1. Rosenhan conducted a study where pseudopatients (people posing as patients) gained admission to psychiatric hospitals by claiming to hear voices. 2. Once admitted, the pseudopatients acted normally but took detailed notes of their observations and treatment. 3. On average, pseudopatients spent 23 days in the hospital before being discharged with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, despite never having any symptoms of mental illness. The study highlighted issues with misdiagnosis and over-medicalization in psychiatric facilities.

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2. 1. The only untruthful thing said by the pseudopatients was
that they were hearing a voice saying “EMPTY, THUD, HOLLOW”
2. Once admitted to the ward the pseudopatients copied the behaviour of
the other patients so that the staff would believe they had schizophrenia.
3. On the ward the pseudopatients made detailed notes of their observations
of how patients are treated in psychiatric units.
4. These observations showed a great deal of quality interaction between
staff and patients.
5. Average length of stay for the pseudo patients was 23 days.
6. When a pseudopatient approached a doctor to request when they would
be presented at the staff meeting they usually received a response
unrelated to their request such “how are you today”, and on many
occasion the doctor failed to acknowledge their presence.
7. In a second study Rosenhan informed a number of psychiatric hospitals
that a number of pseudopatients would be trying to gain admission and
sent a further 40 pseudopatients to hospitals across the USA.
True or False?

3. Lesson Objectives
By the end of the lesson you …
• Must be able to describe (Ao1) Rosenhan’s
study.
• Should be able to evaluate (Ao2) the reliability
of diagnosis of mental disorders describe
(Ao1) Type I and Type II Errors.
Pg. 37-41

5. 1. Imagine you are in Japan, the earth has just
started shaking and you run into this
room, explain the behaviour of your classmates.
2. You are in an American High School, you have
heard some loud bangs (like gun shots) you run
into the classroom. Explain you classmates
behaviour.
3. It’s the 1st April April and you are late for
registration explain the behaviour of your
classmates as you walk into the classroom.
4. You are a visitor at a school for children with
severe learning difficulties and autism, you walk
into the classroom, explain the behaviour you
see.

7. Type I and Type II Errors
Type I Error = calling an ill
person sick.
Type II Error = calling a healthy
person sick.
Perception / Diagnosis
Ill [True] Not Ill [False]
Reality
Ill [True] Correct
Type I Error
False Negative
Not Ill
[False]
Type II Error
False Positive
Correct

8. A
• Aim
• What did they hope to find? What was their research question? What
theory is the study attempting to support? How is it going to support it?
P
• Procedure
• What did they do? How did they do it? Who did they do it to? When did
they do it?
R
• Results
• What did they find out? What data did they collect?
C
• Conclusion
• What does this mean? Did the results support the aim? Do the results
support the theory the study is based on?
Page 37-41

10. 1. What is a psychiatrist?
2. How did the ‘pseudo patients’ gain admission to hospital.
3. Give one explanation why most of the pseudopatients were
admitted to hospital with the incorrect diagnosis of
'schizophrenia'.
4. Identify two ways in which the patients' privacy was invaded.
5. How long, on average, were the pseudo-patients in hospital for?
6. Give two examples of the ways in which the hospital staff
interpreted the behaviour of the pseudopatients.
7. What observations were made by the pseudopatients regarding
interactions with hospital staff?
8. What observations were made by the pseudo patients regarding
medication?
9. How do you think the hospital staff that admitted the pseudo-
patients in the first study might explain their own behaviour?
10. What is the difference between a type 1 and type 2 error?

11. • Must be able to describe (Ao1) Rosenhan’s
study.
• Should be able to evaluate (Ao2) the reliability
of diagnosis of mental disorders describe
(Ao1) Type I and Type II Errors.

12. List as many evaluation
issues as you can remember from
last year.
Hint: consider the methods used /
design of experiment / sample …
Evaluation Issues

13. Lesson Objectives
By the end of the lesson you …
• Must be able to evaluate (Ao2) Rosenhan’s
research.
• Must be able to describe (Ao1) and evaluate
(Ao2) primary and secondary data in research.
Pg. 37-41 (Rosenhan), 7-8 (Data)

14. Strength Weakness

17. Primary & Secondary Data
• Primary data are data collected by the researcher from
source. Most methods used in psychology do collect
primary data through such methods as questionnaires and
experiments.
• Secondary data have already been collected by other
researchers and then used by psychologists. Secondary
data often come as statistics and a method called meta
analysis is often used by psychologists. Meta analysis
involves the pooling of data about a particular topic from
difference sources such as the occurrence of depression.
Page 7-8

18. 1. In your own words, define what is meant by primary data.
2. Explain why research which is carried out first-hand gains credibility.
3. What is meant by ‘empirical’ research?
4. Give two examples of research methods used in psychology which
produce primary data.
5. Is primary data qualitative or quantitative?
6. Give one example of psychological research that produced primary
data and explain why it was primary data.
7. In your own words, define what is meant by secondary data.
8. Give one reason why a psychologist may choose to use secondary data.
9. When does primary data become secondary data?
10. Give two examples of research methods used in psychology which use
secondary data.
11. Provide one example of psychological research that used secondary
data and explain why it is secondary data.
12. Which is most reliable: primary or secondary data? Explain why.
13. Which type of data is considered to be less time consuming and costly?
14. Which type of data is likely to be considered more up –to-date?
15. Outline one difference between primary and secondary data.

19. • Must be able to evaluate (Ao2) Rosenhan’s
research.
• Must be able to describe (Ao1) and evaluate
(Ao2) primary and secondary data in research.

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@jamiesflipped