4. Learning Objectives
By the end of this lesson you:
• Must be able to apply (AO2) your knowledge of
schizophrenia and treatments to a new situation.
• Must be able to describe (Ao1) and evaluate
(Ao2) primary and secondary data in research.
Pg. 21-25/ Pg
7/8
5. APPLICATION TASK – applied learning scenario
Read the case of Jack and using your knowledge of
schizophrenia, the biological and social explanations, and
the biological and social treatments answer the questions.
If you complete the application task:
Evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments that Jack
has been given and suggest an alternative (cognitive).
6. 1. Identify the symptoms that Jack is presenting that would
suggest that his diagnosis of schizophrenia is correct.
Categorise these as positive, negative or cognitive.
2. Identify what biological factors may have caused Jack’s
initial schizoid behaviour.
3. Identify the social factors that could have caused Jack’s
initial schizoid behaviour.
4. Identify the biological intervention to help Jack and
describe why the Phenothiazines may be effective in
treating schizophrenia.
5. Identify the social intervention(s) that have been put into
place to support Jack and describe why these may be
effective in treating his schizophrenia.
7.
8. Primary & Secondary Data
• Primary data are data collected by the researcher from
source. Most methods used in psychology do collect
primary data through such methods as questionnaires and
experiments.
• Secondary data have already been collected by other
researchers and then used by psychologists. Secondary
data often come as statistics and a method called meta
analysis is often used by psychologists. Meta analysis
involves the pooling of data about a particular topic from
difference sources such as the occurrence of depression.
Page 7-8
9. 1. In your own words, define what is meant by primary data.
2. Explain why research which is carried out first-hand gains credibility.
3. What is meant by ‘empirical’ research?
4. Give two examples of research methods used in psychology which
produce primary data.
5. Is primary data qualitative or quantitative?
6. Give one example of psychological research that produced primary
data and explain why it was primary data.
7. In your own words, define what is meant by secondary data.
8. Give one reason why a psychologist may choose to use secondary data.
9. When does primary data become secondary data?
10. Give two examples of research methods used in psychology which use
secondary data.
11. Provide one example of psychological research that used secondary
data and explain why it is secondary data.
12. Which is most reliable: primary or secondary data? Explain why.
13. Which type of data is considered to be less time consuming and costly?
14. Which type of data is likely to be considered more up –to-date?
15. Outline one difference between primary and secondary data.
10. • Must be able to apply (AO2) your knowledge of
schizophrenia and treatments to a new situation.
• Must be able to describe (Ao1) and evaluate
(Ao2) primary and secondary data in research.
12. Learning Objectives
By the end of this lesson you:
• Must be able to describe (AO1) the use of twin
studies in psychology .
• Must be able to describe (AO1) Gottesman and
Shields’ study
• Might be able to evaluate (AO2) Gottesman and
Shields’ study.
Pg. 47/48
13. Nature
Behaviour is caused by innate characteristics :
• The physiological/biological characteristics we are
born with.
• Behaviour is therefore determined by biology.
• Determinist view - suggests all behaviour is
determined by hereditary factors: Inherited
characteristics, or genetic make-up we are born
with.
14. Nurture
• An individuals behaviour is determined by the
environment- the things people teach them, the
things they observe, and because of the different
situations they are in.
• Also a determinist view - proposes all human
behaviour is the result of interactions with the
environment.
19. Concordance
Feature Interpretation
MZ concordance is
significantly higher than DZ
concordance
The disorder has a genetic
component.
MZ concordance is same or
similar to DZ concordance
The disorder is environmentally
caused.
MZ concordance is 100% The disorder is genetically
caused.
MZ concordance is
significantly less than 100%
The disorder has an
environmental component.
20. A
• Aim
• What did they hope to find? What was their research question? What
theory is the study attempting to support? How is it going to support it?
P
• Procedure
• What did they do? How did they do it? Who did they do it to? When did
they do it?
R
• Results
• What did they find out? What data did they collect?
C
• Conclusion
• What does this mean? Did the results support the aim? Do the results
support the theory the study is based on?
Page 47-48
21. Aim(s)
To investigate the relative importance of genetic
and environmental influences on schizophrenia
by comparing MZ and DZ twins.
• 1.Wanted to know the extent to which
Schizophrenia was genetic
• 2.Wanted to replicate other studies that had
found a genetic link with schizophrenia
22. Procedure
Collected secondary data from hospital records of
twins from the Maudsley and Bethlem Royal Joint
Hospital as well as collecting primary data by
interviewing and giving personality (psychometric)
tests.
From a sample of 392 patients 57 twin pairs were
selected aged between 19 –64yrs (average age 37)
where at least one of the twins were on the register
of the hospital as suffering from schizophrenia (5
pairs were both on the register).
23. Participants
MZ DZ (same sex) Total
Male 13 17 30
Female 11 16 27
Total 24 33 57
The following information was obtained:
• Case histories based on a self-report questionnaire and interview with the
twins and their parents to provide a record of verbal behaviour
• A personality test
• A test used to measure disordered thinking conducted on twins and
parents.
24. Results
Analysis of the data has looked
for similarities between each
patient and their twin.
Concordance was assessed in
three different ways:
• Grade 1: both the patient
and co-twin had been
hospitalised and diagnosed
with schizophrenia.
• Grade 2: both patient and
co-twin have had psychiatric
hospitalisation but the co-
twin has a different
diagnosis.
Grade MZ (%) DZ (%)
1 42 9
2 12 9
3 25 27
Normal 21 55
• Grade 3: The co-twin has
some psychiatric abnormality
(e.g. out-patient care, GP
care, neurotic or psychotic
personality profile or being
abnormal on interview)
25. Conclusions
NATURE
• Genes appear to play an
important role in schizophrenia
because the concordance rate is
higher in MZ twins than DZ twins.
(MZ twins are at least 48 times
more likely to have schizophrenia
than someone in the general
population)
• There is some evidence to
suggest that there is a set of
genes responsible but not one in
particular.
NURTURE
• Environmental factors must also
be important. The Diathesis-
stress model suggests that
individuals have a genetic
predisposition for schizophrenia
which is in part triggered from
the environment.
• Gottesman (1991) went on to
investigate the influence of genes
on by combining the results of 40
investigations spanning over 60
years. Concordance rate for
schizophrenia was 48% for MZ
and 17% for DZ twins.
26. 1. Describe one research method used in the study of
schizophrenia (6)
2. Evaluate one research method used in the study of
schizophrenia (6)
3. Evaluate one study as an example of this research method
(6)
4. Twin sisters Zara and Elizabeth shared everything as they
were growing up, dolls, secrets, boyfriends. Recently, Zara
has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and now Elizabeth
is terrified that she’ll be next. Use psychological concepts,
theory and studies to discuss whether Elizabeth is right to
be worried.(8)
Tip: your answer must include an evidence based argument that
Elizabeth should be worried but also a counter-argument, presenting
reasons why Elizabeth may be okay, thoughts about how Elizabeth could
protect herself further, evidence which refuters the role of genetics in
schizophrenia, possibly drawing upon theories which suggest
schizophrenia is caused by environmental experiences, limitations of
studies which support the genetic base of schizophrenia
27. • Must be able to apply (AO2) your knowledge of
schizophrenia and treatments to a new situation.
• Must be able to describe (Ao1) and evaluate
(Ao2) primary and secondary data in research.
The nature side of the debate suggests behaviour is cause by characteristics we are born with- the innate characterisitcs, which are usually physiological or biological. People behave the way they do because they are animals who act in accordance with their animal instincts (innate characteristics) and are determined by their biology.These characteristics are inherited from our ancestors, and form our genetic makeup
On the other hand, the nature side of the debate suggests that people behave the way they do because they are determined by the things other people teach them, the things they observe, and because of the different situations they are in.Like the nature side, the nurture side is also a determinist view as it proposes all human behaviour is the result of interactions with the environment.
