrasonic Sensor Unit: A good sensor according to the requirements.
3)Microcontroller: Here we are using Atmega 32 which is used for all the computations needed.
4)16X2 LCD Display:In order to display the distance measured this block is required.
5)Object:It is that thing whose distance is to be measured from the system.
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30. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
5.2 Flowchart
The flowchart below show for obtaining the time taken before the distance will be calculate.
Figure 5.2: Flowchart
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31. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
Figure 5.3: Flowchart
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32. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
5.3 Implementation
The technique of distance measurement using ultrasonic in air include continuous wave and pulse
echo technique. In the pulse echo method, a burst of pulses is sent through the transmission
medium and is reflected by an object kept at special distance. The time taken for the pulse to
propagate from transmitter to receiver is proportional to the distance of object. For contact less
measurement of distance, the device has to rely on the target to reflect the pulse back to itself.
The target needs to have a proper orientation that is it needs to be perpendicular to the direction of
propagation of the pulses. The amplitude of the received signal gets significantly attenuated and is
a function of nature of the medium and the distance between the transmitter and target. The pulse
echo or time-of-flight method of range measurement is subject to high levels of signal attenuation
when used in an air medium,thus limiting its distance range.
5.3.1 Ultrasonic Sensor Interface with Microcontroller
These modules are designed to be used for microcontroller based applications hence optimized for
it. The interface is a single pin called SIG (signal). The MCU is connected to the Ultrasonic Sensor
Module by a single i/o line. The steps required to read distance are :
1. Microcontroller make the i/o line output. (by using the DDRx Register in AVR )
2. The i/o line is made low (this may be the default state of i/o pin)
3. Wait for 10uS
4. Make the i/o line high.
5. Wait for 15uS
6. Make the i/o line low
7. Wait for 20uS
8. Now make it input (by using the DDRx Register in AVR)
9. Module will keep it low. Wait till it is low, as soon as it becomes high start the timer.
10. After that wait till it is high, as soon as it becomes low copy the timer value and stop the timer.
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33. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
11. Finally we have the time required for the wave to go hit the obstacle and come back to the
module.
Figure 5.4: Ultrasonic sensor interface with MCU
If the pulse width is in microseconds, the distance can be calculated by the following formula :
Distance in cm = Pulse width/58
Distance in inches = Pulse width/148
5.3.2 16X2 LCD Interface with MCU
162 LCD can be interfaced with a microcontroller in 8 Bit or 4 Bit mode. These differs in how data
and commands are send to LCD. In 8 Bit mode character data (as 8 bit ASCII) and LCD command
are sent through the data lines D0 to D7. That is 8 bit data is send at a time and data strobe is given
through E of the LCD.But 4 Bit mode uses only 4 data lines D4 to D7. In this 8 bit data is divided
into two parts and are sent sequentially through the data lines. The idea of 4 bit communication
is introduced to save pins of microcontroller. 4 bit communication is bit slower than 8 bit but this
speed difference has no significance as LCDs are slow speed devices. Thus 4 bit mode data transfer
is most commonly used.
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34. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
Figure 5.5: LCD interface with MCU
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35. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
Chapter 6
RESULT
The working model of the proposed AVR Atmega32 microcontroller based range finder using
ultrasonic module was successfully designed and implemented. The performance of the circuit
was analysed for different conditions. The circuit was able to measure distance up to 2.5m without
interfering in human activity. Circuit was tested for measurement of various distances in different
atmospheric conditions, accurately. It has a fast response. The ultrasonic module works fine. It
responds to the incoming echo accordingly. By using ATmega32 and HC-SR04 we were able to
reduce the cost and increase efficiency. This implementation has been a major component in the
circuits of major fast consuming electronic goods.
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36. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
Chapter 7
APPLICATIONS
1. Used to measure the obstacle distance.
2. This system used in automotive parking sensors and obstacle warning systems.
3. Used in terrain monitoring robots.
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37. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
Chapter 8
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
8.1 Conclusion
The objective of this project was to design and implement an Ultrasonic Distance Measurement
device. As described in this report a system is developed that can calculate the distance of the
tracked object. With respect to the requirements for an ultrasonic rangefinder the followings can
be concluded.
1. The system can calculate the distance of the obstruction with sufficient accuracy.
2. This device has the capability to interact with other peripheral if used as a secondary device.
3. This can also communicate with PC through its serial port.
4. This offers a low cost and efficient solution for non-contact type distance measurements.
8.2 Future Scope
The range can be considerably increased by using high power drive circuit.
1.Using temperature compensation, it can be used over wide temperature range.
2. The resolution of the measurement can be improved by incorporating phase shift method along
with time of flight method.
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38. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
3. Can be used as parking assistance system in vehicles with high power ultrasonic transmitter.
4. The 40 kHz signal can be generated using microcontroller itself which will reduce hardware.
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39. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
Chapter 9
REFERENCES
1. Spasov Peter, Microcontroller Technology the 68HC11 and 68HC12 Upper Saddle River, Pear-
son Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2004.
2. Sinclair Ian R. and Dunton John, Practical Electronic Handbook, 6th Edition, 2007.
3. Horton Ivor, Beginning C, Wrox Press Ltd, Birmingham, U.K, 2nd Edition, 2002.
4. Brown Forrest John, Embedded Systems Programming in C and Assembly, Van Nostrand Rein-
hold, N.Y, Prentice-Hall, 2003.
5. Deshmukh V Ajay, Microcontrollers Theory and Applications,New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Co. Ltd, 2005.
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40. EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
• PROJECT SCHEDULE PLAN
Sr.No. Activity Plan(period) Execution
1) Literature survey January Completed
2) Coding and Software Development January-February Completed
3) Main Board Development February Completed
4) Implementation and Testing February-March Completed
5) Final Demonstration March Completed
6) Project Report April Completed
Table 9.1: Project Schedule Plan
Project Guide Project Co-ordinator Head of Dept
Mrs.P.S.Kasliwal Mr.S.A.Khandekar Dr.M.D.Goudar
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