Uploaded byDeepak Khedekar
Abdomen, clinical anatomy
This document provides an overview of clinical anatomy of the abdomen. It discusses various abdominal structures including the abdominal wall, hernias, the liver, spleen, pancreas, intestines, and vasculature. Common abdominal conditions are described such as ulcers, appendicitis, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Surgical procedures addressed include cholecystectomy, splenectomy, colectomy, and lithotripsy.
More Related Content
Similar to Abdomen, clinical anatomy
More from Deepak Khedekar
![CASE_PRESENTATION_ON_subdural_hematoma(SDH)[1 FINAL PPT]-1.pptx](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/casepresentationonsubduralhematomasdh1finalppt-1-260129172522-d405d375-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds)
Abdomen, clinical anatomy
- 1. Abdomen Clinical Anatomy Dr.Deepak N.Khedekar;M.B.B.S,M.D. Asst.professor Dept of Anatomy LTMMC,SION,MUMBAI. Feb 2012
- 3.
- 4.
- 5. Abdominal surgical incision… •Incisions should be made (if possible) at lines of cleavage. • Collagen fibers in dermis are parallel. • More narrow scar . • Incision away from nerves. • Muscle atrophy if nerve cut. • Shorter healing time.
- 6.
- 7. Palpation of theabdomen… • Soft and pliable • Inward and outward excursion with respiration. • From right inguinal region to left hypochondriac region. • Contour of abdominal wall depends on tone and fat. • Findings: lumps,enlarged organs, such as liver,spleen,dilated veins,skin discolouration.
- 8. Dilated veins anteriorabdominal wall…
- 9. Palpation of thesuperficial inguinal ring… • Looking for indirect hernia . • Male: Palpate spermatic cord in upper part of the scrotum. • Firm cordlike structure (posterior part) is vas deference. • Patient coughs to increase intra-abdominal pressure. • Female: smaller and difficult to palpate. • Transmits round ligament
- 10. Umbilicus… • Meeting pointof CVS,GUS,GIS. during development. Hotbed of embryology • Skin around umbilicus supplied by T10 spinal segment. • Surgical incision should never be crossed umbilicus. • Congenital defects include Omphalocele,hernia,fistula
- 11.
- 12. Hernia… I • Classified as…External • …Internal • Inguinal hernia can be classified as ….Direct ….Indirect Indirect further classified as …. Complete ….incomplete.
- 13.
- 14.
- 15.
- 16. Hydrocele… • Congenital-Persistent processusvaginalis (congenital) • Fluid-filled sac tunica vaginalis surrounds testicle. • 1 in 10 male infants at birth. • Typically not painful or harmful • Other causes- infection,truama,tumour. • Differential diagnosis is hematocele,pyocele.
- 17.
- 18. Varicocele… • Pampiniform plexus(testicles) becomes dilated ,tortuous,thickened,lengthening. • On inspection -bag filled with worms • Common in adolescents. • Mostly left side due to connection with renal vein vs. right side, which joins with IVC. • Could be caused by primary kidney disease. • Pt Presents with infertility (plexus not cooling)
- 19. Testicular cancer … •Spreads upward via lumbar lymph to L1 . • Later spreads locally to superficial inguinal lymph
- 20. Torsion of theTesticle… • Rotation around spermatic cord. • Often associated with excessively large tunica vaginalis. • Active young men and children. • severe pain, could lead to testicular necrosis.
- 21.
- 22. Abdominal quadrants andregions…
- 23. Peritonitis… • Inflamed parietalperitoneum is extremely sensitive to stretching . • Pressure applied to abdominal wall with one finger. • Rebound tenderness
- 24.
- 25. Ascites and Paracentesis… •Excessive accumulation of inflammatory peritoneal fluid. • 1.5L before clinically recognizable. • Local anesthesia, needle through abdominal wallEither through linea alba.lateral to Mc burneys point. • Skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia (very thin), aponeurosis or muscle of external oblique, internal oblique muscle, transversus abdominis muscle,fascia transversalis, extraperitoneal connective tissue (fatty) ,parietal peritoneum
- 26. Peritoneal adhesions… • Associatedwith peritonitis . • Post-surgical (gynecological and general abdominal) as well. • Adhesion occur >90% of the patients following major abdominal surgery and in 55-100% of the women undergoing pelvic surgery. • Small-bowel obstruction, infertility, chronic abdominal and pelvic pain, and difficult reoperative surgery are the most common consequence
- 27.
- 28.
- 29. Stomach… • Gastric ulcercommonly seen on lesser curvature. • Gastric carcinoma commonly occurs at pyloric antrum,greater curvature • Zollinger ellison syndrome. • Vagotomy • Gastrin-bearing somach mucosa(Antral gastrecomy)
- 30.
- 31.
- 32. Duodenal (Peptic) ulcers… •An ulcer of the posterior wall of the first part of the duodenum may penetrate the wall and erode the relatively large gastroduodenal artery causing severe haemorrhage. • As the stomach empties its contents into the duodenum, the acid chyme is squirted against the anterolateral wall of the first part of the duodenum.
- 33.
- 34. Appendicitis… • Afferent painfibers enter the spinal cord at the level of the T10c segment, and a vague referred pain is felt in the region of the umbilicus . • Later, the pain shifts to where the inflamed appendix irritates the parietal peritoneum. Here the pain is precise, severe, and localized
- 35.
- 36. Portal hypertension… • Cirrhosisof liver: Hepatocytes undergoes necrosis caused by the infection,inflammation.Dead hepatocytes are then replaced by the fibrous tissue. Cirrhosis liver IVC compression Portal hypertension.
- 37.
- 38. Colitis… • Pain, tendernessin the abdomen, fever, swelling of the colon tissue, bleeding, erythema (redness) of the surface of the colon, rectal bleeding, and ulcerations of the colon . • Associated with Crohn’s disease(Ulcerative colitis)
- 39. Colostomy… • Cancer ofthe large bowel. • Minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery. • Lymph vessels and nodes removed •
- 40. Ileostomy… • Small intestinebrought out to skin; collected in pouch. • Usually done in groin on right side. • Ulcerative colitis; Hirschprung's disease.
- 41. Colonoscopy… • Colorectal canceris a leading cause of death in the Western world b. • Bowels washed, patient sedated, tube inserted. •
- 42. Rupture of spleen… •Associated with truama, mononucleosis. • Requires immediate medical and surgical attention. • Severe blood loss (shocK) • Left side, T9-T11. • Removed rather than repaired • Sx-Total splenectomy
- 43. Pancreatic cancer . •Near Head of bile duct; obstructive jaundice (yellow skin tint) • Whipple procedure (pancreatoduodenectom • Stents could do well.
- 44. Impaction of gallstones. •Usually asymptomatic . • Sometimes very painful. • Eating fatty foods contracts gallbladder against stones. • May result in infected bile into the pancreatic duct leading to pancreatitis. • Sx.-cholecystectomy.
- 45. Cirrhosis of liver… • Scarring of liver tissue as hepatocytes die off. • Associated with chronic alcoholism and hepatitis. • Portal hypertension develops.
- 46. Portal hypertension… • Anastomoticbackup of surrounding veins(Gastroesophogeal, Anorectal, Paraumbilical, Retroperitoneal) • leads ascities,caput medusae,spider naevi • Rx-Can insert a shunt from the portal vein back to IVC. • Blood flow through sinusoids impeded
- 47. Renal and Uretericcalculi (stones)… • • • • • • Consolidation of dissolved minerals in urine. Episodic flank pain and hematuria. Pain -loin to groin radiating pain Most pass with timed. Surgical navigation removal. Non Sx- Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy.(ESWL)
- 48. Abdominal aortic aneurysm… •Localized enlargement of the aorta as a result of congenital or acquired weakness. • can be detected left of midline. • Common site is just above the bifurcation of the aorta to common iliac arteries. • Unrecognized rupture of an aneurysm has a 90% mortality rate.