Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mind. Psychologists conduct research using systematic methods to measure behavior objectively and reduce biases. There are four major forms of research in psychology: experimental research, correlation research, interviews, and surveys. Experimental research uses controlled techniques to test hypotheses, while correlational research examines relationships between variables without manipulation. Interviews and surveys assess behaviors, opinions, and feelings through direct questions.
Confirmatory Test for Semen identificationParth Chuahan
Seminal fluid is a complex mixture of secretions from at least four male urogenital glands. The seminal vesicle gland contributes approximately 60% to this mixture, the prostate gland contributes approximately 30%, and the combined contribution of the epididymis and bulbourethral glands account for the remaining 10%
Confirmatory Tests for semen:
1- The Christmas Tree Stain: The most reliable confirmation for the presence of semen is the positive visual identification of sperm cells (or spermatozoa) using the Christmas tree stain.
Blood smear preparation, fixation, staining. Veterinary Clinical Examination ...Gansbaai SA
How to make a blood smear, including all steps: Preparation, fixation and staining. Veterinary clinical Examination for small and large animals. Methanol - Fixation. Additionaly basic information about blood.
Confirmatory Test for Semen identificationParth Chuahan
Seminal fluid is a complex mixture of secretions from at least four male urogenital glands. The seminal vesicle gland contributes approximately 60% to this mixture, the prostate gland contributes approximately 30%, and the combined contribution of the epididymis and bulbourethral glands account for the remaining 10%
Confirmatory Tests for semen:
1- The Christmas Tree Stain: The most reliable confirmation for the presence of semen is the positive visual identification of sperm cells (or spermatozoa) using the Christmas tree stain.
Blood smear preparation, fixation, staining. Veterinary Clinical Examination ...Gansbaai SA
How to make a blood smear, including all steps: Preparation, fixation and staining. Veterinary clinical Examination for small and large animals. Methanol - Fixation. Additionaly basic information about blood.
«Chockma equates to wisdom on the tree of life, `I am that I am`, pure being without form, thus the basis for all monotheistic religions that have arose from the vision of the supernal father, unfortunately without the Mother of Understanding to balance the whole deal out. And seeing as how this is an incomplete vision more so that the vision of the Dark Mother of the Left Pillar, which already has the understanding of the Father and Mother, conjoined. Without the Mother the error of the centuries has become part and parcel of the Jerusalem religions, this has led to more bloodshed and misery than would have otherwise been the case. Wisdom without Understanding is soon manifested in inquisitions and crusades; the Father without the Mother soon turns to death, as the seed is planted within the narrow confines of delusion (a barren womb).
The Greater majority of monotheistic religions claim to worship a supernal father. Love is equated with the Fathers love to us, and or our reciprocal love for the Father. There is nothing wrong with this in essence, its just that the RHP pillar does not have the sphere of Understanding, its an incomplete vision (so is the left without the right, but for different reasons). This is why the religions of the RHP have created all manners of Holy Books and laws as they do not understand or recognize individual sovereignty inherent in the vision of Binah.
The primal darkness of Binah is the inspiration for all acts of originality within creation, the darkness symbolizes that which is undiscovered, that which holds the secrets of life and death, as well as the alchemical formula (cybernetics!) that brings light to the individual who dares to plumb the darkness within and the darkness without.» ―Magister SOTOS on Binah (Saturn/Kronos: The Great Malefic 666 responsible for the fall into evil and the programmed aging process)
«"TO BE" you will only be if you move as straight as possible through this existence, to the entrance of the higher consciousness levels: "head ahead, own tail behind". "NOT TO BE" is your unaware perpetual cycle through rebirth, conflict resolution, and death. "Non-existence" means "to always wanting to bite in one's own tail".
A person who only believes that he exists in (electrical-neurological?) "circuits/cycles" is therefore also a person banned from paradise. (!!!!!!) He directs his "concentration" only on his own "self-seeking" rather than on his "self-finding". Only when you have found yourself will you be able to leave this low level of existence. You are your own exit.» ―HOLOFEELING by J-UP-Iter (The Great Benefic), 1996
In Roman mythology, Saturn is the god of agriculture (work, hierarchy, war, patriarchy, etc., neolithic revolution, loss of paradise), founder of civilizations (Prometheus/Lucifer/Technology) and of social order, and conformity. (the herd mentality, the adult-erated ego: the masses are toxic lead - ego - that must be transformed into gold: Tiphareth)
Pay attention throughout all the slides, and the hidden keys within.
Put all the jigsaw puzzle pieces of gold together. You might miss the hidden messages at first so keep going over the slides very carefully, you will be surprised by what may suddenly jump out at you. Be your eyes opened. From Kenneth Andre of Spirit. And remember this, everything I do is for a reason!
To travel between the stars in reasonable times, control of gravity (i.e. the curvature of spacetime itself) is an absolute necessity. However, it is extremely impractical (and perhaps nearly impossible) to manipulate bulk matter with neutron star densities or of planetary sizes in order to achieve this control. Furthermore, hypothetical travel devices such as warp drives, negative mass drives and wormholes all require very large negative energy densities to function. This means that as prospective travelers we have our work cut out for us.
First of all we must discover and learn how to manipulate a coupling between gravity and another fundamental force or forces that allows us to generate ultrastrong gravitational fields in the terrestrial laboratory. Secondly, we must discover a method of generating ultrahigh negative energy densities. A thorough understanding of methods of achieving these requirements must be the base of any future gravitational engineer’s knowledge.
If we begin by assuming that these requirements are possible, then our next step is to find a coupling to focus on. Since there are only two other fundamental forces (the electroweak force and the strong nuclear force), there are only two possibilities for this coupling.
This site examines some of the strongest evidence for these couplings and provides simple and extremely direct methods of testing for their existence. It is my hope that real Gravitational Engineering classes on these subjects will be a reality soon.
GRAVITATIONAL ENGINEERING PAGE
Kedrick F. Brown, 1998
We already have the means to travel among the stars, but these technologies are locked up in black projects, and it would take an act of God to ever get them out to benefit humanity. Anything you can imagine, we already know how to do it.
We now have technology to take ET home. No it won’t take someone’s lifetime to do it. There is an error in the equations (NOTE: Maxwell? Einstein?). We know what it is. We now have the capability to travel to the stars. First, you have to understand that we will not get to the stars using chemical propulsion. Second, we have to devise a new propulsion technology. What we have to do is find out where Einstein went wrong.
We have things out in the desert that are fifty years beyond what you can comprehend. If you have seen it on Star Wars or Star Trek, we’ve been there, done that, or decided it wasn’t worth the effort.
It is time to end all secrecy on this, as it no longer poses a national security threat, and make the technology available for use in the private sector. There are many in the intelligence community who would like to see this stay in the black, and not see the light of day.
I wish I could tell you about the projects we are currently working on. They are both fascinating and fantastic. They call for technologies once only dreamed of by science fiction writers.
-Ben Rich, Lockheed Skunkworks
Demonstration of different fixatives used in Histopathology
Demonstration of different Microtome used in Histopathology
To demonstrate the activity of enzyme
Demonstration of following enzymes activity in a Tissue
Demonstration of Laboratory method that uses antibodies
Demonstrate the FIC and FITC techniques
Demonstration of the technique used to separate DN
Demonstration of technique for rapidly producing
Demonstrate the Flow cytometer technique
Case Scenarios in Different Semen Analysis ResultsSujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta was invited as a Faculty in the Masterclass on :"Male Infertility and IUI" at BOGSCON (the Annual Conference of Bengal Obstetric and Gynaecological Society) held at Kolkata in December, 2019
«Chockma equates to wisdom on the tree of life, `I am that I am`, pure being without form, thus the basis for all monotheistic religions that have arose from the vision of the supernal father, unfortunately without the Mother of Understanding to balance the whole deal out. And seeing as how this is an incomplete vision more so that the vision of the Dark Mother of the Left Pillar, which already has the understanding of the Father and Mother, conjoined. Without the Mother the error of the centuries has become part and parcel of the Jerusalem religions, this has led to more bloodshed and misery than would have otherwise been the case. Wisdom without Understanding is soon manifested in inquisitions and crusades; the Father without the Mother soon turns to death, as the seed is planted within the narrow confines of delusion (a barren womb).
The Greater majority of monotheistic religions claim to worship a supernal father. Love is equated with the Fathers love to us, and or our reciprocal love for the Father. There is nothing wrong with this in essence, its just that the RHP pillar does not have the sphere of Understanding, its an incomplete vision (so is the left without the right, but for different reasons). This is why the religions of the RHP have created all manners of Holy Books and laws as they do not understand or recognize individual sovereignty inherent in the vision of Binah.
The primal darkness of Binah is the inspiration for all acts of originality within creation, the darkness symbolizes that which is undiscovered, that which holds the secrets of life and death, as well as the alchemical formula (cybernetics!) that brings light to the individual who dares to plumb the darkness within and the darkness without.» ―Magister SOTOS on Binah (Saturn/Kronos: The Great Malefic 666 responsible for the fall into evil and the programmed aging process)
«"TO BE" you will only be if you move as straight as possible through this existence, to the entrance of the higher consciousness levels: "head ahead, own tail behind". "NOT TO BE" is your unaware perpetual cycle through rebirth, conflict resolution, and death. "Non-existence" means "to always wanting to bite in one's own tail".
A person who only believes that he exists in (electrical-neurological?) "circuits/cycles" is therefore also a person banned from paradise. (!!!!!!) He directs his "concentration" only on his own "self-seeking" rather than on his "self-finding". Only when you have found yourself will you be able to leave this low level of existence. You are your own exit.» ―HOLOFEELING by J-UP-Iter (The Great Benefic), 1996
In Roman mythology, Saturn is the god of agriculture (work, hierarchy, war, patriarchy, etc., neolithic revolution, loss of paradise), founder of civilizations (Prometheus/Lucifer/Technology) and of social order, and conformity. (the herd mentality, the adult-erated ego: the masses are toxic lead - ego - that must be transformed into gold: Tiphareth)
Pay attention throughout all the slides, and the hidden keys within.
Put all the jigsaw puzzle pieces of gold together. You might miss the hidden messages at first so keep going over the slides very carefully, you will be surprised by what may suddenly jump out at you. Be your eyes opened. From Kenneth Andre of Spirit. And remember this, everything I do is for a reason!
To travel between the stars in reasonable times, control of gravity (i.e. the curvature of spacetime itself) is an absolute necessity. However, it is extremely impractical (and perhaps nearly impossible) to manipulate bulk matter with neutron star densities or of planetary sizes in order to achieve this control. Furthermore, hypothetical travel devices such as warp drives, negative mass drives and wormholes all require very large negative energy densities to function. This means that as prospective travelers we have our work cut out for us.
First of all we must discover and learn how to manipulate a coupling between gravity and another fundamental force or forces that allows us to generate ultrastrong gravitational fields in the terrestrial laboratory. Secondly, we must discover a method of generating ultrahigh negative energy densities. A thorough understanding of methods of achieving these requirements must be the base of any future gravitational engineer’s knowledge.
If we begin by assuming that these requirements are possible, then our next step is to find a coupling to focus on. Since there are only two other fundamental forces (the electroweak force and the strong nuclear force), there are only two possibilities for this coupling.
This site examines some of the strongest evidence for these couplings and provides simple and extremely direct methods of testing for their existence. It is my hope that real Gravitational Engineering classes on these subjects will be a reality soon.
GRAVITATIONAL ENGINEERING PAGE
Kedrick F. Brown, 1998
We already have the means to travel among the stars, but these technologies are locked up in black projects, and it would take an act of God to ever get them out to benefit humanity. Anything you can imagine, we already know how to do it.
We now have technology to take ET home. No it won’t take someone’s lifetime to do it. There is an error in the equations (NOTE: Maxwell? Einstein?). We know what it is. We now have the capability to travel to the stars. First, you have to understand that we will not get to the stars using chemical propulsion. Second, we have to devise a new propulsion technology. What we have to do is find out where Einstein went wrong.
We have things out in the desert that are fifty years beyond what you can comprehend. If you have seen it on Star Wars or Star Trek, we’ve been there, done that, or decided it wasn’t worth the effort.
It is time to end all secrecy on this, as it no longer poses a national security threat, and make the technology available for use in the private sector. There are many in the intelligence community who would like to see this stay in the black, and not see the light of day.
I wish I could tell you about the projects we are currently working on. They are both fascinating and fantastic. They call for technologies once only dreamed of by science fiction writers.
-Ben Rich, Lockheed Skunkworks
Demonstration of different fixatives used in Histopathology
Demonstration of different Microtome used in Histopathology
To demonstrate the activity of enzyme
Demonstration of following enzymes activity in a Tissue
Demonstration of Laboratory method that uses antibodies
Demonstrate the FIC and FITC techniques
Demonstration of the technique used to separate DN
Demonstration of technique for rapidly producing
Demonstrate the Flow cytometer technique
Case Scenarios in Different Semen Analysis ResultsSujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta was invited as a Faculty in the Masterclass on :"Male Infertility and IUI" at BOGSCON (the Annual Conference of Bengal Obstetric and Gynaecological Society) held at Kolkata in December, 2019
Table of Contents:
- THE EMERGENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY
- DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
- BASIC SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGICAL SCHOOLS
- STRUCTURALISM
- FUNCTIONALISM
- PSYCHOANALYTIC SCHOOL
- THE STRUCTURE OF THE PSYCHE
- CRITICISM OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
- BEHAVIORISM
- GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
- HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
- COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
- BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY
- RESEARCH METHODS
LASA 1 Final Project Early Methods Section3LASA 1.docxDIPESH30
LASA 1 Final Project Early Methods Section3
LASA 1: FINAL PROJECT EARLY METHODS SECTION
THE ROLE OF INTROVERSION AND EXTRAVERSION
PERSONALITY TRAITS ON MARITAL BLISS
STUDENT
_______ UNIVERSITY
PSY302-A01 Research Methods
Professor
April 15, 2015
Author Note:
This research was carried out as a partial fulfillment towards research methods course by.
Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to
1. What is your research question?
What is the significance of extroversion and introversion in marriage?
1. What is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null hypothesis?
Null Hypothesis: Extroversion brings along successful family institution and marital bliss.
Alternate hypothesis: Extroversion does not bring along successful family institution and marital bliss.
1. How many participants would you like to use and why? What are the inclusion characteristics, i.e., what must they have in order to be included in your study (for example, gender, diagnosis, age, personality traits, etc.)? Are there any exclusion characteristics, i.e. are there certain characteristics that would exclude them from being in your study? Does the sample need to be diverse? Why or why not?
20 participants will be engaged in the research study. This is a small number that is easier to manage as well as coordinate their activities during the data collection exercise. Ideally, participants are required and are normally sampled from a large population to be a representative. The nature of the study will require the researcher to get participants who have experiences in marriage. On gender, I will sample equal number of men and women to act as the representative of the general population. The approach is guided by the population in the community where the number of women and men is at par. On age, I will pick individuals from across ages although the highest percentage will constitute of married individuals between the age of 30 and 40 years. Further, I will also pick four individuals who have divorced with the aim of understanding whether introversion or extroversion contributed to their divorce. I will also look at the personal traits of individuals; hence will both social and anti-social individuals. The target participants will precise, representative and homogeneous. They will then be divided into different sets or strata that are mutually exclusive in order to aid it obtaining a systematic process of research.
1. What sampling technique will be used to collect your sample? What population does yoursample generalize to?
Being a qualitative research, the research will utilize the sampling method in the collection of data. Surveying and questionnaire are the main data collection methods that are normally used in quantitative research. The methods aids in understanding the behavior and effects from different members of the focus groups. The approach helps to reduce biases that may emerge when using a bigger population size while at the same time gu ...
Use the Capella library to locate two psychology research articles.docxdickonsondorris
Use the Capella library to locate two psychology research articles: a quantitative methods article and a qualitative methods article. These do not need to be on the same topic, but if you have a research topic in mind for your proposal (see Assessment 5), you may wish to pick something similar for this assessment. Read each article carefully.
Then, in a 2–3-page assessment, address the following elements:
1 Summarize the research question and hypothesis, the research methods, and the overall findings.
2 Compare the research methodologies used in each study. In what ways are the methodologies similar? In what ways are they different? (Be sure to use the technical psychological terms we are studying.)
3 Describe the sample and sample size for each study. Which one used a larger sample and why? How were participants selected?
4 Describe the data collection process for each study. What methods were used to collect the data? Surveys? Observations? Interviews? Be specific and discuss the instruments or measures fully—what do they measure? How is the test designed?
5 Summarize the data analysis process for each study. How was the data analyzed? Were statistics used? Were interviews coded?
6 In conclusion, craft 1–2 paragraphs explaining how these two articles illustrate the main differences between quantitative and qualitative research.
Additional Requirements
· Written communication: Written communication should be free of errors that detract from the overall message.
· APA formatting: Your assessment should be formatted according to APA (6th ed.) style and formatting.
· Length: A typical response will be 2–3 typed and double-spaced pages.
Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.
Research Methods
There are many different types of research studies, and the type of study that is done depends very much on the research question. Some studies demand strictly numerical data, such as a comparison of GPA among different college majors or weight loss among different types of eating programs. Others require more in-depth data, like interview responses. Such studies might include the lived experience of people that have been through a terrorist attack or understanding the experience of being physically disabled on a college campus. While there are a number of different types of studies that can be done, all of them fall under two basic categories: quantitative and qualitative.
Quantitative Research
Quantitative research deals with numerical data. This means that any topic you study in a quantitative study must be quantifiable—grades, weight, height, depression, and intelligence are all things that can be quantified on some scale of measurement. Quantitative data is often considered hard data—numbers are seen as concrete, irrefutable evidence, but we have to take into account a number of factors that could impact such data. Errors in measurement and recording of such data, as well as the influence of other factors outside those in the study, make for ...
Critical Thinking and ArticleResearch Analysis Guidelines(Based.docxannettsparrow
Critical Thinking and Article/Research Analysis Guidelines
(Based on: Paul R. & Elder, L. (2014) Critical Thinking: Concepts & Tools. www.criticalthinking.org)
Why Critical Thinking?
The Problem:
Everyone thinks; it is our nature to do so. But much of our thinking, left to itself, is biased, distorted, partial, uninformed, or down-right prejudiced. Yet the quality of our life and that of what we produce, make, or build depends precisely on the quality of our though. Shoddy thinking is costly, both in money and in quality of life. Excellence in thought, however, must be systematically cultivated.
A Definition:
Critical thinking is the art of analyzing and evaluating thinking with a view to improving it.
The Result:
A well cultivated critical thinker:
· Raises vital questions and problems, formulating them clearly and precisely;
· Gathers and assesses relevant information, using abstract ideas to interpret it effectively;
· Comes to well-reasoned conclusions and solutions, testing them against relevant criteria and standards;
· Thinks open-mindedly within alternative systems of thought, recognizing and assessing, as need be, their assumptions, implications, and practical consequences; and
· Communicates effectively with others in figuring out solutions to complex problems.
Critical thinking is, in short, self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking. It requires rigorous standards of excellence and mindful command of their use. It entails effective communication and problem solving abilities and a commitment to overcoming our native egocentrism and sociocentrism.
Analyzing & Assessing Research
Use this template to assess the quality of any research project or paper.
1. All research has a fundamental PURPOSE and goal.
· Research purposes and goals should be clearly stated.
· Related purposes should be explicitly distinguished.
· All segments of the research should be relevant to the purpose.
· All research purposes should be realistic and significant.
2. All research addresses a fundamental QUESTION, problem, or issue.
· The fundamental question at issue should be clearly and precisely stated.
· Related questions should be articulated and distinguished.
· All segments of the research should be relevant to the central question.
· All research questions should be realistic and significant.
· All research questions should define clearly stated intellectual tasks that, being fulfilled, settle the questions.
3. All research identifies data, INFORMATION, and evidence relevant to its fundamental question and purpose.
· All information should be clear, accurate, and relevant to the fundamental question at issue.
· Information gathered must be sufficient to settle the question at issue.
· Information contrary to the main conclusions of the research should be explained.
4. All research contains INFERENCES or interpretations by which conclusions are drawn.
· All conclusions should be clea.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
1. Page1
What is Psychology?
Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mind.
Research Methods in Psychology:
Psychologists conduct research because they know that they
cannot rely on “feelings, intuitions or just plain commonsense”
to answer the questions about peoples and their behavior.
Goals of research:
Psychologists strive to achieve four main goals in their research:
1. To describe a phenomenon.
2. To make predications about that phenomenon.
3. To introduce control on that phenomenon in their research.
4. To explain the phenomenon with some degree of confidence.
In psychology these steps are basically taken in the methods of study:
1. Reliance on empirical method.
2. Systematic methods to measure and quantify the aspects of behavior and processes of mind.
3. Procedural safeguards are adopted to increase objectivity and reduce the personal biases.
4. Keeping complete records of observations and data analysis.
5. Finding and conclusions communicated in ways that others can replicate the findings.
There are Four Major Forms of Research:
1. Experimental Research Method.
2. Correlation Research Method.
3. Interview Research Method.
4. Survey Research Method.
5. BiographicalResearch Method.
Experimental Research:
The process of posing and answering questions using
careful controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data.
Psychology also focuses on critical
thinking and is scientific, whereas
pseudo psychologies are nonscientific.
The Science of Psychology:
� Psychological research can be either:
• Basic: It is conducted to advance
scientific knowledge.
• Applied: It is a conducted to solve
practical problems.
2. Page2
a) Facts are what need to explain:
1. Objective -viewable by others.
2. Based on direct observation.
3. Reasonable observers agree are true.
b) Theory is a set of ideas that:
1. Explains facts.
2. Makes predictions about new facts.
3. They are from the specific to the general.
c) Hypothesis:
1. They are from the general to the specific.
2. Prediction about new facts.
3. Can be verified or falsified.
d) Research:
1. It is a term for the multiple ways by which hypothesis can be tested.
2. How you will test and measure the variables of interest.
3. Collect the Data that could be though direct observation, questionnaires, or behavioral tests.
Steps in Experimental ResearchMethod:
1. Formulation of problem.
2. Hypothesis and variables.
3. Experimental design.
4. Experimental and control group.
5. Controlled conditions.
6. Apparatus.
7. Analysis of results.
There are two different types of research:
1. Theoretical Research:
This research is designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand
scientific knowledge.
2. Applied Research:
This research is meant to provide practical solutions for immediate problems.
Advantages and DisadvantagesofExperimental Research:
Advantages Disadvantages
It is the only form of research that can
establish cause and effect.
Experiments are often artificial.
Experiments allow the researcher precise
control over variables.
Some experiments cannot be conducted due
to ethical concerns.
Psychology’s Intellectual Roots:
� Wilhelm Wundt: “Father of psychology.”
� Structuralism:Emphasized the elements
of conscious experience.
(Wundt and Titchener key leaders).
� Functionalism:Emphasized how the mind
functions to adapt organisms to their
environment (James key leader).
3. Page3
CorrelationResearch:
1. Correlation simply means association.
2. It is a non-experimental form of research that shows a directional relationship between
variables.
Types of correlation:
There are three types of correlation:
1. Positive correlation.
2. Negative correlation.
3. Zero correlation.
a) Positive Correlation:
When there is an increase in one variable that tends to be associated with an increase in the other
then this is known as a positive correlation.
High scores on X are related to high scores on Y, and low scores on X are related to low scores
on Y.
b) Negative Correlation:
If an increase in one variable tends to be associated with a decrease in the other then this is known as
a negative correlation.
High scores on X are related to low scores on Y, and low scores on X are related to high scores
on Y.
4. Page4
c) Negative Correlation:
A zero correlation occurs when there is no relationship between variables.
A correlation coefficient of (0) indicates there is no relationship between variables.
CorrelationCoefficient:
In this the numerical value that determines the strength of relationship between variables is in-
between -1 and +1.
Advantages and DisadvantagesofCorrelationResearch:
Advantages Disadvantages
It allows researchers to study variables that
would be unethical to manipulate.
They provide little control over extraneous
variables.
Researchers can study variables as they exist
naturally.
The direction of the relationship is unclear.
5. Page5
Comparison Between Experimental and Correlation Research Method:
Interview Research Method:
Interview:
1. It is the direct or face to face conservation of subject and research is called interview.
2. This method is based on questions. Purpose of interview may be different from different
persons.
Types of interview:
There are two types of interview:
1. Structured Interview:
Structured interview is formal. These types of interviews are like a job interview. There
is a fixed, predetermined set of questions that are put to every participant in the same
order and in the same way. The interviewer stays within their role and maintains social
distance from the interview.
2. Unstructured Interview:
Unstructured interview is informal. This type of interviews are like a casual
conversation. There are no set questions and the participant is given the opportunity to
raise whatever topics he/she feels are relevant and ask them in their own way. In this
kind of interview much qualitative data is likely to be collected.
6. Page6
Observational method:
Observation:
1. Observation is a very common and specific technique used in different sciences.
2. Observation can be the first step while discovering why we behave the way we do.
ObservationalGoal:
1. The primary goal of observational method is to describe behavior accurately with detail.
2. Observation is a principal data-gathering technique in this advanced age of technology.
3. Science begins with observation and must ultimately return for its final validation.
Types of observation:
Observations
WithIntervention WithIntervention
Structured FieldStudy Naturalistic Correlation
Observation Observation Method
ParticipantObservation Non-ParticipantObservation
Survey Method:
You might be aware that television news channels or newspapers ask you to send your view through
SMS on current issues of national or international importance. While doing this they try to seek the
opinion of people on those issues to communicate their view to the Government as well as to the
society.
For example: They conduct opinion poll during the election as to which political party enjoys support
of the majority of the people. Conducting such a study is called survey research. It is one of the popular
research methods not only in psychology but also in other disciplines such as sociology, political
science, economics and management.
Naturalistic Observation:
Observation and recording of behavior in
the participant’s natural habitat.
7. Page7
Steps in Survey Method:
1. Formulation of problem.
2. Population and sampling.
3. Tools of survey.
4. Data collection.
5. Data analysis.
6. Results.
Uses of Survey Method:
1. This is used to assess people thoughts, opinions and feelings.
2. Survey can be specific and limited in scope or more global in their goals.
3. In this research data can also be collected from illiterate people.
4. If sample can be selected carefully then its findings can be generalized.
Advantages and DisadvantagesofMail Survey ResearchMethod:
Advantages Disadvantages
One advantage of mail survey is that they
usually can be completed quickly.
Cost of mailing, waiting time and degree of
responses must be carefully considered.
When respondents are widely widespread
geographically it seems very useful.
As the respondents are not able to ask questions,
the questionnaire must be self-explanatory.
Biographical ResearchMethod:
Biography:
The complete life history so that’s why this is
called biography.
1. This method is use to collect information about important personalities such as political
leathers, writers, players, poets and may other important legends.
2. Some biographies are written to pay tribute by their well wishers or followers.
3. Some biographies are written during their life time and some after their death.
4. After reading their biographies we come to know that how they have spent their life, how they
faced the difficulties and how they overcome the hardship which came in their way and how
they become legends.
5. In this technique the observer have the opportunity to collect lots of information from one
place. But careful section is still required while consulting biographies as they are written for
different proposes.
Cautions:
While consulting biographies following points must be considered:
1. It should be noted weather it is biography or autobiography.
2. If it is written by someone else weather written during the lifetime of subject or not.
3. In case of biography what was the relation to the subject what was his intention.
4. The biases of writer should be in mind.
Surveys:
Assessment of behaviors and attitudes of a
sample or population.
Biological Research:
It is the studies the brain and other
parts of the nervous system.