The document discusses the role of the circadian clock protein GIGANTEA (GI) in plant responses to salt stress. GI interacts with components of the SOS salt-overly sensitive pathway, specifically SOS2, a protein kinase. Under salt stress, GI is degraded, releasing SOS2 to activate the sodium exporter SOS1. This allows sodium ions to be exported from plant cells. GI overexpression makes plants more sensitive to salt, while loss of GI function increases salt tolerance. The circadian clock and GI integrate environmental stresses and regulate stress tolerance through effects on gene expression, chromatin modifications, and interactions with other pathways.
Abiotic stress management in vegetable cropsLabiba Shah
Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and mineral deficiencies limit crop productivity worldwide. The document discusses various abiotic stresses and their effects on plants. It provides details on injury mechanisms caused by each stress and tolerance mechanisms that have evolved in plants. It also discusses methods for screening and selecting stress-tolerant genotypes in breeding programs, including the use of wild relatives as sources of tolerance traits. Drought is estimated to account for over 50% of worldwide crop losses, while other stresses like salinity and high temperatures also significantly reduce yields. Breeding stress-tolerant crop varieties through selection and hybridization is important for sustainable agriculture.
Abiotic stress factors or stressors are naturally occurring, often intangible factors
The four major abiotic stresses: drought , salinity, temperature and heavy metals, cause drastic yield reduction in most crops.
Few of the types of abiotic stresses are:
1)Water-logging & drought
2)Excessive soil salinity
3)High or low temperatures
4)Ozone
5)Low oxygen
6)Phytotoxic compounds
8)Inadequate mineral in the soil
9)Too much or too little light
This presentation focuses on the adaptations in plants against abiotic stress and the ways that how they tolerate it with different mechanisms.
- Haider Ali Malik
Can changes in root anatomical traits during stress enhance drought & Salini...kabeya
There are array of ways of studying plant response to drought or any kind of stress, ranging from physiological, morphological, cellular level, biochemical, anatomical or even at molecular level. This presentation deals or shows how plant tissues can respond under stress at anatomical level and hence contribution to tolerance.
This document discusses Zhou Yan's research interests in plant physiology, specifically stress physiology. It provides an overview of stress types in plants, including biotic, abiotic, chilling, freezing, heat, and drought stresses. It also discusses resistance mechanisms in plants, such as stress avoidance and stress tolerance. Zhou Yan's current research focuses on the effects of saline and alkaline stresses on soybean seedlings. The research examines impacts on growth factors and ionic balance, as well as the mechanisms plants use to adapt, such as osmotic regulation and ion regionalization.
The document discusses various types of stress that can affect plants, including biotic stress from pathogens and abiotic stress from physical and chemical factors like drought, flooding, temperature extremes, light levels, salt levels, air pollution, wind, and nutrient deficiencies or toxicities. It describes how each stress can impact plant growth and physiology and outlines some strategies plants use to tolerate or avoid stress, such as escaping the stress period, avoiding stress through morphological adaptations, or tolerating stress through physiological and biochemical mechanisms.
Signaling mechanisms due to salinity stressmango55
This document discusses various signaling mechanisms in plants due to salinity stress. It describes how salinity stress affects physiological and metabolic processes in plants and inhibits crop production through osmotic effects, ionic effects, and oxidative stress. It then summarizes several key physiological and biochemical mechanisms that provide salinity tolerance in plants, including ion homeostasis, compatible solute accumulation, antioxidant regulation, and hormone modulation. Specific signaling pathways and proteins involved in these tolerance mechanisms are also outlined.
This document discusses abiotic stress in plants. It defines plant stress and describes how environmental factors like water deficit, salinity, temperature extremes, and mineral deficiencies can stress plants. It explains how plants acclimate and adapt to stress through physiological and morphological changes. The document outlines various stress sensing, signaling pathways and hormonal responses in plants, as well as developmental and antioxidant mechanisms that help protect plants from abiotic stress. Developing crop varieties with enhanced stress tolerance is an important goal.
Osmotic adjustment is a mechanism where plants accumulate osmolytes like organic solutes, enzymes, sugars, and inorganic ions in response to osmotic stress from drought or salinity. This decreases the osmotic potential and allows plants to absorb water despite dry or saline conditions. Key enzymes involved include betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, and ornithine-d-aminotransferase. Common osmolytes accumulated are glycine betaine, proline, glycerol, sucrose, and ions like potassium. Osmotic adjustment maintains turgor pressure and the ability to absorb water under stress.
Abiotic stress management in vegetable cropsLabiba Shah
Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and mineral deficiencies limit crop productivity worldwide. The document discusses various abiotic stresses and their effects on plants. It provides details on injury mechanisms caused by each stress and tolerance mechanisms that have evolved in plants. It also discusses methods for screening and selecting stress-tolerant genotypes in breeding programs, including the use of wild relatives as sources of tolerance traits. Drought is estimated to account for over 50% of worldwide crop losses, while other stresses like salinity and high temperatures also significantly reduce yields. Breeding stress-tolerant crop varieties through selection and hybridization is important for sustainable agriculture.
Abiotic stress factors or stressors are naturally occurring, often intangible factors
The four major abiotic stresses: drought , salinity, temperature and heavy metals, cause drastic yield reduction in most crops.
Few of the types of abiotic stresses are:
1)Water-logging & drought
2)Excessive soil salinity
3)High or low temperatures
4)Ozone
5)Low oxygen
6)Phytotoxic compounds
8)Inadequate mineral in the soil
9)Too much or too little light
This presentation focuses on the adaptations in plants against abiotic stress and the ways that how they tolerate it with different mechanisms.
- Haider Ali Malik
Can changes in root anatomical traits during stress enhance drought & Salini...kabeya
There are array of ways of studying plant response to drought or any kind of stress, ranging from physiological, morphological, cellular level, biochemical, anatomical or even at molecular level. This presentation deals or shows how plant tissues can respond under stress at anatomical level and hence contribution to tolerance.
This document discusses Zhou Yan's research interests in plant physiology, specifically stress physiology. It provides an overview of stress types in plants, including biotic, abiotic, chilling, freezing, heat, and drought stresses. It also discusses resistance mechanisms in plants, such as stress avoidance and stress tolerance. Zhou Yan's current research focuses on the effects of saline and alkaline stresses on soybean seedlings. The research examines impacts on growth factors and ionic balance, as well as the mechanisms plants use to adapt, such as osmotic regulation and ion regionalization.
The document discusses various types of stress that can affect plants, including biotic stress from pathogens and abiotic stress from physical and chemical factors like drought, flooding, temperature extremes, light levels, salt levels, air pollution, wind, and nutrient deficiencies or toxicities. It describes how each stress can impact plant growth and physiology and outlines some strategies plants use to tolerate or avoid stress, such as escaping the stress period, avoiding stress through morphological adaptations, or tolerating stress through physiological and biochemical mechanisms.
Signaling mechanisms due to salinity stressmango55
This document discusses various signaling mechanisms in plants due to salinity stress. It describes how salinity stress affects physiological and metabolic processes in plants and inhibits crop production through osmotic effects, ionic effects, and oxidative stress. It then summarizes several key physiological and biochemical mechanisms that provide salinity tolerance in plants, including ion homeostasis, compatible solute accumulation, antioxidant regulation, and hormone modulation. Specific signaling pathways and proteins involved in these tolerance mechanisms are also outlined.
This document discusses abiotic stress in plants. It defines plant stress and describes how environmental factors like water deficit, salinity, temperature extremes, and mineral deficiencies can stress plants. It explains how plants acclimate and adapt to stress through physiological and morphological changes. The document outlines various stress sensing, signaling pathways and hormonal responses in plants, as well as developmental and antioxidant mechanisms that help protect plants from abiotic stress. Developing crop varieties with enhanced stress tolerance is an important goal.
Osmotic adjustment is a mechanism where plants accumulate osmolytes like organic solutes, enzymes, sugars, and inorganic ions in response to osmotic stress from drought or salinity. This decreases the osmotic potential and allows plants to absorb water despite dry or saline conditions. Key enzymes involved include betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, and ornithine-d-aminotransferase. Common osmolytes accumulated are glycine betaine, proline, glycerol, sucrose, and ions like potassium. Osmotic adjustment maintains turgor pressure and the ability to absorb water under stress.
The document discusses plant responses and adaptations to flooding and waterlogging. It describes the main problems plants face with too much water like low oxygen levels. It outlines strategies plants use to tolerate flooding, including root adaptations like aerenchyma tissue to transport oxygen and shoot adaptations like elongation to grow above water. Hormones like ethylene play an important regulatory role in triggering responses to help plants survive flooding and waterlogging.
This document discusses breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses like drought, salt, and cold in fruit crops. It provides information on the characteristics, effects, and mechanisms of different abiotic stresses. It also outlines strategies for breeding resistance, including selecting from cultivated varieties, landraces, and wild relatives. The key mechanisms of resistance include avoidance, tolerance, and acclimation. Traits like early maturity, reduced transpiration, and accumulating osmolytes can provide drought and salt resistance.
ACC deaminase: managing abiotic stress in cropsANIL BL GATHER
The document discusses the use of ACC deaminase-containing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi to help plants tolerate abiotic stress from salt. Case studies show that inoculating tomato and pea plants with these microbes improved plant growth under salt stress compared to non-inoculated plants. The microbes help plants by reducing stress-induced ethylene levels in the plant. A combination of ACC deaminase bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, and rhizobia was most effective at improving nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, and stress defenses in pea plants. Large-scale application of these microbes could help crops better tolerate salt stress.
The document discusses salt stress in perennial fruit plants. It notes that salt stress affects 7% of the world's land area and is a problem for agricultural lands that are heavily irrigated. Salt stress can reduce plant germination, photosynthesis, vegetative growth, and reproductive growth/yield. Plants have developed various tolerance mechanisms including salt avoidance, exclusion, excretion, and osmotic adjustment using organic solutes and antioxidant defenses. Traditional approaches to managing salt stress include better irrigation practices and leaching excess salts from soils. Developing salt tolerant rootstocks and fruit varieties through conventional and biotechnological methods can also help cope with salt stress.
Photosynthesis and associated aspects under abiotic stressalvi1646
The document discusses the effects of various abiotic stresses like high/low temperatures, water stress, salinity, and elevated carbon dioxide and ozone levels on photosynthesis in plants. It states that abiotic stresses can reduce photosynthesis by causing stomatal closure, inhibiting enzymatic reactions, disrupting cell membranes, and impacting processes like transpiration and respiration. The document focuses on how these stresses regulate photosynthesis and their effects on factors like photochemical efficiency, carbon metabolism, and photosynthetic pigments.
The document presents a lecture on stress physiology by Adil Zia. It discusses different types of environmental stresses plants face, including drought, flooding, temperature extremes, salinity, and diseases. It explains the mechanisms of injury caused by each stress and the mechanisms of resistance plants have evolved, such as adaptations to reduce water loss or tolerate toxic compounds. The lecture covers topics like membrane damage, metabolic disorders, and accumulation of protective proteins and substances that help plants withstand stressful conditions. It aims to explain how plants resist various stresses through physiological, biochemical and molecular responses.
Environmental Stress and MicroorganismsSwati Sagar
The document summarizes two case studies:
Case Study 1 examines the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from mung bean rhizosphere that can promote plant growth and alleviate drought stress. Inoculation with the bacteria led to higher antioxidant activity, gene expression, water retention and biomass in plants under drought.
Case Study 2 looks at isolating bacteria from saline soil that produce ACC deaminase and help plants tolerate salt and heat stress. A Klebsiella sp. strain, SBP-8, was found to produce ACC deaminase and other beneficial compounds, and promote wheat growth under salt and heat conditions.
1. Plants have developed three main adaptations to salinity stress: osmotic stress tolerance, sodium exclusion from leaves, and tissue tolerance to accumulated sodium and chloride in leaves.
2. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance include compartmentalization of ions, osmotic adjustment through compatible solutes, and exclusion of sodium from leaves.
3. Breeding efforts have developed salt tolerant varieties of crops like rice, wheat, mustard, and chickpeas through marker-assisted selection and identifying favorable quantitative trait loci.
Salinity stress
Categorization of salt affected soils
CAUSES OF SALINITY IN SOIL
Salinity effects on Plants
Injuries due to salt stress
different strategies to avoid salt injury
salt tolerance
salt avoidance
salt evasion
halophytes
non halophytes
glycophytes
Breeding for salt tolerance
Mechanisms of abiotic stress such as cold drought and salt stress which takes place in plants. Molecular control activities the plant undergoes during stress.
This document discusses plant stress physiology and the different types of abiotic stress factors that negatively impact plant growth and development. It defines abiotic stress as non-living stress factors in the environment, such as water stress, temperature stress, salt stress, oxygen deficiency, heavy metals, and air pollution. For each stress factor, it describes their effects on plants including inhibition of gas exchange, photosynthesis, growth, and visible injury. It also discusses the mechanisms plants use to develop tolerance or avoidance of abiotic stress conditions.
The document discusses environmental stresses that negatively impact plant growth and productivity. It describes two main types of stress: abiotic (non-living) including drought, extreme temperatures, salinity, flooding, soil compaction, and heavy metals; and biotic (living) stresses from viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other organisms. Specific abiotic stresses like cold, salt, heat and water deficit are explained in depth, outlining their physiological and morphological effects on plants. The conclusion emphasizes that climate change is increasing temperature and rainfall variability, exposing plants to more frequent and concurrent biotic and abiotic stress combinations.
- Chilling stress occurs in plants when they are exposed to temperatures above freezing, between 0-15°C. It can cause physiological disorders and injury.
- Symptoms vary between plant species but include wilting, water soaked lesions, leaf curling/crinkling, and reduced growth or death. This is due to impacts on cell membranes and metabolism.
- Plants native to warm climates are most susceptible, while those from cooler regions can acclimate to develop chilling tolerance through changes to lipid composition and protective compounds. Proper management can also help plants withstand low temperatures.
The document summarizes plant response mechanisms to abiotic stress. It discusses various types of abiotic stresses including waterlogging, drought, salinity, oxidative stress, temperature extremes, and nutrient deficiencies. It describes how plants avoid or tolerate stresses through mechanisms like osmotic adjustment, antioxidant production, and heat shock protein expression. Gene expression changes allow plants to acclimate to stresses and regulate processes like ion homeostasis and phospholipid signaling. Certain solutes and compounds, such as pinitol and mannitol, help plants respond to salt and oxidative stresses.
This document discusses various types of abiotic stresses including salt tolerance, drought tolerance, waterlogging tolerance, heat tolerance, and cold tolerance. It defines each stress and describes the injury mechanisms, tolerance mechanisms, screening methods, and genes associated with tolerance. Salt tolerance mechanisms include cell membrane stability, osmotic adjustment, and ion accumulation. Drought tolerance is achieved through escape, avoidance, or tolerance. Waterlogging tolerance relies on phenology, morphology, and anaerobic metabolism. Heat and cold tolerance utilize membrane stability, osmoregulators, and molecular chaperones. The document provides details on screening rice, wheat, maize, chickpea and other crops for various abiotic stress tolerances.
Biological stress is not easily defined but it implies adverse effects on an organism. Like all other living organisms, the plants are subjected to various environmental stresses such as water deficit and drought, cold, heat, salinity and air pollution etc.
The concept of stress is associated with stress tolerance. Degree of tolerance differs with different plant species.
Water stress in plants: A detailed discussionMohammad Danish
A brief introduction of drought stress in plants, its effect on morphological, physiological and biochemical properties of plants and management strategies to mitigate drought stress.
Physiological changes in plants during moisture stress conditionZuby Gohar Ansari
1. The study examined the physiological changes in wheat plants under conditions of water stress and normal watering when inoculated with different rhizobial strains. 2. It found that under water stress, rhizobial inoculation increased wheat yield, nitrogen content, and total biological yield compared to uninoculated plants. 3. However, yields were still lower under water stress compared to normal watering conditions. The best performing rhizobial strains were able to partially mitigate the detrimental effects of water stress.
In this presentation, I would like to provide the Resistance Mechanism and Molecular Responses to the Salinity.
There are two types of plants Halophytes and Glycophytes (categories on the basis of their responses to the salinity) examples are Thellungiella halophila and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively.
Earlier Arabidopsis was considered as Model organism incase of plants but it can't tolerate high saline condition that's the reason for the limited study of plant towards salinity responses. But in the year 2004 the discovery of new plant Thellungiella halophila generates new knowledge about the tolerance mechanism of plants towards salinity responses because it's a halophytes which can tolerate extreme saline condition.
And also it has very similarity with the Arabidopsis so it's considered as the Model organism for the study of Salt stress physiology.
There are major two pathways involved in response to Salt stress (described in presentation).
The document discusses plant responses and adaptations to flooding and waterlogging. It describes the main problems plants face with too much water like low oxygen levels. It outlines strategies plants use to tolerate flooding, including root adaptations like aerenchyma tissue to transport oxygen and shoot adaptations like elongation to grow above water. Hormones like ethylene play an important regulatory role in triggering responses to help plants survive flooding and waterlogging.
This document discusses breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses like drought, salt, and cold in fruit crops. It provides information on the characteristics, effects, and mechanisms of different abiotic stresses. It also outlines strategies for breeding resistance, including selecting from cultivated varieties, landraces, and wild relatives. The key mechanisms of resistance include avoidance, tolerance, and acclimation. Traits like early maturity, reduced transpiration, and accumulating osmolytes can provide drought and salt resistance.
ACC deaminase: managing abiotic stress in cropsANIL BL GATHER
The document discusses the use of ACC deaminase-containing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi to help plants tolerate abiotic stress from salt. Case studies show that inoculating tomato and pea plants with these microbes improved plant growth under salt stress compared to non-inoculated plants. The microbes help plants by reducing stress-induced ethylene levels in the plant. A combination of ACC deaminase bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, and rhizobia was most effective at improving nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, and stress defenses in pea plants. Large-scale application of these microbes could help crops better tolerate salt stress.
The document discusses salt stress in perennial fruit plants. It notes that salt stress affects 7% of the world's land area and is a problem for agricultural lands that are heavily irrigated. Salt stress can reduce plant germination, photosynthesis, vegetative growth, and reproductive growth/yield. Plants have developed various tolerance mechanisms including salt avoidance, exclusion, excretion, and osmotic adjustment using organic solutes and antioxidant defenses. Traditional approaches to managing salt stress include better irrigation practices and leaching excess salts from soils. Developing salt tolerant rootstocks and fruit varieties through conventional and biotechnological methods can also help cope with salt stress.
Photosynthesis and associated aspects under abiotic stressalvi1646
The document discusses the effects of various abiotic stresses like high/low temperatures, water stress, salinity, and elevated carbon dioxide and ozone levels on photosynthesis in plants. It states that abiotic stresses can reduce photosynthesis by causing stomatal closure, inhibiting enzymatic reactions, disrupting cell membranes, and impacting processes like transpiration and respiration. The document focuses on how these stresses regulate photosynthesis and their effects on factors like photochemical efficiency, carbon metabolism, and photosynthetic pigments.
The document presents a lecture on stress physiology by Adil Zia. It discusses different types of environmental stresses plants face, including drought, flooding, temperature extremes, salinity, and diseases. It explains the mechanisms of injury caused by each stress and the mechanisms of resistance plants have evolved, such as adaptations to reduce water loss or tolerate toxic compounds. The lecture covers topics like membrane damage, metabolic disorders, and accumulation of protective proteins and substances that help plants withstand stressful conditions. It aims to explain how plants resist various stresses through physiological, biochemical and molecular responses.
Environmental Stress and MicroorganismsSwati Sagar
The document summarizes two case studies:
Case Study 1 examines the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from mung bean rhizosphere that can promote plant growth and alleviate drought stress. Inoculation with the bacteria led to higher antioxidant activity, gene expression, water retention and biomass in plants under drought.
Case Study 2 looks at isolating bacteria from saline soil that produce ACC deaminase and help plants tolerate salt and heat stress. A Klebsiella sp. strain, SBP-8, was found to produce ACC deaminase and other beneficial compounds, and promote wheat growth under salt and heat conditions.
1. Plants have developed three main adaptations to salinity stress: osmotic stress tolerance, sodium exclusion from leaves, and tissue tolerance to accumulated sodium and chloride in leaves.
2. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance include compartmentalization of ions, osmotic adjustment through compatible solutes, and exclusion of sodium from leaves.
3. Breeding efforts have developed salt tolerant varieties of crops like rice, wheat, mustard, and chickpeas through marker-assisted selection and identifying favorable quantitative trait loci.
Salinity stress
Categorization of salt affected soils
CAUSES OF SALINITY IN SOIL
Salinity effects on Plants
Injuries due to salt stress
different strategies to avoid salt injury
salt tolerance
salt avoidance
salt evasion
halophytes
non halophytes
glycophytes
Breeding for salt tolerance
Mechanisms of abiotic stress such as cold drought and salt stress which takes place in plants. Molecular control activities the plant undergoes during stress.
This document discusses plant stress physiology and the different types of abiotic stress factors that negatively impact plant growth and development. It defines abiotic stress as non-living stress factors in the environment, such as water stress, temperature stress, salt stress, oxygen deficiency, heavy metals, and air pollution. For each stress factor, it describes their effects on plants including inhibition of gas exchange, photosynthesis, growth, and visible injury. It also discusses the mechanisms plants use to develop tolerance or avoidance of abiotic stress conditions.
The document discusses environmental stresses that negatively impact plant growth and productivity. It describes two main types of stress: abiotic (non-living) including drought, extreme temperatures, salinity, flooding, soil compaction, and heavy metals; and biotic (living) stresses from viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other organisms. Specific abiotic stresses like cold, salt, heat and water deficit are explained in depth, outlining their physiological and morphological effects on plants. The conclusion emphasizes that climate change is increasing temperature and rainfall variability, exposing plants to more frequent and concurrent biotic and abiotic stress combinations.
- Chilling stress occurs in plants when they are exposed to temperatures above freezing, between 0-15°C. It can cause physiological disorders and injury.
- Symptoms vary between plant species but include wilting, water soaked lesions, leaf curling/crinkling, and reduced growth or death. This is due to impacts on cell membranes and metabolism.
- Plants native to warm climates are most susceptible, while those from cooler regions can acclimate to develop chilling tolerance through changes to lipid composition and protective compounds. Proper management can also help plants withstand low temperatures.
The document summarizes plant response mechanisms to abiotic stress. It discusses various types of abiotic stresses including waterlogging, drought, salinity, oxidative stress, temperature extremes, and nutrient deficiencies. It describes how plants avoid or tolerate stresses through mechanisms like osmotic adjustment, antioxidant production, and heat shock protein expression. Gene expression changes allow plants to acclimate to stresses and regulate processes like ion homeostasis and phospholipid signaling. Certain solutes and compounds, such as pinitol and mannitol, help plants respond to salt and oxidative stresses.
This document discusses various types of abiotic stresses including salt tolerance, drought tolerance, waterlogging tolerance, heat tolerance, and cold tolerance. It defines each stress and describes the injury mechanisms, tolerance mechanisms, screening methods, and genes associated with tolerance. Salt tolerance mechanisms include cell membrane stability, osmotic adjustment, and ion accumulation. Drought tolerance is achieved through escape, avoidance, or tolerance. Waterlogging tolerance relies on phenology, morphology, and anaerobic metabolism. Heat and cold tolerance utilize membrane stability, osmoregulators, and molecular chaperones. The document provides details on screening rice, wheat, maize, chickpea and other crops for various abiotic stress tolerances.
Biological stress is not easily defined but it implies adverse effects on an organism. Like all other living organisms, the plants are subjected to various environmental stresses such as water deficit and drought, cold, heat, salinity and air pollution etc.
The concept of stress is associated with stress tolerance. Degree of tolerance differs with different plant species.
Water stress in plants: A detailed discussionMohammad Danish
A brief introduction of drought stress in plants, its effect on morphological, physiological and biochemical properties of plants and management strategies to mitigate drought stress.
Physiological changes in plants during moisture stress conditionZuby Gohar Ansari
1. The study examined the physiological changes in wheat plants under conditions of water stress and normal watering when inoculated with different rhizobial strains. 2. It found that under water stress, rhizobial inoculation increased wheat yield, nitrogen content, and total biological yield compared to uninoculated plants. 3. However, yields were still lower under water stress compared to normal watering conditions. The best performing rhizobial strains were able to partially mitigate the detrimental effects of water stress.
In this presentation, I would like to provide the Resistance Mechanism and Molecular Responses to the Salinity.
There are two types of plants Halophytes and Glycophytes (categories on the basis of their responses to the salinity) examples are Thellungiella halophila and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively.
Earlier Arabidopsis was considered as Model organism incase of plants but it can't tolerate high saline condition that's the reason for the limited study of plant towards salinity responses. But in the year 2004 the discovery of new plant Thellungiella halophila generates new knowledge about the tolerance mechanism of plants towards salinity responses because it's a halophytes which can tolerate extreme saline condition.
And also it has very similarity with the Arabidopsis so it's considered as the Model organism for the study of Salt stress physiology.
There are major two pathways involved in response to Salt stress (described in presentation).
Salinity stress- imbalance in soil minerals in plants, types of stress, biotic and abiotic stress, physiological effects, hyperionic stress, ion homeostasis.. Biological definition for stress is an adverse force or condition which inhibits the normal functioning and well being of a plant.
The document summarizes plant responses to different types of stress. It discusses how plants can avoid or tolerate stress through mechanisms like osmotic adjustment, accumulation of compatible solutes, and heat shock protein production. Stress can be biotic, imposed by other organisms, or abiotic arising from environmental deficits or excesses. Abiotic stresses discussed include drought, high salinity, temperature extremes, and oxidative stress from pollutants. Stress triggers changes in gene expression and metabolism that help plants withstand damaging conditions.
The document summarizes plant responses to different types of stress. It discusses how plants can avoid or tolerate stress through mechanisms like osmotic adjustment, accumulation of compatible solutes like proline and glycine betaine, and expression of heat shock proteins. Stress can be biotic, imposed by other organisms, or abiotic arising from environmental deficits or excesses. Abiotic stresses discussed in detail include drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and oxidative stress from pollutants.
IONIC AND OSMOTIC HOMEOSTASIS, REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES.pptxVed Gharat
Ion homeostasis is a fundamental process that allows plants to maintain optimal ion concentrations under varying environmental conditions. High salt concentrations in soil disrupt ion homeostasis and hamper plant growth. Plants have developed strategies like accumulating potassium ions to retain water during drought stress and efficiently closing stomata to reduce water loss. Reactive oxygen species are produced under osmotic stress but plants use antioxidant enzymes and molecules to scavenge these harmful compounds and prevent cellular damage.
Drought and heat are major abiotic stresses that negatively impact plant growth and productivity. Drought stress reduces photosynthesis and induces stomatal closure and changes in gene expression and metabolism. Plants have developed various tolerance mechanisms including escape, avoidance, and tolerance. At the molecular level, plants respond to stresses through signaling pathways, changes in hormone levels like ABA, and expression of genes that encode protective proteins and osmoprotectants. Molecular responses are regulated by transcription factors that control stress-related gene expression. Engineering stress tolerance genes into crops holds promise to improve abiotic stress resistance.
Water stress & Signalling by Ujjwal Sirohiujjwal sirohi
Water deficit stress can negatively impact plant growth and productivity. Plants have developed several physiological responses and signaling pathways to cope with water deficit stress. These include closing stomata to reduce water loss, accumulating compatible solutes like glycine betaine to maintain cellular turgor under drought, and inducing transcription factors and receptor-like kinases that regulate stress-response genes. Abscisic acid plays a key role in triggering transcriptional changes that allow plants to adapt to water deficit conditions.
Environmental stresses like salinity and drought significantly impact agricultural productivity by reducing crop yields. Salinity stress affects plants through both direct and indirect effects, including osmotic stress and ion toxicity. To tolerate salt stress, plants employ strategies like osmotic adjustment through accumulation of compatible solutes, sodium compartmentalization in vacuoles, and expression of stress-induced proteins. Maintaining tissue water potential and turgor pressure through osmotic adjustment is critical for plant growth under saline conditions.
The document discusses abiotic stress responses in plants, with a focus on drought stress. It defines abiotic stress and describes different types of drought stress and plant responses. It discusses the genetic basis of drought tolerance and key pathways involved. The document summarizes stress tolerance mechanisms in plants, including detoxification, chaperoning, late embryogenesis abundant proteins, osmoprotection, and water and ion movement. Case studies on transgenic crops with improved drought tolerance are also mentioned.
This document discusses abiotic stress in plants. It defines plant stress and describes how environmental factors like water deficit, salinity, temperature extremes, and nutrient deficiencies can stress plants. It outlines the primary and secondary effects of different stressors and how plants sense and respond to stress through signaling pathways, transcriptional regulation, and developmental/physiological mechanisms like accumulating osmolytes, antioxidant activity, and altering membrane lipids. Specifically, it describes ABA signaling in plant responses to water stress like stomatal closure and recovery processes after stress. The goal of developing crops with enhanced tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses is also mentioned.
Role of Plant singling in relation to Abiotic stress By ABRAR AHMAD AbrarAhmad141
This document summarizes the role of plant signaling in relation to abiotic stress. It discusses how plants sense various abiotic stresses like drought, salt, temperature through putative sensors in the plasma membrane and organelles. It describes the signaling pathways involved in stress sensing by ER, chloroplast, mitochondria and peroxisomes. Calcium-dependent signaling pathways mediate responses to salt and other ionic stresses. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways also play a role in osmotic stress signaling in plants. The document provides an overview of the complex signaling networks plants have evolved to respond to environmental stresses.
Stress due to soil conditions & mitigation strategiesMANDEEP KAUR
The document summarizes physiological responses of fruit plants to various soil stress conditions and potential mitigation strategies. It discusses how soil salinity, nutrient imbalances, heavy metals, water stress, and biotic stress can negatively impact fruit plants. It describes primary and secondary effects of these stresses and how plants have developed resistance mechanisms like tolerance, avoidance, and acclimation. Specific strategies are proposed to mitigate salinity stress in different fruit crops like growing resistant varieties, soil reclamation, and leaching. The document reviews several research papers studying effects of stresses like salinity and low pH on fruit plants and identifying tolerant genotypes and treatments that can alleviate stress impacts.
Drought tolerance in plants involves three main mechanisms: morphological, physiological, and genetic/molecular. Morphological mechanisms include drought escape and avoidance strategies like early reproduction or reduced water loss through waxy leaves. Physiological mechanisms regulate water use and loss, like stomatal closure and osmotic adjustment. Genetic and molecular mechanisms change gene expression, upregulating genes that produce proteins protecting cells from stress and regulating hormone signaling and transcription factors that control stress response pathways. Together these overlapping mechanisms help plants adapt and survive periods of low water availability.
intro-classification-salt accumulation in soil imapairs plant function and soil structure-physiological effects on crop growth and development-osmotic effect and specific ion effects-plant use different strategies to avoid salt injury
This document discusses trehalose and salt tolerance in plants. It introduces trehalose, how it is synthesized, and how it aids plant survival during desiccation. Selaginella plants accumulate trehalose and can revive after drying out. The document also discusses the effects of salinity on plant health, including osmotic and ionic stresses. Plants have developed mechanisms to tolerate salt stress, including ion homeostasis, osmoprotectants, and antioxidant enzymes. Salt tolerance involves complex responses at multiple levels to control ion balance, osmotic regulation, and stress signaling.
2009,plant signaling and behaviour, cytosolic alkalinizationNupur Srivastava
Cytosolic alkalinization is an early signaling event preceding the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) during stomatal closure induced by abscisic acid (ABA), methyl jasmonate (MJ), and chitosan. The author observed that cytosolic pH in guard cells increased significantly within 18 minutes of exposure to ABA or MJ before levels of ROS and NO rose. This suggests cytosolic alkalinization is a common early messenger during closure induced by different signals. Further experiments are needed to better understand interactions between cytosolic pH, ROS, NO, and calcium.
1. Salinity affects plants through both primary and secondary effects. Primary effects include osmotic stress, which inhibits water uptake, and ion toxicity from sodium and chloride ions. Secondary effects include ionic imbalances and oxidative stress.
2. Plants have developed tolerance mechanisms including osmotic regulation, ion exclusion, compartmentalization of ions, and tissue tolerance. Key transport proteins help with ion regulation within cells.
3. Improving osmotic tolerance and tissue tolerance allows plants to maintain growth for longer under saline conditions. Compartmentalization of sodium ions within vacuoles is important for tissue tolerance.
1) The document reviews calcium signaling in plant cell organelles delimited by a double membrane, such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and nuclei.
2) It finds that these organelles are able to take up calcium from their environment and generate their own calcium signals. They contain calcium-dependent processes.
3) Specifically, chloroplasts and mitochondria have transport systems that allow calcium entry and transport within the organelle. The nucleus also shows calcium-dependent activities and responses to stimuli with calcium increases.
Similar to A new insight of salt stress signaling in plant (20)
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
A new insight of salt stress signaling in plant
1.
2.
3. Overview
the Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) pathway has emerged to be a major defense mechanism to Salt Stress.
However, the mechanism by which the components of the SOS pathway are integrated to ultimately
orchestrate plant-wide tolerance to salinity stress remains unclear.
A higher-level control mechanism has recently emerged as a result of recognizing the involvement of
GIGANTEA (GI), a protein involved in maintaining the plant circadian clock and control switch in flowering.
The loss of GI function confers high tolerance to salt stress via its interaction with the components of the SOS
pathway.
The mechanism underlying this observation indicates the association between GI and the SOS pathway and
thus, given the key influence of the circadian clock and the pathway on photoperiodic flowering, the
association between GI and SOS can regulate growth and stress tolerance.
4. INTRODUCTION
A very common source of salts in irrigated soils is the irrigation water itself. Most irrigation waters contain
some salts.
5. INTRODUCTION
Na+ tolerance widely differs in plant species:
low tolerance to Na+
High tolerance to Na+
Tomato Avocado Citrus
Barley Cotton
6. INTRODUCTION
Most crops are Glycophytes, indicating a requirement for fresh water, and their growth may be severely
inhibited by often low (millimolar) Na+ concentrations.
Most crops are destroyed or will not produce fruits or set seeds in 100 mM NaCl, i.e., approximately one
fourth of the NaCl concentration of seawater.
Some plants, termed Halophytes, naturally grow in or even depend on elevated or high NaCl environments
(200 mM NaCl).
Halophytic species, such as Atriplex, Salicornia, Mesembryanthemum, Rhizophora, and Suaeda, that can
grow in an environment having up to 1000 mM NaCl.
7. INTRODUCTION
following salt shock, water deficit and wilting occur because of
rapid change in the osmotic potential difference between the
plant and exterior environment.
Accompanying this water deficit stress are ABA biosynthesis
and transportation throughout the plant initiating stomatal closure,
among many other responses.
ABA consequences:
reduced transpiration
reduced photosynthesis
increased photoinhibition
Increased oxidative stress
8. SALINITY STRESS RESPONSES
Numerous concepts, mechanisms, and factors have emerged that have led to some understanding of the
defenses available in plants to cope with and survive salt stress conditions.
9. SALINITY STRESS RESPONSES
When a high salt concentration is rapidly applied, NaCl shock leads to a rapid osmotic challenge and water
loss, followed more slowly by increased uptake of Na+ and Cl−.
When salt is gradually applied the osmotic stress component is less pronounced and Na+ concentration
increases more slowly.
10. SALINITY STRESS RESPONSES
Membrane integrity
The most immediate event following salt-induced osmotic stress and water deficiency is the loss of turgor
pressure, resulting from changes in cell structure and membrane leakage, and different compositions of cell
membranes.
To maintain cell membrane integrity, membrane rearrangement processes occur in plant cells.
For example, the overexpression of phosphatidylinositol synthase genes in tobacco increases drought stress
tolerance by modulating the membrane lipid composition.
11. SALINITY STRESS RESPONSES
Ca2+ and IP3
Osmotic stress imposed by NaCl, drought, or cold transiently increases Ca2+ and inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (IP3)
concentrations in the cytosol.
The biosynthesis of the IP3 precursor phosphoinositide phosphatidylinositol 4,5- bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] is
rapidly induced by NaCl treatment, and the increase in IP3 concentration appears to mediate cellular Ca2+
mobilization.
Cytosolic calcium is translocated through Ca2+ pumps and channels that are present on the plasma membrane,
tonoplast, and ER membrane. Ca2+ and IP3 fluxes act as secondary messengers in stress signal transduction.
The downstream activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades regulates the gene expression by
phosphorylating many transcriptional activators.
12. SALINITY STRESS RESPONSES
Osmolytes
Plants activate mechanisms that lower the osmotic potential by generating osmotically active metabolites
such as proline, sugars, and sugar alcohols.
All osmolytes share a common characteristic, i.e., lowering the osmotic potential in the cytosolic
compartment while not inhibiting metabolic reactions at relatively high concentrations.
Osmolytes may also function as osmoprotectants of proteins, macromolecular aggregates, and membranes; as
antioxidants in redox balance; and as signaling molecules. Consequently, transgenic plants that overexpress
osmolytes, such as glycine betaine, proline, sugar alcohols and fructans demonstrate tolerance to multiple
abiotic stresses such as salinity, freezing, and heat.
Water uptake and transportation also constitute important parameters for maintaining osmotic balance.
13. SALINITY STRESS RESPONSES
Soluble sugars as signals
Sucrose Cellular respiration
glucose Osmolytes
Fructose Secondary metabolite synthesis
roles as substrates
roles as substrates
involved
14. SALINITY STRESS RESPONSES
Soluble sugars as signals
Environmental Stress soluble sugar concentrations CO2 assimilation
carbon partitioning
enzyme activities
related gene expressions
15. SALINITY STRESS RESPONSES
ROS
plant temperature increases
Stress Stomatal closure CO2 deficit becomes acute ROS production
photosynthesis decreases or ceases
ROS scavenging
16. SALINITY STRESS RESPONSES
ROS
oxygen itself acting as a signal for inducing defense responses.
Salt tolerance in some plants appears to correlate with their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen.
Plant reaction
Enzymatic scavenging
ROS production
Non-enzymatic scavenging
Ascorbic acid
Glutathione
Phenolic compounds
Carotenoids
Flavonoids
Tocopherol
Glutathione peroxidase
Ascorbate peroxidase
17. SALINITY STRESS RESPONSES
Ion balance
K+
Major cellular cation
Essential nutrient
critical for maintaining cell turgor
membrane potential
membrane integrity
membrane function
Essential to activity of many enzymes in different pathways
18. SALINITY STRESS RESPONSES
Ion balance
Excess cytosolic Na+ displaces bound K+, leading to a reduced activity of many proteins.
Accordingly, supplementing soil or growth media with K+ alleviates NaCl toxicity in plants.
19. SALINITY STRESS RESPONSES
Ion balance
Potassium uptake is mediated by ion channels and transporters that are distinguished by the levels of
selectivity and affinity.
Their expression is influenced by the severity of stress.
20. SALINITY STRESS RESPONSES
Ion balance
NaCl interferes with Ca2+ uptake and lowers cytosolic Ca2+, which is essential for membrane
stability, maintaining osmotic balance, and intracellular signaling.
Calcium regulates intracellular signaling pathways that lead to the expression of potassium and
sodium transporters.
21. SALINITY STRESS RESPONSES
Gene expression of genome structures
Early response genes
Involved in transcription
Membrane transport
Phosphoregulation
Immediate ROS defense
Late-response genes specific to NaCl large component involved in redox regulation
Synthesis
Osmolytes
Defense proteins
ABA
Proteins that protect membranes
Proteins that con ionic homeostasis
Ion transporters
Amino acid transporters
Aquaporins
Proteins and small RNAs that control translation
Proteins involved in protein degradation
22. THE SOS PATHWAY
SOS1, encodes a plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter, is essential in regulating Na+ efflux at cellular level.
SOS2, encodes a serine/threonine kinase, is activated by salt stress elicited Ca+ signals.
SOS3 is a myristoylated Ca+ binding protein and contains a myristoylation site at its N-terminus.
23. HORMONE-MEDIATED RESPONSES TO SALT STRESS
ABA pathways in stress response pathways
ABA signaling cascades, synchronized with the plant growth stage and other hormone levels, regulate important abiotic stress
responses, in particular water balance and osmotic stress tolerance.
24. CIRCADIAN CLOCK RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
The plant clock is involved in plant biological processes.
Stomatal dynamics
Shade avoidance
Metabolic activity
Defenses against pathogens
Expression of many genes involve in Abiotic stress
25. CIRCADIAN CLOCK RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
Molecular mechanisms of the plant circadian clock responsive to environmental stress
At the molecular level, four mechanisms appear to be involved
1) The core clock proteins
2) The clock-controlled rhythmic chromatin modifications
3) The clock imposes a rhythmic expression on a large number of transcription factors
4) The physical interaction of core clock proteins with proteins associated with other pathways
26. CIRCADIAN CLOCK RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
Molecular mechanisms of the plant circadian clock responsive to environmental stress
The core clock proteins
These proteins have been demonstrated to directly bind to regulatory regions of the output genes, and thus,
confer rhythmicity on their transcription.
CCA1 LHY TOC1
27. CIRCADIAN CLOCK RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
Molecular mechanisms of the plant circadian clock responsive to environmental stress
The clock-controlled rhythmic chromatin modifications The modify of gene expression
The acetylation of HISTONE3 in nucleosomes associated with the TOC1 promoter has been observed, and the inhibition of this acetylation by
CCA1 affects the rhythmic TOC1 expression.
28. CIRCADIAN CLOCK RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
Molecular mechanisms of the plant circadian clock responsive to environmental stress
the clock imposes a rhythmic expression on a large number of transcription factors.
Cold-induced COR15b and DREB1a/CBF3 are clock controlled.
auxin
biosynthesis
Genes for
auxin signal
transduction
auxin
sensitivity
enzymes
involved
29. CIRCADIAN CLOCK RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
Molecular mechanisms of the plant circadian clock responsive to environmental stress
The physical interaction of core clock proteins with proteins associated with other pathways.
TOC1
PHYTOCHROME
INTERACTING
FACTOR 7 (PIF7)
The time of
CBF2/DREB1C expression
30. CIRCADIAN CLOCK RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
Integration of GI in diverse environmental stresses
GI is a large nucleoplasmatic protein that is encoded by a conserved single gene in most plant species.
The clock component GI is linked to several clock output components.
1) photoperiod control of flowering
2) PhyB signaling
3) circadian clock
4) carbohydrate metabolism
31. CIRCADIAN CLOCK RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
Integration of GI in diverse environmental stresses
The gi mutants lose the drought escape response, which is the ability of plants to complete their life cycle
before stress conditions result in death.
Circadian GI transcription appears to be positively regulated by temperature and light.
In addition, GI is transcriptionally induced by cold stress but not by salt, mannitol, or ABA.
32. CIRCADIAN CLOCK RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
Integration of GI in diverse environmental stresses
GIGANTEA (GI) regulates flowering in a long day .
(A) GI forms a complex with FKF1, which degrades CDF1, a repressor of CO, a
central activator of photoperiodic flowering.
Furthermore, GI independently promotes flowering of CO through miR172.
miRNA172 targets AP2-like genes, such as TOE1, which negatively regulates
multiple floral organ identity.
SPY is considered a negative regulator of GA and positively promotes flowering
during long days.
33. CIRCADIAN CLOCK RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
Integration of GI in diverse environmental stresses
GIGANTEA (GI) regulate salt stress (B)
(B) Salt-dependent interaction between GI and SOS2.
SOS2 and GI form a complex in unstressed plants.
This complex prevents the interaction of SOS2 with SOS1; thus, SOS1 is kept in
an inactive state.
On salinity stress, the elevation of cellular Na+ triggers a salt stress-specific
calcium signature, which is recognized by a calcium binding protein, SOS3.
SOS2 binds to calcium-bound SOS3, releasing the GI protein, which then is
degraded.
In turn, the free SOS2/SOS3 complex activates SOS1, a Na+/H+ antiporter, and
sodium (Na+) ions are exported from the cells.
34. CIRCADIAN CLOCK RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
Function of GI in response to salt stress
GI is a partner in a protein-protein interaction with the SNF1-related protein kinase SOS2, a known key
element of the SOS pathway.
GI-overexpressing plants are more salt sensitive than wild-type plants, whereas the gi mutants are markedly
salt tolerant.
Another remarkable aspect of the salt-tolerant phenotype exhibited by gi plants is continued growth under
high salinity.
35. CONCLUSION
Understanding plant salinity stress defense or avoidance mechanisms is a key challenge for improving crop
breeding.
Even with the progress that is currently possible, the pathways for salt exclusion, compartmentation,
and efflux are exceedingly complex.
Screening crops, wide crosses of crops, and their wild relatives for gene duplication and stress-relevant
expression characteristics should be one way forward.