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The document examines the effect of different husked ratios (HR) during milling on rice breakage and whiteness for three common Iranian rice varieties. The study found that as the HR increased from 0.6 to 0.9, broken brown rice significantly increased for all varieties, while the lowest broken milled rice was obtained at a HR of 0.8. Increasing the HR from 0.6 to 0.9 also decreased rice whiteness levels for all varieties. The appropriate HR to minimize breakage during milling while achieving sufficient whiteness depends on the rice variety.
Evaluation of promising lines in rice ( O r y z a s a t i v a L.) to agronomi...Galal Anis, PhD
A field experiment was conducted during the period 2014 and 2015 at the farm of Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, kafr el-sheikh, Egypt for evaluation the performance of promising lines in rice to agronomic and genetic performance under Egyptian conditions. Results revealed that the Giza 179 produced the highest grain yield (5.44 kg/5m2) followed by the promising line GZ9461-4-2-3-1 (5.26 kg/5m2) and the commercial variety Giza 178 (5.07 kg/5m2). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all traits. The high genotypic coefficient of variability (gcv) and phenotypic coefficient of variability (pcv) recorded for number of filled grains/panicle indicate the existence of wide spectrum of variability for this trait and offer greater opportunities for desired trait through phenotypic selection. The phenotypic variance was higher than the corresponding genotypic variance for traits. Estimation of heritability ranged from 49.16% to 99.52% for number of panicle/plant and duration traits, respectively. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for growing period and plant height and indicate the lesser influence of environment in expression of these traits and prevalence of additive gene action in their inheritance hence, amenable of simple selection. The promising rice lines GZ9461-4-2-3-1 and GZ10147-1-2-1-1 performed better as compared with the commercial variety. Selection of these traits would be more effective for yield improvement in rice and these promising lines would be more valuable materials for breeders engaged in the development of high yielding cultivars.
Genetic Variability of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes under Different Level...Premier Publishers
There is a relation between yield and yield-related traits in the evaluation of rice plant, the direct and indirect traits have a significant effect and influence on rice production and the pattern of grain yield. The direct and indirect effects of various traits determine the selection criterion for high grain yield. An evaluation of 16 rice genotypes was done under a tropical condition at three environments during two planting seasons. The experiment was split-plot design replicated three times across the environment. Data were collected on vegetative, yield and yield-related components. The pooled data base on the analysis of variance revealed that there were highly significant different (p ≤ 0.01) among the 16 genotypes in all the characters studied except panicle length and grain width which show no significant difference. There was highly significant and highly positive correlation at a phenotypic level at the number of tillers per hill (0.46), number of panicles per hill (0.41), grain weight per plot (0.99) and yield per plot (kg) (0.99) with the yield per hectare. Also, a significant and positive correlation was observed by filled grain per panicle (0.19). However, in contrast, the number of empty grain per panicle (-0.02) which recorded negative significant correlation with the yield . It could be concluded that number of tillers per hill, number of panicles per hill, grain weight per plot and yield per plot could be used as selection criteria to improve grain yield of rice.
Effect Of Crop Geometry, Cutter Speed And Forward Speed On Performance Of For...Sai Mohan Samala
Fodder production in the country, Performance Of Forage Harvester-cum-chopper, Maize fodder crop, Effect of cutter speed on Harvesting, Effect of forward speed on Harvesting, Throughput capacity (T/H), Harvesting efficiency (%), Height of cut (cm), loss of moisture content (%), chopping size (cm) and specific fuel consumption (L/T)
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 13 upland rice varieties over two locations in Ethiopia for yield and other traits. Significant differences were found among varieties for several traits. The highest yielding varieties were Chewaka, Hiddassie, and Fogera 1. Chewaka yielded 5395.8 kg/ha on average, 25.8-35% more than the check. Most varieties matured within 120-130 days. High heritability was found for days to heading, panicle length, and grain yield, indicating these traits can be easily improved through selection. Grain yield also had high genetic variation and heritability with genetic advance, suggesting yield can be improved through selection. This study identified variability that can be used
The document analyzes trends in area, production and productivity of banana in World, India and Tamil Nadu. It estimates cost and return of Grand Naine banana cultivation using a Cobb-Douglas production function and stochastic frontier analysis. The mean technical efficiency of Grand Naine banana cultivation is 84.96%. Major constraints faced by farmers are Sigotoka leaf spot disease and lack of labor. The study recommends subsidizing planting material costs and adopting crop rotation to increase profits from Grand Naine banana cultivation.
This study evaluated the effects of three sowing methods (drilling, broadcasting, and broadcasting in standing water) and three seed rates (125 kg/ha, 150 kg/ha, 175 kg/ha) on the growth and yield of wheat. The experiment was conducted during the 2004-2005 winter season in Quetta, Pakistan using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results showed that drilling wheat at a seed rate of 150 kg/ha significantly increased various growth and yield parameters compared to other treatments. This treatment led to taller plants, more tillers per plant, more spikes per plant, more grains per spike, higher 1000-grain weight, and greater grain and straw yield per plot. Uniform seed distribution and proper
The document describes a study that calibrated and validated the CERES-Rice crop growth simulation model for different rice cultivars at Navsari, India. The model was calibrated using experimental crop data from 2009-2011 and validated using 2012 data. Genetic coefficients for three rice cultivars were developed through an interactive process. The calibrated model was evaluated based on its ability to simulate grain yield, biomass production, and yield attributes compared to observed values. Simulation error was lowest for the second transplanting date and highest nitrogen level for grain yield, and lowest for the earliest transplanting date for biomass production. The study demonstrated the CERES-Rice model, after calibration and validation, can accurately simulate rice growth
The document examines the effect of different husked ratios (HR) during milling on rice breakage and whiteness for three common Iranian rice varieties. The study found that as the HR increased from 0.6 to 0.9, broken brown rice significantly increased for all varieties, while the lowest broken milled rice was obtained at a HR of 0.8. Increasing the HR from 0.6 to 0.9 also decreased rice whiteness levels for all varieties. The appropriate HR to minimize breakage during milling while achieving sufficient whiteness depends on the rice variety.
Evaluation of promising lines in rice ( O r y z a s a t i v a L.) to agronomi...Galal Anis, PhD
A field experiment was conducted during the period 2014 and 2015 at the farm of Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, kafr el-sheikh, Egypt for evaluation the performance of promising lines in rice to agronomic and genetic performance under Egyptian conditions. Results revealed that the Giza 179 produced the highest grain yield (5.44 kg/5m2) followed by the promising line GZ9461-4-2-3-1 (5.26 kg/5m2) and the commercial variety Giza 178 (5.07 kg/5m2). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all traits. The high genotypic coefficient of variability (gcv) and phenotypic coefficient of variability (pcv) recorded for number of filled grains/panicle indicate the existence of wide spectrum of variability for this trait and offer greater opportunities for desired trait through phenotypic selection. The phenotypic variance was higher than the corresponding genotypic variance for traits. Estimation of heritability ranged from 49.16% to 99.52% for number of panicle/plant and duration traits, respectively. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for growing period and plant height and indicate the lesser influence of environment in expression of these traits and prevalence of additive gene action in their inheritance hence, amenable of simple selection. The promising rice lines GZ9461-4-2-3-1 and GZ10147-1-2-1-1 performed better as compared with the commercial variety. Selection of these traits would be more effective for yield improvement in rice and these promising lines would be more valuable materials for breeders engaged in the development of high yielding cultivars.
Genetic Variability of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes under Different Level...Premier Publishers
There is a relation between yield and yield-related traits in the evaluation of rice plant, the direct and indirect traits have a significant effect and influence on rice production and the pattern of grain yield. The direct and indirect effects of various traits determine the selection criterion for high grain yield. An evaluation of 16 rice genotypes was done under a tropical condition at three environments during two planting seasons. The experiment was split-plot design replicated three times across the environment. Data were collected on vegetative, yield and yield-related components. The pooled data base on the analysis of variance revealed that there were highly significant different (p ≤ 0.01) among the 16 genotypes in all the characters studied except panicle length and grain width which show no significant difference. There was highly significant and highly positive correlation at a phenotypic level at the number of tillers per hill (0.46), number of panicles per hill (0.41), grain weight per plot (0.99) and yield per plot (kg) (0.99) with the yield per hectare. Also, a significant and positive correlation was observed by filled grain per panicle (0.19). However, in contrast, the number of empty grain per panicle (-0.02) which recorded negative significant correlation with the yield . It could be concluded that number of tillers per hill, number of panicles per hill, grain weight per plot and yield per plot could be used as selection criteria to improve grain yield of rice.
Effect Of Crop Geometry, Cutter Speed And Forward Speed On Performance Of For...Sai Mohan Samala
Fodder production in the country, Performance Of Forage Harvester-cum-chopper, Maize fodder crop, Effect of cutter speed on Harvesting, Effect of forward speed on Harvesting, Throughput capacity (T/H), Harvesting efficiency (%), Height of cut (cm), loss of moisture content (%), chopping size (cm) and specific fuel consumption (L/T)
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 13 upland rice varieties over two locations in Ethiopia for yield and other traits. Significant differences were found among varieties for several traits. The highest yielding varieties were Chewaka, Hiddassie, and Fogera 1. Chewaka yielded 5395.8 kg/ha on average, 25.8-35% more than the check. Most varieties matured within 120-130 days. High heritability was found for days to heading, panicle length, and grain yield, indicating these traits can be easily improved through selection. Grain yield also had high genetic variation and heritability with genetic advance, suggesting yield can be improved through selection. This study identified variability that can be used
The document analyzes trends in area, production and productivity of banana in World, India and Tamil Nadu. It estimates cost and return of Grand Naine banana cultivation using a Cobb-Douglas production function and stochastic frontier analysis. The mean technical efficiency of Grand Naine banana cultivation is 84.96%. Major constraints faced by farmers are Sigotoka leaf spot disease and lack of labor. The study recommends subsidizing planting material costs and adopting crop rotation to increase profits from Grand Naine banana cultivation.
This study evaluated the effects of three sowing methods (drilling, broadcasting, and broadcasting in standing water) and three seed rates (125 kg/ha, 150 kg/ha, 175 kg/ha) on the growth and yield of wheat. The experiment was conducted during the 2004-2005 winter season in Quetta, Pakistan using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results showed that drilling wheat at a seed rate of 150 kg/ha significantly increased various growth and yield parameters compared to other treatments. This treatment led to taller plants, more tillers per plant, more spikes per plant, more grains per spike, higher 1000-grain weight, and greater grain and straw yield per plot. Uniform seed distribution and proper
The document describes a study that calibrated and validated the CERES-Rice crop growth simulation model for different rice cultivars at Navsari, India. The model was calibrated using experimental crop data from 2009-2011 and validated using 2012 data. Genetic coefficients for three rice cultivars were developed through an interactive process. The calibrated model was evaluated based on its ability to simulate grain yield, biomass production, and yield attributes compared to observed values. Simulation error was lowest for the second transplanting date and highest nitrogen level for grain yield, and lowest for the earliest transplanting date for biomass production. The study demonstrated the CERES-Rice model, after calibration and validation, can accurately simulate rice growth
Development and performance evaluation of servo basedAlexander Decker
This document describes the development and performance evaluation of a servo-based programmable logic controller (PLC) operated grain automatic weigher for flour mill industries. The researchers designed and built a prototype weigher using technologies like servo control, PLC control, load cells, and linear motion guide ways to improve accuracy over existing mechanical weighers. Testing showed the automatic weigher could precisely measure grain weights between 1500-5000g, with an average error of less than 0.2%. Cycle times for weighing 500g and 5000g were 14 and 23 seconds respectively. The automatic weigher provides an accurate, precise, and automated solution for weighing grains in flour mill production processes.
This document describes the design and fabrication of a screw conveyor for transporting grains vertically into a silo. Key details include:
- The conveyor consists of a helical screw inside a cylindrical housing powered by an electric motor. It was designed and built using locally available materials.
- Tests were conducted using maize, sorghum, and gari at various angles of inclination. The conveyor achieved loading rates of 407-450 kg/hr for maize, 282-350 kg/hr for sorghum, and 263-460 kg/hr for gari.
- The conveyor efficiently loaded a 2.68 m3 silo in 15 minutes with 99.95% efficiency.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Studying yield and yield components of Early Maturing Maize (Zea mays L.) Inb...Premier Publishers
The objective of the study was to evaluate yield and yield components of early maturing maize inbred lines in moisture stress areas of Ethiopia. Fifteen inbred lines were crossed in a diallel mating design; three standard checks with105 hybrids were evaluated in Alpha Lattice Design in two replications at three locations. Most studied traits showed significant for entries, hybrids, checks, checks versus hybrids, interaction of entries x location and hybrids x location. The highest grain yield was obtained from hybrids, Line7 x Line15 (8.05t/ha), L9 x L15 (6.44t/ha) andL14 x L15 (9.37t/ha) whereas, the lowest yield was recorded from hybrids, L4 x L8, L1 x L2 or L3 x L9 and L4 x L3 at Melkassa, Mieso and Zeway, in the that order. Mean of hybrids and standard checks across locations indicated that the highest grain yield of 7.2 and 7.1 (t/ha) were obtained from standard checks Melkassa hybrid-130 and BH-543 respectively. Among the hybrids, the best yield of 7.0, 6.7 and 6.6 (t/ha) were recorded for L12 x L15, L7 x L15 and L14 x L15, in that order. The lowest grain yield was obtained from hybrid, L4 x L8 (2.8 t/ha). Lines, L5 x L6 and L5 x L10 were early maturing hybrids across the locations. Hence, hybrids involving L15 as one of its parent yielded better at all locations. The study identified inbred lines and hybrid with desirable traits that will be useful for selecting high yielding and early maturing hybrids for drought areas of the country.
Effect of dietary fibers from mango peels and date seeds on physicochemical p...IJMREMJournal
The present study aims at evaluating effects of dietary fibers of Mango peels (MP) and Date seeds (DS) on the
quality of Arabic bread (AB). MP was added at two levels (2% and 4%) and DS were at 4% and 6%, based on
flour weight. Results showed that DS is considered as a good source of dietary fiber compared to MP. Also, it was
found that MP at different levels improved the overall quality of AB. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system
(ANFIS) is used to study the properties AB with the different proportions of mango peel (M) and dates seed (D)
as inputs, and two output properties (crust color CC and crumb texture CT). Experimental validation runs were
conducted to compare the measured values and the predicted ones. The comparison shows that the adoption of
this neuro- modeling technique (i.e., ANFIS) achieved a satisfactory prediction accuracy of about 85%
Abstract— The study was carried out through on farm testing during kharif seasons of 2012 and 2013 under mid central table land zone of Odisha with an objective to evaluate the performances of short duration paddy Sahabhagi dhan as compared to the farmer’s practice (Khandagiri). The late matured (98.3 days) Sahabhagi dhan recorded higher germination(48.4 m-2), plant height(87.5 cm), effective tillers plant-1(13.2), Length of panicle(22.6 cm), filled grains panicle-1(125.3) with spikelet fertility(93.65 %) and 1000 grain weight(22.3 g) than khandagiri. The same also produced grain yield 35.5 q ha-1 which is 28.6 % higher yield than Khandagiri with harvest index ( 47.9) and water productivity(3.17 kg mm-1). The variety gave higher gross return Rs. 50365 ha-1 with a benefit- cost ratio 1.38 and additional net return Rs.6059 ha-1 as compared to farmers practice and thus the existing variety Khandagiri can be replaced by Sahabhagi dhan for higher productivity and income.
This document analyzes the correlation between milling and baking parameters of flours from 20 wheat varieties. Standard milling tests showed significant differences in milling parameters between varieties. Rheological dough tests including farinograph, extensigraph, fermentograph, maturograph, and oven spring apparatus assessed properties related to mixing, fermentation, and baking. Significant correlations were found between milling parameters like semolina yield and flour properties like water absorption, gas volume, and bread volume. Varieties with higher semolina yields tended to have higher water absorption, gas volume, and specific bread volume. The study identified relationships between wheat and flour properties and their influence on milling and baking performance.
Particle Size Distribution, Rheological and Pasting Properties of Wheat, Anch...Premier Publishers
Flour is a major ingredient in the majority of ready to eat snack foods, especially in bakery products. Although composite flours can be beneficial, the dough’s rheological and pasting properties play a vital role in the final quality of bakery products. This study was initiated to examine the particle size distribution, rheological and pasting property of composite wheat-anchote flour that is suitable for bakery products. The experiments were carried out by blending anchote to wheat flour with the ratio of 10,15 and 20% substitution. The pasting properties of Anchote flour included 4025.00, 1075.33, 2949.67, 2171.00 and 1095.67 cP of peak, trough, breakdown, final and set back viscosities respectively and 4.26 min of peak time as well as 70.33 0C pasting temperature. Values of the same attributes for the wheat flour were 2321.00, 299.33, 2021.67, 389.00, 91.67, 5.63 and 77.00 respectively with the relevant units indicated. Regarding the rheological properties, Anchote flour exhibited 66.61% water absorption, 7.40 min development time, 1.16 min stability time, 49.66 Farinograph Unit of mixing tolerance index and 22.66FU of farinogram quality number as compared to the values of 52.63%, 2.16 min, 5.56 min, 72.00 FU and 80.66 FU of the respective properties of wheat flour. All of these properties of composite flours were significantly (p<0.05) affected by Anchote blending ratios.
Production of Chips of Porang (Amorphophallus Oncophyllus) by Slicing Machin...AM Publications
Chips of porang (amorphophallus oncophyllus) is slice of tubers of porang as a main material for glucomannan flour-making. Glucomannan flour containing high glucomannan is very useful to the food industry, non-food and health. Chips of porang production among the farmers in Magelang, Central Java, still use manual method that resulting low chips quality that does not meet for further processing, namely manufacturing of flour glucomannan. This applied research is intended to design the tubers chips maker with double rotating cutters to produce chips of uniform and the same thickness. The method used is engineering design approach starting from process of machine design, manufacture engine components, and engine performance testing. The result is a slicing machine with rotating cutters for producing chips of porang with the specifications: length dimension: 1000 (mm), width 750 (mm), height 1000 (mm), the weight of the machine: 85 (kg), the drive unit: motor gasoline of 5.5 HP. It was found that best performance of cutting process of the rotating double cutters is at 120 rpm, cutter angle of inclination is of 30o, and production capacity is of 310 kg per hour.
Maize Hybrids Yield as Affected by Inter and Intra Row SpacingIJEAB
To study the effect of different, inter and intra-row on some new maize hybrids under on yield and its components. Two field experiments were carried out during summer seasons of 2014 and 2015. The results showed that highest ear length, ear diameter, grains weight/ear, shelling percentage, 100-grain weight and grain yield/fed. S.C 2055 hybrid was recorded the greatest value number of rows/ear. S.C 2066 hybrids recorded the highest number grains/row, the lowest ear length, ear diameter, grains weight/ear, shelling percentage and 100-grain weight. Sown maize plants in width rows (70 cm) produced the highest number of ear/plant, number of rows/ear and number grains/row and ear length, ear diameter, grains weight/ear, shelling percentage and 100-grain weight. Sown maize plants in hills 30 cm apart produced the greatest numbers of ears/plant and thick ears, highest grains weight/ear, shelling percentage and 100- grain weight. However, sown maize plants at hill spacing of 25 cm apart produced tallest ears. It could be concluded that sown S.C. 3084 hybrid at 60 cm row width and hill spacing of 20 cm apart maximized maize productivity under the environmental conditions of Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.
Kubota, n. 1994: genetic algorithm with age structure and its application to ...ArchiLab 7
This paper proposes a new genetic algorithm called the age structured genetic algorithm (ASGA) to address issues of premature convergence and bias in traditional genetic algorithms. The ASGA introduces an age structure that allows parents and offspring to coexist in populations over multiple generations. The paper applies the ASGA to optimize the organization of a press machining line as an example of a self-organizing manufacturing system. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the ASGA improves the press line's makespan, or total processing time, by up to 10% compared to traditional genetic algorithms and performs best on more complex problem instances. The ASGA helps maintain genetic diversity in populations and finds better optimizations for scheduling flexible manufacturing systems.
Comparative performance of rice establishment methods in north central platea...Ashutosh Pal
The document summarizes a study on the comparative performance of different rice establishment methods and nutrient management practices in Orissa, India. It finds that the system of rice intensification (SRI) method produced the highest grain yield (6655 kg/ha), 18-26% more than other methods. Integrated nutrient management also led to higher yields than chemical or organic fertilizers alone. The most suitable combination was found to be SRI establishment with integrated nutrient management, providing the maximum yield and profits. Future research opportunities are identified around evaluating other organic nutrient sources and direct seeding methods within the SRI system.
Long term effects of soil tillage systems and crop sequence on irrigated whea...mohammad reza mehrvar
In the presented oral paper on long-term effects of Conservation Agriculture in irrigated production environments, the positive synergies as a result of adoption suitable managed approaches for holistic cropping systems can be observed.
This document summarizes 5 experiments analyzing rice genotypes in multiple locations using AMMI (Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction) modeling. Experiment 1 analyzed yields of 9 genotypes in East Java, identifying 5 genotypes with above average yields that were stable across locations. Experiment 2 of 6 genotypes in West Nusa Tenggara found 2 stable, high-yielding genotypes. Experiment 3 of 12 genotypes in several Indonesian provinces identified 5 superior, stable genotypes. Experiment 4 of 7 upland rice genotypes in West Java recognized 4 stable, high-yielding types. Finally, Experiment 5 of 23 red rice genotypes in Lombok determined 11 stable, above average performers. The research aimed to identify rice varieties suitable for specific locations based on
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system to analyze crop phenology (growth stages) using IoT to support parallel agriculture management. The system would use sensors to collect data on soil moisture, temperature, humidity and other parameters. This data would be input to a database. Then, a multiple linear regression model trained on past data would predict the optimal crop and expected yield based on the tested sensor data and parameters. This system aims to help farmers select crops and fertilization practices tailored to their specific fields' conditions.
Performance Evaluation of a Developed Grain Milling MachineAZOJETE UNIMAID
A locally developed grain milling machine was evaluated using maize (Sammaz - 12 variety) and millet (Lake Chad Dwarf variety) at different moisture range of 8.3% to 24.6% and 6.4% to 27.2% (db) respectively. The performance indices considered for the evaluation of the machine were milling efficiency, machine efficiency and milling rate. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. The results showed that all the parameters evaluated decreased with increase in moisture content for both grains used in testing evaluating the performance of the machine. It was found that, the milling efficiency and milling rate decreased from 86.3% to 40% and 20.4 to 12.5kg/h for maize respectively and 89% to 26.6% and 23.4kg/h to 12.1kg/h for millet respectively as the moisture content was increased. Statistical analysis showed significant (P < 0.05) differences between the crop moisture content and milling efficiency and machine efficiency. The milling rate was not significantly affected by the moisture content for both grains used in the study.
IRJET- A Review on Design and Development of Pedal Operated Maize ShellerIRJET Journal
This document reviews the design and development of a pedal-operated maize sheller. It begins with an introduction to maize/corn as the third most important crop in India. Traditionally, maize is shelled by hand which is time-consuming and inefficient. Existing power-operated shellers require electricity and have high capital costs, making them unsuitable for rural areas. The document then reviews several existing maize sheller designs. It identifies opportunities to improve efficiency and reduce costs. The goal is to develop an affordable pedal-powered sheller suitable for Indian farmers. The document concludes that a pedal-operated design could provide higher productivity than manual shelling while being more accessible to farmers than electric models
IRJET- Interaction Effect of Operating Parameters of Rotary Tiller Blade on T...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experiment evaluating the interaction effect of operating parameters of a rotary tiller blade on tillage quality under controlled soil bin conditions. Specifically, it analyzes the effect of tilling depth, forward speed, and rotary speed on soil mean mass diameter when using a J-shaped rotavator blade on medium-textured soil. The experiment found that these operating parameters significantly impacted tillage quality. Optimum values were a tilling depth of 100 mm, forward speed of 400 rpm, and rotary speed of 2.0 km/h, which produced a mean soil mass diameter of 2.31 mm. Statistical analysis using response surface methodology supported that changes in the operating parameters influence tillage quality
This study investigated the effects of process conditions on properties of an instant grain base made by extruding a blend of wheat, mungbean, and groundnut. Extrusion was performed at different moisture contents, screw speeds, and barrel temperatures. Response surface methodology was used to develop models relating these input variables to outputs like specific mechanical energy, expansion ratio, density, water absorption index, and water solubility index. Regression analysis found the models to be highly significant in predicting the outputs. Optimization found the optimum conditions were 14.08% moisture, 521 rpm screw speed, and 140°C temperature.
This study investigated the effects of process conditions on properties of an instant grain base made by extruding a blend of wheat, mungbean, and groundnut. Extrusion was performed at different moisture contents, screw speeds, and barrel temperatures. Response surface methodology was used to develop models relating these processing variables to responses like specific mechanical energy, expansion ratio, density, water absorption index, and water solubility index. The models showed these responses were significantly affected by the processing conditions. Optimization found the optimum conditions were 14.08% moisture, 521 rpm screw speed, and 140°C temperature. This produced desirable properties with high expansion and water absorption.
Development and performance evaluation of servo basedAlexander Decker
This document describes the development and performance evaluation of a servo-based programmable logic controller (PLC) operated grain automatic weigher for flour mill industries. The researchers designed and built a prototype weigher using technologies like servo control, PLC control, load cells, and linear motion guide ways to improve accuracy over existing mechanical weighers. Testing showed the automatic weigher could precisely measure grain weights between 1500-5000g, with an average error of less than 0.2%. Cycle times for weighing 500g and 5000g were 14 and 23 seconds respectively. The automatic weigher provides an accurate, precise, and automated solution for weighing grains in flour mill production processes.
This document describes the design and fabrication of a screw conveyor for transporting grains vertically into a silo. Key details include:
- The conveyor consists of a helical screw inside a cylindrical housing powered by an electric motor. It was designed and built using locally available materials.
- Tests were conducted using maize, sorghum, and gari at various angles of inclination. The conveyor achieved loading rates of 407-450 kg/hr for maize, 282-350 kg/hr for sorghum, and 263-460 kg/hr for gari.
- The conveyor efficiently loaded a 2.68 m3 silo in 15 minutes with 99.95% efficiency.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Studying yield and yield components of Early Maturing Maize (Zea mays L.) Inb...Premier Publishers
The objective of the study was to evaluate yield and yield components of early maturing maize inbred lines in moisture stress areas of Ethiopia. Fifteen inbred lines were crossed in a diallel mating design; three standard checks with105 hybrids were evaluated in Alpha Lattice Design in two replications at three locations. Most studied traits showed significant for entries, hybrids, checks, checks versus hybrids, interaction of entries x location and hybrids x location. The highest grain yield was obtained from hybrids, Line7 x Line15 (8.05t/ha), L9 x L15 (6.44t/ha) andL14 x L15 (9.37t/ha) whereas, the lowest yield was recorded from hybrids, L4 x L8, L1 x L2 or L3 x L9 and L4 x L3 at Melkassa, Mieso and Zeway, in the that order. Mean of hybrids and standard checks across locations indicated that the highest grain yield of 7.2 and 7.1 (t/ha) were obtained from standard checks Melkassa hybrid-130 and BH-543 respectively. Among the hybrids, the best yield of 7.0, 6.7 and 6.6 (t/ha) were recorded for L12 x L15, L7 x L15 and L14 x L15, in that order. The lowest grain yield was obtained from hybrid, L4 x L8 (2.8 t/ha). Lines, L5 x L6 and L5 x L10 were early maturing hybrids across the locations. Hence, hybrids involving L15 as one of its parent yielded better at all locations. The study identified inbred lines and hybrid with desirable traits that will be useful for selecting high yielding and early maturing hybrids for drought areas of the country.
Effect of dietary fibers from mango peels and date seeds on physicochemical p...IJMREMJournal
The present study aims at evaluating effects of dietary fibers of Mango peels (MP) and Date seeds (DS) on the
quality of Arabic bread (AB). MP was added at two levels (2% and 4%) and DS were at 4% and 6%, based on
flour weight. Results showed that DS is considered as a good source of dietary fiber compared to MP. Also, it was
found that MP at different levels improved the overall quality of AB. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system
(ANFIS) is used to study the properties AB with the different proportions of mango peel (M) and dates seed (D)
as inputs, and two output properties (crust color CC and crumb texture CT). Experimental validation runs were
conducted to compare the measured values and the predicted ones. The comparison shows that the adoption of
this neuro- modeling technique (i.e., ANFIS) achieved a satisfactory prediction accuracy of about 85%
Abstract— The study was carried out through on farm testing during kharif seasons of 2012 and 2013 under mid central table land zone of Odisha with an objective to evaluate the performances of short duration paddy Sahabhagi dhan as compared to the farmer’s practice (Khandagiri). The late matured (98.3 days) Sahabhagi dhan recorded higher germination(48.4 m-2), plant height(87.5 cm), effective tillers plant-1(13.2), Length of panicle(22.6 cm), filled grains panicle-1(125.3) with spikelet fertility(93.65 %) and 1000 grain weight(22.3 g) than khandagiri. The same also produced grain yield 35.5 q ha-1 which is 28.6 % higher yield than Khandagiri with harvest index ( 47.9) and water productivity(3.17 kg mm-1). The variety gave higher gross return Rs. 50365 ha-1 with a benefit- cost ratio 1.38 and additional net return Rs.6059 ha-1 as compared to farmers practice and thus the existing variety Khandagiri can be replaced by Sahabhagi dhan for higher productivity and income.
This document analyzes the correlation between milling and baking parameters of flours from 20 wheat varieties. Standard milling tests showed significant differences in milling parameters between varieties. Rheological dough tests including farinograph, extensigraph, fermentograph, maturograph, and oven spring apparatus assessed properties related to mixing, fermentation, and baking. Significant correlations were found between milling parameters like semolina yield and flour properties like water absorption, gas volume, and bread volume. Varieties with higher semolina yields tended to have higher water absorption, gas volume, and specific bread volume. The study identified relationships between wheat and flour properties and their influence on milling and baking performance.
Particle Size Distribution, Rheological and Pasting Properties of Wheat, Anch...Premier Publishers
Flour is a major ingredient in the majority of ready to eat snack foods, especially in bakery products. Although composite flours can be beneficial, the dough’s rheological and pasting properties play a vital role in the final quality of bakery products. This study was initiated to examine the particle size distribution, rheological and pasting property of composite wheat-anchote flour that is suitable for bakery products. The experiments were carried out by blending anchote to wheat flour with the ratio of 10,15 and 20% substitution. The pasting properties of Anchote flour included 4025.00, 1075.33, 2949.67, 2171.00 and 1095.67 cP of peak, trough, breakdown, final and set back viscosities respectively and 4.26 min of peak time as well as 70.33 0C pasting temperature. Values of the same attributes for the wheat flour were 2321.00, 299.33, 2021.67, 389.00, 91.67, 5.63 and 77.00 respectively with the relevant units indicated. Regarding the rheological properties, Anchote flour exhibited 66.61% water absorption, 7.40 min development time, 1.16 min stability time, 49.66 Farinograph Unit of mixing tolerance index and 22.66FU of farinogram quality number as compared to the values of 52.63%, 2.16 min, 5.56 min, 72.00 FU and 80.66 FU of the respective properties of wheat flour. All of these properties of composite flours were significantly (p<0.05) affected by Anchote blending ratios.
Production of Chips of Porang (Amorphophallus Oncophyllus) by Slicing Machin...AM Publications
Chips of porang (amorphophallus oncophyllus) is slice of tubers of porang as a main material for glucomannan flour-making. Glucomannan flour containing high glucomannan is very useful to the food industry, non-food and health. Chips of porang production among the farmers in Magelang, Central Java, still use manual method that resulting low chips quality that does not meet for further processing, namely manufacturing of flour glucomannan. This applied research is intended to design the tubers chips maker with double rotating cutters to produce chips of uniform and the same thickness. The method used is engineering design approach starting from process of machine design, manufacture engine components, and engine performance testing. The result is a slicing machine with rotating cutters for producing chips of porang with the specifications: length dimension: 1000 (mm), width 750 (mm), height 1000 (mm), the weight of the machine: 85 (kg), the drive unit: motor gasoline of 5.5 HP. It was found that best performance of cutting process of the rotating double cutters is at 120 rpm, cutter angle of inclination is of 30o, and production capacity is of 310 kg per hour.
Maize Hybrids Yield as Affected by Inter and Intra Row SpacingIJEAB
To study the effect of different, inter and intra-row on some new maize hybrids under on yield and its components. Two field experiments were carried out during summer seasons of 2014 and 2015. The results showed that highest ear length, ear diameter, grains weight/ear, shelling percentage, 100-grain weight and grain yield/fed. S.C 2055 hybrid was recorded the greatest value number of rows/ear. S.C 2066 hybrids recorded the highest number grains/row, the lowest ear length, ear diameter, grains weight/ear, shelling percentage and 100-grain weight. Sown maize plants in width rows (70 cm) produced the highest number of ear/plant, number of rows/ear and number grains/row and ear length, ear diameter, grains weight/ear, shelling percentage and 100-grain weight. Sown maize plants in hills 30 cm apart produced the greatest numbers of ears/plant and thick ears, highest grains weight/ear, shelling percentage and 100- grain weight. However, sown maize plants at hill spacing of 25 cm apart produced tallest ears. It could be concluded that sown S.C. 3084 hybrid at 60 cm row width and hill spacing of 20 cm apart maximized maize productivity under the environmental conditions of Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.
Kubota, n. 1994: genetic algorithm with age structure and its application to ...ArchiLab 7
This paper proposes a new genetic algorithm called the age structured genetic algorithm (ASGA) to address issues of premature convergence and bias in traditional genetic algorithms. The ASGA introduces an age structure that allows parents and offspring to coexist in populations over multiple generations. The paper applies the ASGA to optimize the organization of a press machining line as an example of a self-organizing manufacturing system. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the ASGA improves the press line's makespan, or total processing time, by up to 10% compared to traditional genetic algorithms and performs best on more complex problem instances. The ASGA helps maintain genetic diversity in populations and finds better optimizations for scheduling flexible manufacturing systems.
Comparative performance of rice establishment methods in north central platea...Ashutosh Pal
The document summarizes a study on the comparative performance of different rice establishment methods and nutrient management practices in Orissa, India. It finds that the system of rice intensification (SRI) method produced the highest grain yield (6655 kg/ha), 18-26% more than other methods. Integrated nutrient management also led to higher yields than chemical or organic fertilizers alone. The most suitable combination was found to be SRI establishment with integrated nutrient management, providing the maximum yield and profits. Future research opportunities are identified around evaluating other organic nutrient sources and direct seeding methods within the SRI system.
Long term effects of soil tillage systems and crop sequence on irrigated whea...mohammad reza mehrvar
In the presented oral paper on long-term effects of Conservation Agriculture in irrigated production environments, the positive synergies as a result of adoption suitable managed approaches for holistic cropping systems can be observed.
This document summarizes 5 experiments analyzing rice genotypes in multiple locations using AMMI (Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction) modeling. Experiment 1 analyzed yields of 9 genotypes in East Java, identifying 5 genotypes with above average yields that were stable across locations. Experiment 2 of 6 genotypes in West Nusa Tenggara found 2 stable, high-yielding genotypes. Experiment 3 of 12 genotypes in several Indonesian provinces identified 5 superior, stable genotypes. Experiment 4 of 7 upland rice genotypes in West Java recognized 4 stable, high-yielding types. Finally, Experiment 5 of 23 red rice genotypes in Lombok determined 11 stable, above average performers. The research aimed to identify rice varieties suitable for specific locations based on
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system to analyze crop phenology (growth stages) using IoT to support parallel agriculture management. The system would use sensors to collect data on soil moisture, temperature, humidity and other parameters. This data would be input to a database. Then, a multiple linear regression model trained on past data would predict the optimal crop and expected yield based on the tested sensor data and parameters. This system aims to help farmers select crops and fertilization practices tailored to their specific fields' conditions.
Performance Evaluation of a Developed Grain Milling MachineAZOJETE UNIMAID
A locally developed grain milling machine was evaluated using maize (Sammaz - 12 variety) and millet (Lake Chad Dwarf variety) at different moisture range of 8.3% to 24.6% and 6.4% to 27.2% (db) respectively. The performance indices considered for the evaluation of the machine were milling efficiency, machine efficiency and milling rate. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. The results showed that all the parameters evaluated decreased with increase in moisture content for both grains used in testing evaluating the performance of the machine. It was found that, the milling efficiency and milling rate decreased from 86.3% to 40% and 20.4 to 12.5kg/h for maize respectively and 89% to 26.6% and 23.4kg/h to 12.1kg/h for millet respectively as the moisture content was increased. Statistical analysis showed significant (P < 0.05) differences between the crop moisture content and milling efficiency and machine efficiency. The milling rate was not significantly affected by the moisture content for both grains used in the study.
IRJET- A Review on Design and Development of Pedal Operated Maize ShellerIRJET Journal
This document reviews the design and development of a pedal-operated maize sheller. It begins with an introduction to maize/corn as the third most important crop in India. Traditionally, maize is shelled by hand which is time-consuming and inefficient. Existing power-operated shellers require electricity and have high capital costs, making them unsuitable for rural areas. The document then reviews several existing maize sheller designs. It identifies opportunities to improve efficiency and reduce costs. The goal is to develop an affordable pedal-powered sheller suitable for Indian farmers. The document concludes that a pedal-operated design could provide higher productivity than manual shelling while being more accessible to farmers than electric models
IRJET- Interaction Effect of Operating Parameters of Rotary Tiller Blade on T...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experiment evaluating the interaction effect of operating parameters of a rotary tiller blade on tillage quality under controlled soil bin conditions. Specifically, it analyzes the effect of tilling depth, forward speed, and rotary speed on soil mean mass diameter when using a J-shaped rotavator blade on medium-textured soil. The experiment found that these operating parameters significantly impacted tillage quality. Optimum values were a tilling depth of 100 mm, forward speed of 400 rpm, and rotary speed of 2.0 km/h, which produced a mean soil mass diameter of 2.31 mm. Statistical analysis using response surface methodology supported that changes in the operating parameters influence tillage quality
This study investigated the effects of process conditions on properties of an instant grain base made by extruding a blend of wheat, mungbean, and groundnut. Extrusion was performed at different moisture contents, screw speeds, and barrel temperatures. Response surface methodology was used to develop models relating these input variables to outputs like specific mechanical energy, expansion ratio, density, water absorption index, and water solubility index. Regression analysis found the models to be highly significant in predicting the outputs. Optimization found the optimum conditions were 14.08% moisture, 521 rpm screw speed, and 140°C temperature.
This study investigated the effects of process conditions on properties of an instant grain base made by extruding a blend of wheat, mungbean, and groundnut. Extrusion was performed at different moisture contents, screw speeds, and barrel temperatures. Response surface methodology was used to develop models relating these processing variables to responses like specific mechanical energy, expansion ratio, density, water absorption index, and water solubility index. The models showed these responses were significantly affected by the processing conditions. Optimization found the optimum conditions were 14.08% moisture, 521 rpm screw speed, and 140°C temperature. This produced desirable properties with high expansion and water absorption.
A decision support system (DSS) was developed in Visual Basic 6.0 programming language to match tractor power and implement size. The proper selection and matching of tractor and implements is becoming very important and difficult in Sudan because of the availability of variety of tractor models and powers ranging from 20 to > 100 kW and variety of implement sizes. The program options permit the user to select the type of operation and the types of implements available in his/her farm. The system enables the user to insert the inputs data through file system, and obtain the output easily. The developed system was tested with a case study using data from The Arab Investment Corporation-Um Doom Farm. It was found that the power used in the farm can match the implement available. In addition, it was tested by making comparison between the power required for zero tillage and for conventional tillage. The sensitivity analyses showed that changing in some parameters such as speed, width and soil factor affected the power required for the farm. According to the results, the decision support system worked well in matching tractor power and implements sizes for proper performance. Developing other computer programs to assist farm machinery manager in decision–making to solve the problems will face them in this system can be used to help the managers in the decision-making for calculating the power required and matching power available and implement required for economical machinery use.
Field test of a locally designed inter furrow cultivator prototypeNabil Shaban
This document summarizes field testing of a locally designed inter-furrow cultivator prototype. The cultivator was tested on corn and cabbage crops. Key findings include:
1) The optimum performance was at a forward speed of 0.34 m/s and auger rotation speed of 160 rpm. This provided better soil agitation and weed uprooting than other tested speeds.
2) Soil analysis after cultivation showed about 70-75% of soil was clods under 2.5mm in size, indicating effective soil pulverization.
3) Using a ridger behind the augers helped reshape furrows to facilitate uniform irrigation.
4) The theoretical field capacity was 0.
Field test of a locally designed inter furrow cultivator prototypeNabil Shaban
The main aim of this research was to evaluate and test the hand steering cultivator for inter furrow cultivation. The hand machine frame was provided with a single rubber wheel. The soil working tines represented in the two augers attached to the back of the frame. The auger tines mounted to the frame was inclined in position of both sides of the frame. The cultivation unit is supposed to uproot and kill weeds at the early stage of the crop growth along the furrow sides with minimum crop seedlings damage. The cultivation unit also should agitate soil surface and form of the furrows to facilitate easy irrigation. The cultivator was tested in the Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Assiut. The experiments show that using small size auger tines may not mean lower labor effort exerted for pushing. The direction of cultivation tine rotation generates forces directed forward in the direction of motion. Therefore, lower labor fatigue may occur when using auger tines of larger size (suitable for cultivation) and more capable engine to drive it. Possible forward speed for the labor to maintain continuous operation was 0.34 m/s for the labor of average health. This particular forward speed was recorded corresponding to 160 rpm of the cultivation auger tine. The 6 cm lip height auger tine slowed efficient performance of the cultivator from the point of view of soil agitation as well as weed uprooting. Using a ridger efficiently opens the furrow to enable uniform irrigation. The auger tine mechanism was also designed to provide the possibility of changing operation width to match the working conditions of different crops. The theoretical field was capacity 0.21 and 0.29 fed/h. Actual field capacity of 0.17 and 0.22 fed/h were obtained. Operation efficiency was 80.1 and 75 % for Corn and Cabbage, respectively.
Performance Evaluation of Power Operated Corn-ShellerIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research evaluating the performance of a power-operated corn sheller. The sheller was designed with components like a hopper, cylinder, concave, and chain spikes. It was tested at different motor speeds and moisture contents. The shelling capacity was found to be 973kg/h with a shelling efficiency of 97.37%. Output rate was around 577 kg/h. Performance was compared to traditional hand shelling and found to have much higher productivity and lower operation costs. The power sheller provided an effective mechanized option for corn shelling.
IRJET- Design of Transmission System for Self-Propelled Onion HarvesterIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a transmission system for a self-propelled onion harvester. An 8 HP diesel engine powers the harvester, which needs to operate at a top speed of 15 km/hr. To achieve the required speed reduction from the engine's 3000 rpm to the desired wheel speed of 97.5 rpm, a two-stage transmission system is designed. The first stage uses a belt drive with a 3:1 reduction ratio. The second stage is a gearbox with 3 forward gears and 1 reverse gear. Calculations are shown to select a gear that provides the necessary 8.9:1 reduction in the top gear to limit the wheel speed. The transmission system is designed to transmit the engine power efficiently to
The document describes the development of a potato harvesting machine by students at GCOERC in Nashik, India. It aims to reduce the human effort required for potato harvesting compared to manual methods. The machine was designed to separate and transport potatoes with minimum losses and damage within a specific time period. It includes components like a frame, hopper, wheels, shafts, gears and a conveyor system. The working involves a digging share that loosens the potatoes, which are then conveyed and separated from debris before collection. The students conclude that the machine can help reduce labor costs and time required for harvesting potatoes compared to current manual methods.
The document describes the design and evaluation of a corn sheller machine. It discusses how existing corn de-husking methods are not effective for small Indian farmers. The designed machine uses a DC motor to rotate sharp cutting blades that remove corn kernels from cobs as they are fed through. An evaluation of the machine found it was able to shell 20kg of corn in under 3 minutes with a threshing efficiency of 78.93% and separation efficiency of 56.06%. The machine was concluded to satisfactorily shell corn and could process about 1 tonne per 9 hour shift, providing an innovative solution for efficient corn processing by small Indian farmers.
IRJET-Design and Fabrication of Seed Sowing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a seed sowing machine. It aims to provide an efficient seed sowing process that saves time and reduces labor costs compared to traditional manual methods. The machine is designed to perform multiple agricultural operations including softening soil, seed bed preparation, seed sowing, and leveling soil. It consists of components like a frame, engine, seed hopper, circular plates, and furrow openers that are powered by a chain and sprocket mechanism to rotate and distribute seeds onto prepared fields. The document presents the working principle, CAD models of components, specifications, conclusions that the machine meets needs of small farmers through reduced labor and time.
This document summarizes research on the development and testing of a dual-purpose disc applicator for applying granular fertilizer and liquid pesticides to field crops. Testing assessed the uniformity of fertilizer distribution patterns at different application rates and disc speeds, finding the best pattern was achieved at medium application rates and 550 rpm. Droplet size distributions of liquid applications were also evaluated, with the best uniformity coefficient obtained at 5000 rpm and 90 L/ha. The dual-purpose applicator was found to improve upon manual application methods and help address labor shortages in crop production and application safety concerns.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Performance Evaluation of a Triple Layer Electric Sieving Machine (TLESM)Dr. Amarjeet Singh
A multi-layer sieving machine is of multiplayer and highly efficient sieving machine that retains particles based on the difference in size. This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of a multi-layer electric sieving machine. The performance test of the machine was carried out in the Agricultural department farm of the Federal College of Forestry, Jericho Ibadan. The electrical sieving machine was used to carry out separation operations on a mixture of food crop materials at varying speeds. The machine passed the test of workability; it was able to perform the specific function of sieving and separating food materials of varying sizes. Mixed food materials were poured in the first layer of the mesh assembly and sieved. The time to completely separate the mixture into the three different layers was recorded and the respective weight of each layer was finally measured. Layer 1 had a mean weight gain of 0.42kg; layer 2 had a mean weight gain of 0.14 while layer 3 had a mean weight loss of 0.56kg when sieving was done for 5 minutes; at 7 minutes, Layer 1 had a mean weight gain of 0.1kg; layer 2 had a mean weight gain of 0.18 while layer 3 had a mean weight loss of 0.28kg, while at 10 minutes, the first layer had a mean weight gain of 0.06 kg, second layer also had mean weight gain of 0.02 while the third layer had a mean weight loss 0.08. The mean efficiency was highest at 99% in all the layers when sieving operation was carried out for 10 minutes and lowest at 96% for layer 3 when the machine ran for five (5) minutes. The effect of change in speed suggests that increment in sieving speed above 750rpm or below 300rpm gives a low efficiency.
This document describes the design of a rice de-stoner machine. The machine uses two sieves of different sizes to separate rice grains from stones in two stages. Sieve A has openings sized based on the dimensions of rice grains to allow rice but not stones larger than the grains to pass through. Sieve B has even smaller openings that only allow sands and stones smaller than the rice to pass through, fully separating the rice. The sieves are attached to springs and vibrated by a 0.5kW electric motor to facilitate separation. The designed de-stoner is estimated to have an efficiency of 80% and processing capacity of 7.5 tonnes per hour. It is intended for small-scale rural applications
PARAMETRIC DESIGN ANALYSIS AND FEA SIMULATION OF A CHISEL PLOW FOR AN AGRICUL...ijmech
CAD Software for the structural analysis is basically used for the application of CAD/CAM in design optimization of tillage tools, which is based on the simulation method and Finite Element Method. The various components of the tillage tools are simulated with help of actual field performance rating parameters which are prepared by solid models along with actual boundary conditions. The planned work outcomes of sufficient tolerance in varying the working parameters of Chisel Plow sections for ejecting the extra weight in a solid section and also to increase the weight of plow for a consistent potency. In this paper parametric study of two different kinds of Chisel Plow for an agriculture use in designing from stress, strain, deformation and fatigue analysis has done. One is Old Chisel Plow & another is New Generation Chisel Plow. The old working model of Chisel Plow is compared with new design parameters with change of its geometry for the maximum weed exclusion efficiency by showing its realistic results from the actual field performance.
PARAMETRIC DESIGN ANALYSIS AND FEA SIMULATION OF A CHISEL PLOW FOR AN AGRICUL...ijmech
CAD Software for the structural analysis is basically used for the application of CAD/CAM in design
optimization of tillage tools, which is based on the simulation method and Finite Element Method. The
various components of the tillage tools are simulated with help of actual field performance rating
parameters which are prepared by solid models along with actual boundary conditions. The planned work
outcomes of sufficient tolerance in varying the working parameters of Chisel Plow sections for ejecting the
extra weight in a solid section and also to increase the weight of plow for a consistent potency.
In this paper parametric study of two different kinds of Chisel Plow for an agriculture use in designing
from stress, strain, deformation and fatigue analysis has done. One is Old Chisel Plow & another is New
Generation Chisel Plow. The old working model of Chisel Plow is compared with new design parameters
with change of its geometry for the maximum weed exclusion efficiency by showing its realistic results from
the actual field performance.
This document describes the design and development of a manually operated reaper. The reaper was designed to help small-scale farmers harvest grains more efficiently at a low cost. Several modifications were made to address issues identified during testing of an earlier prototype. These included adding an extra cutting blade to address clogging, adjusting the position of the crop divider, and adding a flat belt conveyor mechanism to reduce harvesting losses. The document provides detailed specifications of the reaper components and descriptions of testing conducted to evaluate the performance of the modified design.
Similar to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD) (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
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Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
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Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
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Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 7, Issue 9 (July 2013), PP. 01-09
1
Study of the Influence of Crop, Machine & Operating
Parameters on Performance of Cereal Threshers
Engr. C.O. Osueke (Ph.d, Post Ph.d)
Senior Lecturer, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria.
Abstract:- Threshing as a post-harvest operation is as old as man. The evolution of mechanical threshers to
secure the ever growing consumption of cereal has been hindered by several factors which have lead to low
performance of several developed threshers. It has been discovered and observed by various researchers that
performance of cereal threshers is highly dependent on the value of its working parameters. This work gives an
insight into influence of crop, machine and operating parameters on performance of cereal threshers using a
computer aided software for simulation of these parameter values. The parameters were varied at six levels and
the simulations were performed by varying each parameter while the rest parameters were kept constant. It was
observed that threshing efficiency increased for all increasing values of cylinder speed and bulk density,
decreased for all increasing values of feed rate and concave clearance, and increased for increasing values of
moisture content up to 17% and decreased after wards. Also threshing loss was found to increase for all
increasing values of feed rate and concave clearance, decreased for all increasing values of cylinder speed and
bulk density, and decreased for all increasing values of moisture content up to 17% and then increased after
wards, similar effects on the efficiency and losses was observed in the capacity and unthreshed grain cases
respectively. Thresher capacity and rate of unthreshed grain also showed significant reactions as these
parameters were varied.
Keywords:- Threshing, Cereal, Study, Performance, Machine parameters, Crop parameters, Operating
parameters,
I. INTRODUCTION
The quality and availability of cereals in the global market is highly dependent on the threshing process.
A wrong selection of threshing conditions which in this case are the machine and crop parameters leads to low
threshing performance and grain loss. Grain/threshing loss is measured in terms of grain damage while threshing
performance is measured in terms of threshing efficiency, thresher capacity and threshing loss. In Africa and
more especially Nigeria, the annual consumption of cereal is fast increasing. This rate has challenged the
indigenous farmers’ production volume and is gradually catching up on the global market production. The
scheme as shown in figure 1 below explains it all.
Fig. 1: Scheme of cereal demand and supply system analysis model [1]
The only available option left with is to consider the augmentation of food supplies by bringing more
area under cereal cultivation or by reducing post harvest losses. According to a most conservative estimate,
about 10% of the cereals harvested in developing countries are lost annually [2]. This suggests that efforts
should be channelled towards minimizing losses in post-harvest of cereals.
The factors affecting thresher performance were classified into three groups [3].
2. Study of the Influence of Crop, Machine & Operating Parameters on Performance.
2
Crop factors
Variety of crop
Moisture content of crop
Machine factors
Feeding chute angle
Cylinder type and diameter
Spike shape, size and number
Concave size, shape and clearance
Operational factors
Cylinder speed
Feed rate, method of feeding
Machine adjustment
Researchers have paid great attention to these factors and tried to obtain optimal parameter values by
varying these parameters at different levels. Maertens and Baerde Macker (2003) [11] investigated the effect of
different feed rates on grain separation. Kutsbach (2003) [12] exposed the separation parameters of separation
units. Wacker (2003) [13] showed that crop properties has a great influence on the separation of cereal crops.
Strivastava et al., (1990) [4] noted that the grain separation is very sensitive to variation in the physical
properties of grain, straw and chaff. El-Behery et al., (2000) [5] performed threshing tests on El-Shams rice
thresher. It was done using a range of drum speeds, feed crop rates and length of conveyor chain tension at four
different levels of capsule moisture content. Optimum performance was gotten at threshing drum speed, feed
rate and length of conveyor tension of 31.43 m/s, 20kg/min and 48mm respectively at 18.45% moisture content
of grain. The grain damage was quite minimal (1.78%). Chandrakanthappa et al., (2001) [6] also conducted test
using a asp bar type multi-crop thresher to thresh finger millet. Optimum performance as threshing efficiency of
79.61% and mechanical damage of 2.95% were obtained at 4mm concave clearance, 1000 rpm (1200m/min)
thresher drum speed and grain moisture content of 10% wet basis. Johnson (2003) [7] proposed that a thresher
should be operated at the lowest cylinder speed that will shed the most grain with acceptable levels of damage to
grain. Desta and Mishra [8] developed and conducted performance evaluation of a sorghum thresher. A
combination feed rate at three levels (6, 8, 10kg/min), cylinder concave clearance at two levels (7 and 11mm)
and cylinder speed at three levels (300r/min, 400r/min & 500r/min) were studied. Their results showed that
threshing efficiency increased with an increase in cylinder speed for all feed rate and cylinder concave
clearances. The threshing efficiency was found in the range of 98.3% to 99.9%. Sead et al., [9] evaluated a hold
paddy thresher. Cylinder speeds and crop feed rates were varied at three levels. The results obtained from the
study showed that at optimum condition of 550r/min cylinder speed, the grain damage was found to be 0.4%
while the threshing efficiency was 99.2%. Radwan et al., [10] performed study on the El-Shams type tangential
axial flow cereal thresher as developed. It was found that increasing rotor speed tends to increase the threshing
efficiency. At air speed (4.8m/s) and moisture content (10.36%), increasing rotor speed from 500 to 700rpm
increased the threshing efficiency from 70.2 to 73.7%.
Most of these researchers performed their study on a spiked tooth drum thresher study whereas Sugjan
et al., (2002) [14] study on the effect of drum type, drum speed and feed rate states that the rasp bar drum type
showed more reduction in the proportions of material other the grain passing through the concave. Also the
frictional impact that occur on the rasp bar drum beaters which constitute threshing effect has been neglected
with more focus on impact alone. Addo et al., (2004) [15] reported that the rasp bar drum type provides more
surface area for frictional impact.
The aim of this work was to study the influence of these machine, crop and operational factors on the
thresher performance of the rasp bar drum type in-cooperating the frictional impact effect on the drum beaters.
II. MATERIALS AND METHOD
To perform this study, it was necessary to identify the machine, crop and operational parameters: table
2&3 below. These parameters based on Mathematical sub-models as developed by Osueke (2011) [16] were
used because in his model development, frictional impact at the beater surface was considered. These sub-
models described the threshing loss, threshing efficiency, unthreshed grain and thresher capacity.
3. Study of the Influence of Crop, Machine & Operating Parameters on Performance.
3
Table I: Table of constants
Constants Values
: Threshing Constant 120.6
: Grain straw ratio 0.37
µ: Coefficient of friction 0.35
Table 2: Machine parameters
Parameter Dimension (m)
Cylinder diameter, 0.33; 0.36; 0.39; 0.43; 0.46; 0.5
Cylinder width, 0.15; 0.175; 0.190; 0.220; 0.250; 0.285
Concave length, 0.7
Coordinate Point of impact on the
beater resolved along X-axis, 0.07
Coordinate point of impact on the
beater resolved along Y-axis, 0.13
Center line distance between
adjacent concave bar 0.002
Table 3: Crop and operating parameters
Parameters Value/Level
Feed rate, (kg/s) 0.02;0.08;0.12;0.14;0.19;0.23
Bulk density, (kg/m3
) 4.9;5.9;6.8;7.9;9.8;11.9
Moisture content, 10;11;13;17;20;25
Kernel diameter, 0.0038
Concave clearance, 0.01;0.015;0.02;0.025;0.03;0.035
Cylinder speed, 9,11,15,18,20,24
In order to carry out the simulation process of the parameters, a computer aided software written with
visual basic programming language was developed based on the performance sub models [16]. The simulation
was done in such a way that the parameter whose effect is to be studied is varied at six different levels, while the
other parameters are kept constant. The values of the machine, crop and operating parameters are as shown in
table 1 & 2. The flow chart of the developed model is shown in figure 2 below.
4. Study of the Influence of Crop, Machine & Operating Parameters on Performance.
4
Fig. 2: Flow chart of the developed model
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
After performing the simulation, the best outputs for the various parameters are shown in table 4-8 below.
Table 4: Output for the effect of cylinder speed variation
V GM ρ Q c μ TE(%) TNL(%) CAPTH(Kg/hr) UT(Kg/s)
9 18 11.9 0.14 0.015 0.35 40.71 59.29 75.92 0.083
11 18 11.9 0.14 0.015 0.35 47.21 52.79 88.05 0.074
15 18 11.9 0.14 0.015 0.35 58.16 41.84 108.45 0.059
18 18 11.9 0.14 0.015 0.35 64.85 35.15 120.93 0.049
20 18 11.9 0.14 0.015 0.35 68.7 31.3 128.12 0.044
24 18 11.9 0.14 0.015 0.35 75.19 24.81 140.22 0.035
Table 5: Output for the effect of feed rate variation
Q ρ GM v c μ TE(%) TNL(%) CAPTH(Kg/hr) UT(Kg/s)
0.12 6.8 25 24 0 0.4 93.32 6.68 149.155 0.008
0.13 6.8 25 24 0 0.4 90.88 9.12 157.37 0.012
0.15 6.8 25 24 0 0.4 85.73 14.27 171.3 0.021
0.17 6.8 25 24 0 0.4 80.62 19.38 182.55 0.033
0.19 6.8 25 24 0 0.4 75.77 24.23 191.77 0.046
0.23 6.8 25 24 0 0.4 67.19 32.81 205.86 0.076
5. Study of the Influence of Crop, Machine & Operating Parameters on Performance.
5
Table 6: Output for the effect of concave clearance variation
C v ρ Q GM μ TE(%) TNL(%) CAPTH(Kg/hr) UT
0.01 24 12 0.08 25 0.35 99.99 0.01 306.36 4E-10
0.015 24 12 0.08 25 0.35 93.18 6.82 290.23 8E-05
0.02 24 12 0.08 25 0.35 85.26 14.74 270.11 0.0015
0.025 24 12 0.08 25 0.35 73.86 26.14 258.34 0.016
0.03 24 12 0.08 25 0.35 60.21 39.79 226.28 0.06
0.035 24 12 0.08 25 0.35 42.44 57.56 190.1 0.132
Table 7: Output for the effect of bulk density variation
Ρ v Q GM c μ TE(%) TNL(%) CAPTH(Kg/hr) UT(Kg/s)
4.9 24 0.23 20 0.015 0.35 72.35 27.65 221.64 0.064
5.9 24 0.23 20 0.015 0.35 78.73 21.27 241.19 0.049
6.8 24 0.23 20 0.015 0.35 83.2 16.8 254.89 0.039
7.9 24 0.23 20 0.015 0.35 87.41 12.59 282.93 0.029
9.8 24 0.23 20 0.015 0.35 92.35 7.65 282.93 0.018
11.9 24 0.23 20 0.015 0.35 95.59 4.41 292.86 0.01
Table 8: Output for the effect of grain moisture content variation
GM ρ v Q c μ TE(%) TNL(%) CAPTH(Kg/hr) UT(Kg/s)
10 4.9 9 0.08 0.015 0.35 79.96 20.04 85.21 0.016
11 4.9 9 0.08 0.015 0.35 83.24 16.76 88.7 0.013
13 4.9 9 0.08 0.015 0.35 88.27 11.73 94.06 0.0094
17 4.9 9 0.08 0.015 0.35 94.26 5.74 100.44 0.0046
20 4.9 9 0.08 0.015 0.35 76.3 23.7 91.27 0.0082
25 4.9 9 0.08 0.015 0.35 42.76 57.24 70.44 0.012
Also a plot of their effect on the performance as regards threshing efficiency, threshing loss and
thresher capacity are shown in figure 3-12 below.
Fig. 3: Effect of cylinder speed on threshing efficiency and (b) losses
It was discovered that:
For cylinder speed, as the velocity increases, the threshing rate increases. Efficiency of separation was
improved by increasing the cylinder speed. This can probably be explained on the basis that at higher velocity
thinning of the crop material occurs and this gives greater opportunities for threshed materials to penetrate the
straw mat. The general level of losses decreased with increase in cylinder velocity. This could be explained
since level of losses is related to energy imparted to the crop during threshing,
6. Study of the Influence of Crop, Machine & Operating Parameters on Performance.
6
Fig. 4: Effect of cylinder speed on thresher capacity and (b) unthreshed grain
Fig. 5: Effect of feed rate on threshing efficiency and (b) losses
Fig.6: Effect of feed rate on thresher capacity and (b) unthreshed grain
Fig. 7: Effect of bulk density on threshing efficiency and (b) losses
7. Study of the Influence of Crop, Machine & Operating Parameters on Performance.
7
Fig.8: Effect of bulk density on thresher capacity and (b) unthreshed grain
Fig. 9: Effect of concave clearance on threshing efficiency and (b) losses
Fig. 10: Effect of concave clearance on thresher capacity and (b) unthreshed grain
Fig. 11: Effect of moisture content on threshing efficiency and (b) losses
8. Study of the Influence of Crop, Machine & Operating Parameters on Performance.
8
Fig. 12: Effect of moisture content on thresher capacity and (b) unthreshed grain
Fig. 3. The amount of grain threshed per unit time (Capacity) increased with velocity, and flow rate of the
unthreshed grain was found to be vice versa. Fig. 4
When feed rate increases, threshing efficiency decreases. The reasons being that for a high feed rate,
the threshing rate is less and the kernels, would take longer time to travel through the mat. Furthermore the
concept of energy balance employed by Bittner et al, (1968) [17] is expressed by
Eimpact = Eabsorbed by cushion + Eabsorbed by specimen + Erebound
Using the above equation to explain fig 5, it can be deduced that at low feed rate, the energy available
at the threshing drum are absorbed by the grains for the removal of the kernel heads from the stalks, then as feed
rate increases, more grains cluster within the threshing drum which reduces the individual energy absorbed by
the grains, while increasing the cushioning effect thereby reducing efficiency. At a feed rate of 0.01Kg/s the
energy absorbed by cushioning, Energy absorbed by the grains and energy of rebound of grains are at a state of
equilibrium. This leads to a biphasic graph depicting a phase of high reduction in threshing energy and the other
a phase of high cushioning. An increase in the feed rate resulted in an increase in threshing losses (Fig. 5b.).
This might be due to the fact that the level of losses is related to cushioning effect by the crop during threshing.
At higher feed rate crop stream between cylinder and concave becomes denser. Also upon critical observation it
was discovered that a mirror effect of fig. 5 is produced, since Eff = 1 – losses and Losses = 1 – Eff. So it
implies that as efficiency reduces, losses increases which explains its biphasic nature depicting a high reduction
in threshing energy while increasing cushioning effect. The capacity of the system was found to increase while
the feed rate increases. This is because an increased flow of panicle into the system automatically demands an
increased yield of grain. The flow of unthreshed grain was found to increase with increase in feed rate which
could be explained by the losses phenomena. This means that a grain will thresh more perfectly if it has more
grain to grain allowance within the threshing cylinder. The statistical analyses are shown below.
Increasing the bulk density increases the threshing efficiency (Fig. 7). This might be due to the crop
stream between the cylinder and the concave becoming denser, thus providing less cushioning for the grains,
since volume flow rate is expressed as feed rate divided by material density. The losses decreased as bulk
density increased thus revealing a true image of the efficiency picture (fig. 7b). The thresher capacity increased
as bulk density increased (fig. 8). Also the flow of unthreshed grain was found to decrease as the bulk density
increased(fig 8b).
Decreasing the concave clearance resulted in increased threshing efficiency and thresher capacity (Fig.
9&10), while an increase in concave clearance led to an increase in threshing losses and flow of unthreshed
grain (Fig 9b&10b). Decreasing concave clearance may have increased the chance of a grain being struck by the
bar or spike and increased the chance of multiple impacts to the grain before it passed from the threshing zone.
Since the best threshing operation is obtained at a moisture content of 17%. It was found that
increasing the moisture content resulted in increased threshing efficiency to 17% level and then subsequent
reduction (Fig. 11) The losses were found to decrease until the 17% level thereafter started increasing (Fig. 11b).
A similar effect on the efficiency and losses was observed in the capacity and unthreshed grain cases
respectively (Fig. 12&12b).
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Machine, crop and operating parameters have been a key factor in the performance of cereal threshers
as shown in this work. The following premises were drawn from this study:
9. Study of the Influence of Crop, Machine & Operating Parameters on Performance.
9
As the cylinder speed increases, the threshing efficiency increased, the threshing loss reduced, the
thresher capacity increased while the unthreshed grain rate reduced. minimum grain loss of 4.41% was observed
at a cylinder speed of 24m/s
Increase in feed rate had a negative effect on the thresher model. Feed rate of 0.23kg/s showed to be
most suitable with performance characteristic of 95.59%, 4.41% losses, 292.86kg/hr capacity and unthreshed
grain rate of 0.01kg/s.
A concave clearance of 0.01m was found most ideal for the threshing system given a yield of 99.99%
threshing loss, 306.36kg/hr thresher capacity.
The most acceptable bulk density of cereal for threshing operation as suggested by this study is 11.9%.
This had an impressing result on the thresher performance.
For efficient threshing operation, a moisture content of 20%(wb) is advised. This value of moisture
content showed a realizable threshing performance in agreement with Osueke (2011) [16] experimental model.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author appreciates Prof. Omenyi for his full support in conducting this research. Gratitude also
goes to Prof. Adeniyi Jones for standing by my success and special thanks to Engr. Nwabueze Iwuchukwu for
his immense contribution towards this research.
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