This document describes the design of a rice de-stoner machine. The machine uses two sieves of different sizes to separate rice grains from stones in two stages. Sieve A has openings sized based on the dimensions of rice grains to allow rice but not stones larger than the grains to pass through. Sieve B has even smaller openings that only allow sands and stones smaller than the rice to pass through, fully separating the rice. The sieves are attached to springs and vibrated by a 0.5kW electric motor to facilitate separation. The designed de-stoner is estimated to have an efficiency of 80% and processing capacity of 7.5 tonnes per hour. It is intended for small-scale rural applications
This document describes the design and fabrication of a manually operated grain collector. The grain collector aims to reduce labor costs and time required for collecting grains after harvesting. It consists of a frame, hopper, wheels, handles, and bottom plate made from locally available materials. Testing showed the grain collector could collect 50kg of various grains like corn, paddy, millet and wheat using only one laborer in 42-52 seconds, significantly faster than using human labor alone. The grain collector provides an affordable solution for small farmers to efficiently collect grains using minimal labor. Future work may focus on testing additional designs and promoting the technology for broader adoption.
This document describes the design and fabrication of an automated vegetable cutting machine. The machine was created to reduce the effort and time required for cutting vegetables compared to manual cutting. It features a base, rotating disc cutter, sliding tray, hopper, motor, and controls. Vegetables are poured into the hopper and enter the cutting chamber where the rotating blades slice them into pieces. Calculations were performed to determine the required motor torque, cutting velocity, stresses on components, and more. Testing showed the machine could slice vegetables faster than manual methods and would help automate food processing.
The document discusses a study on the design of a hammer mill conducted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes an abstract, acknowledgements, bonafide certificate, declaration, contents, and introduction sections. The study aims to improve the crushing efficiency and lifetime of hammer mill hammers through redesigning the hammer head. Test results show the new design increased crushing efficiency from 81-84% to 88-91% and extended hammer lifetime from 10 to 12 months.
Design, development and fabrication of a low cost corn deseeding machineeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
“Design and Fabrication of Pedal Operated Groundnut Decorticator Machine”IJMERJOURNAL
1) The document describes the design and fabrication of a pedal-operated groundnut decorticator machine. It aims to provide small farmers a low-cost option for shelling groundnuts compared to manual methods.
2) The machine uses a quick return mechanism with a rubber pad fitted to a shaft to gently crush and shell groundnuts. In trials, it achieved an output of 49 kg/hour, higher than manual methods.
3) Analysis found the machine achieved 59.1% decortication efficiency and 9.29% mechanical damage to kernels, demonstrating it is an effective and higher output alternative to hand shelling for small farmers.
The document describes the design and evaluation of a corn sheller machine. It discusses how existing corn de-husking methods are not effective for small Indian farmers. The designed machine uses a DC motor to rotate sharp cutting blades that remove corn kernels from cobs as they are fed through. An evaluation of the machine found it was able to shell 20kg of corn in under 3 minutes with a threshing efficiency of 78.93% and separation efficiency of 56.06%. The machine was concluded to satisfactorily shell corn and could process about 1 tonne per 9 hour shift, providing an innovative solution for efficient corn processing by small Indian farmers.
Assessment of pedal operated maize thresher for rural dwellersiaemedu
The document summarizes the development and assessment of a pedal-operated maize thresher designed for rural farmers. It discusses traditional maize threshing methods, the design of the improved thresher including its threshing unit and chain/sprocket drive system, and how the thresher was tested. The thresher was found to be able to shell 81.03kg/hour of maize compared to only 25.00kg/hour using traditional hand methods, with a threshing efficiency of 86.6%.
This document describes the design and development of a rubber tire groundnut sheller machine. It provides details on the certificate, submission, contents, introduction, material selection, design, future modifications, project outputs, maintenance, precautions, cost estimation, bibliography and acknowledgements sections of the project report on the rubber tire groundnut sheller. The project aims to design an affordable and easy to build groundnut shelling machine using locally available materials like rubber tire, wire mesh, angle iron etc. to help small farmers and industries shell groundnuts efficiently with minimal resources.
This document describes the design and fabrication of a manually operated grain collector. The grain collector aims to reduce labor costs and time required for collecting grains after harvesting. It consists of a frame, hopper, wheels, handles, and bottom plate made from locally available materials. Testing showed the grain collector could collect 50kg of various grains like corn, paddy, millet and wheat using only one laborer in 42-52 seconds, significantly faster than using human labor alone. The grain collector provides an affordable solution for small farmers to efficiently collect grains using minimal labor. Future work may focus on testing additional designs and promoting the technology for broader adoption.
This document describes the design and fabrication of an automated vegetable cutting machine. The machine was created to reduce the effort and time required for cutting vegetables compared to manual cutting. It features a base, rotating disc cutter, sliding tray, hopper, motor, and controls. Vegetables are poured into the hopper and enter the cutting chamber where the rotating blades slice them into pieces. Calculations were performed to determine the required motor torque, cutting velocity, stresses on components, and more. Testing showed the machine could slice vegetables faster than manual methods and would help automate food processing.
The document discusses a study on the design of a hammer mill conducted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes an abstract, acknowledgements, bonafide certificate, declaration, contents, and introduction sections. The study aims to improve the crushing efficiency and lifetime of hammer mill hammers through redesigning the hammer head. Test results show the new design increased crushing efficiency from 81-84% to 88-91% and extended hammer lifetime from 10 to 12 months.
Design, development and fabrication of a low cost corn deseeding machineeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
“Design and Fabrication of Pedal Operated Groundnut Decorticator Machine”IJMERJOURNAL
1) The document describes the design and fabrication of a pedal-operated groundnut decorticator machine. It aims to provide small farmers a low-cost option for shelling groundnuts compared to manual methods.
2) The machine uses a quick return mechanism with a rubber pad fitted to a shaft to gently crush and shell groundnuts. In trials, it achieved an output of 49 kg/hour, higher than manual methods.
3) Analysis found the machine achieved 59.1% decortication efficiency and 9.29% mechanical damage to kernels, demonstrating it is an effective and higher output alternative to hand shelling for small farmers.
The document describes the design and evaluation of a corn sheller machine. It discusses how existing corn de-husking methods are not effective for small Indian farmers. The designed machine uses a DC motor to rotate sharp cutting blades that remove corn kernels from cobs as they are fed through. An evaluation of the machine found it was able to shell 20kg of corn in under 3 minutes with a threshing efficiency of 78.93% and separation efficiency of 56.06%. The machine was concluded to satisfactorily shell corn and could process about 1 tonne per 9 hour shift, providing an innovative solution for efficient corn processing by small Indian farmers.
Assessment of pedal operated maize thresher for rural dwellersiaemedu
The document summarizes the development and assessment of a pedal-operated maize thresher designed for rural farmers. It discusses traditional maize threshing methods, the design of the improved thresher including its threshing unit and chain/sprocket drive system, and how the thresher was tested. The thresher was found to be able to shell 81.03kg/hour of maize compared to only 25.00kg/hour using traditional hand methods, with a threshing efficiency of 86.6%.
This document describes the design and development of a rubber tire groundnut sheller machine. It provides details on the certificate, submission, contents, introduction, material selection, design, future modifications, project outputs, maintenance, precautions, cost estimation, bibliography and acknowledgements sections of the project report on the rubber tire groundnut sheller. The project aims to design an affordable and easy to build groundnut shelling machine using locally available materials like rubber tire, wire mesh, angle iron etc. to help small farmers and industries shell groundnuts efficiently with minimal resources.
It is used to shell peanut; can separate shells and kernels with high-efficiency and almost without damage to the kernel; and the shelling rate can be ≥95%, the breaking rate is≤5%. While peanut kernels are used for food or the raw material for the oil mill, the shell could be used to make wood pellets or charcoal briquettes for fuel.
Design & Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller MachineIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of a portable groundnut shelling machine. It summarizes:
1) Groundnut shelling is currently done manually or through expensive industrial machines. The designed machine aims to be affordable for domestic use.
2) The machine's main components include a frame, electric motor, roller, V-belt, pulleys, hopper, and fan. Groundnuts are fed into the hopper and shells are cracked between the roller and net. A fan then separates the shells from the nuts.
3) Calculations were done to design the V-belt, pulleys, and other components. The final portable design is intended to reduce shelling time and costs compared to manual methods.
A Review on Design and Fabrication of Groundnut Shelling and Separating Machine.IRJET Journal
This document reviews the design and fabrication of a groundnut shelling and separating machine. It aims to develop a portable machine that is affordable for small-scale farmers. The machine consists of a hopper, crushing chamber, separating chamber, blower, and frame powered by an electric motor. Groundnuts are fed into the hopper and crushed in the chamber to remove the shells, while the blower separates the shells from the seeds. The design is intended to improve efficiency over manual shelling methods while keeping costs low. The machine is meant to benefit farmers by quickly shelling groundnuts while avoiding damage to the seeds.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Manually Operated Seed Sowing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a manually operated seed sowing machine. It aims to address issues with traditional sowing methods, which are costly and labor-intensive for small farmers. The machine was designed to uniformly place seeds in rows at a controlled depth and spacing. Key components include a hopper, frame, furrow opener, and seed tube. Design calculations were performed to analyze forces on components. The machine offers advantages like reduced costs, labor needs, and improved plant germination compared to traditional sowing methods.
Review Paper on Semi Automatic Chips MachineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and development of a semi-automatic potato chips machine. The machine uses a slicing wheel with sharp blades powered by a 1/12 HP electric motor to cut potatoes into uniform 2mm thick slices at a rate of 60kg per hour. Potatoes are fed into two cylinders and drop onto the rotating slicing wheel to be cut. The key components are the slicing wheel, V-belt power transmission system, cylinders, and electric motor. The design aims to provide a low-cost, simple machine for small-scale potato chip production.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET-Design and Fabrication of Seed Sowing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a seed sowing machine. It aims to provide an efficient seed sowing process that saves time and reduces labor costs compared to traditional manual methods. The machine is designed to perform multiple agricultural operations including softening soil, seed bed preparation, seed sowing, and leveling soil. It consists of components like a frame, engine, seed hopper, circular plates, and furrow openers that are powered by a chain and sprocket mechanism to rotate and distribute seeds onto prepared fields. The document presents the working principle, CAD models of components, specifications, conclusions that the machine meets needs of small farmers through reduced labor and time.
IRJET - Grain Dehusking Machines- A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews grain dehusking machines from traditional methods to modern technologies. It discusses the processes and equipment used for dehusking rice, wheat, and pulses. Traditionally, grains were pounded by hand or foot which was time-consuming and resulted in broken grains. Later, simple single-stage mechanical mills were developed to improve efficiency. Now, multi-stage mills can dehusk grains like rice through several processes to remove the husk and bran, separating broken grains and bagging the milled product. The document recommends developing a low-cost, pedal-powered machine that can dehusk multiple grain types to benefit small farmers.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Cocoa Pod Splitting and Bean Extraction ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a cocoa pod splitting and bean extraction machine. It aims to simplify the process of removing beans from cocoa pods, which is currently done manually requiring significant human labor. The machine was designed to be operated manually, constructed from locally available materials to keep costs low, and easy to assemble/disassemble so it can be shared among farmers. Components of the machine like the frame, bearing, spring, and cutting/extracting tools are modeled. The working mechanism involves placing the cocoa pod in a holder, using the handle to cut open the pod with a knife, then pressing the handle to push a tool that extracts the beans. The design of a spring used in the machine is also detailed. The
Manual method of seed planting, results in low seed placement, spacing efficiencies and serious back ache for the farmer which limits the size of field that can be planted. The cost price of imported planters has gone beyond the purchasing power of most of our farmers. Peasant farmers can do much to increase food production especially grains, if drudgery can be reduced or totally removed from their planting operations. To achieve the best performance from a seed planter, the above limits are to be optimized by proper design and selection of the components required on the machine to suit the needs of crops. Need of rice trans-planter machine is growing nowadays because it unique features seeding in well sequence and in well manner. Seeding by rice trans-planter saves too much efforts of human being. Class of people who uses this kind of machines is farmers and they are having poor economic background. This paper provides guidelines for developments in rice Trans-planters used in India. Rice planting is very old method from many years ago & having long history since many years & their methods of rice planting are changed in this decade. Use of rice Trans planter machines is new trend but current machines having high cost of purchase. So the main focus of this project is to minimize the cost of that machine.
IRJET- Automatic Seed Drill for Finger Millet based Intercropping SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an automatic seed drill for finger millet-based intercropping systems. The seed drill was designed to precisely sow finger millet and pigeon pea seeds with uniform depth and spacing. It has separate seed boxes and gears to dispense each type of seed. As the ground wheel rotates, it turns gears that pick seeds from the boxes and drop them through pipes into furrows opened by attached blades. The seed drill aims to assist small farmers by reducing labor and improving sowing efficiency and crop yields compared to manual methods.
Shandong Rotex Machinery is a professional manufacturer in wood pellet machine , wood pellet line , to make wood pellet
and animal feed pellet machine ,to make chicken , pig , fish , rabbit , cattle , sheep animal feed
PROCESS IMPROVEMENT OF GRUB SCREW MANUFACTURING IN A SMALL SCALE INDUSTRYvivatechijri
This study is an approach to investigate the viable impacts of Grub screw manufacturing. Due to
increase in demand of grub screw in industry it leads the manufacturer to upgrade the exiting process of
manufacturing the grub screw. A method and apparatus for manufacturing a screw capable of mass-producing a
multiple screw bolt such as a so-called grub screw, grinding and slotting for use therein. By making the existing
machine semi automatic to increase the production rate as well as to reduce the man power required for the
production process. Grub screw manufacturing process consists of COLD FORGING, SLOTTING, GRINDING
and ROLL THREADING. Slotting machine cuts the slot on the top of screw head. The feeding mechanism demands
human effort causing slow production rate and time consuming process. To eliminate this we come up with semiautomatic bowl feeder. As similar problem is faced in the grinding process we decided to combine the slotting
and grinding machine into one. This project is focused on increasing the production rate with minimal man power
by consuming less amount of time compared with the existing process. For this purpose, an optimized design of
existing machine is made consisting of cost effective & quality materials.
IRJET-Automation of a Conventional Gas StoveIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a harvesting machine for small-scale farmers with land areas less than 2 acres. A group of engineering students designed a compact machine that can cut up to two rows of soybean plants using cutting blades powered by a 3HP two-stroke petrol engine. The machine also includes a collection mechanism to move the cut crops to one side. Testing showed the cost of harvesting using this machine is considerably less than manual harvesting methods. The design aims to provide an affordable solution for small-scale farmers facing challenges with labor costs and implementation.
This document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method of rice cultivation and the role of agricultural engineers. SRI aims to maximize rice production through practices like younger seedlings, wider spacing and less water. It encourages farmer participation and innovation. Agricultural engineers can help develop machinery to support SRI, such as transplanters for single or double seedlings, mechanized markers for spacing, and manual or powered weeders. Future work includes developing transplanters and self-propelled weeders suitable for SRI methods.
The document introduces ball mills, which are energy-saving grinding machines used in mineral processing and other industries. It describes the structure, working principle, applications, features and technical parameters of ball mills. Ball mills grind material by rotating a cylinder with steel balls, causing them to fall back and impact the material to be ground. They are widely used to grind ores and other materials in mining and other industries.
Automatic rice mill plant https://www.victorricemill.com/product/automatic-rice-mill-plant-sale is a complete rice milling equipment which can clean,destoner ,rice milling all in one.Rice processing market profits should insist on four principles. grain peeling machine enterprises have positively increased science and technology input, improved grain peeling machine features and enlarged grain peeling machine market potential and profits. In the production, what the rice milling enterprises are most concerned is grain peeling machine market profits. Therefore, we should insist on some development principles and continuously improve grain peeling machine market profits.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Low Cost Slab using Banana Stem FibreIRJET Journal
The document discusses an experimental investigation of using banana stem fibre to produce low-cost concrete slabs. It describes the process of extracting banana fibres from stems using a machine, casting concrete slabs reinforced with different percentages of banana fibre, and testing the slabs to determine their compressive and tensile strengths. The results showed that banana fibre reinforcement improved the slab's strength properties, with 10% fibre content providing the best performance, indicating banana fibre is a viable option for producing low-cost building materials.
The document describes the development of a potato harvesting machine by students at GCOERC in Nashik, India. It aims to reduce the human effort required for potato harvesting compared to manual methods. The machine was designed to separate and transport potatoes with minimum losses and damage within a specific time period. It includes components like a frame, hopper, wheels, shafts, gears and a conveyor system. The working involves a digging share that loosens the potatoes, which are then conveyed and separated from debris before collection. The students conclude that the machine can help reduce labor costs and time required for harvesting potatoes compared to current manual methods.
Innovative concept of coiling machine integrated with rolling mill to replace...eSAT Journals
Abstract: Building Construction Involves Use Of Stirrups To Give Strength To Columns And Beams And Are Widely Used In Various Shapes In Steel Reinforcement. It Is Regular Practice To Make Stirrups On Construction Sites. Existing Engineering Standards Recommend Use Of Continuous Helical Coil For Better Strength Of Structure But It Is Having A Very Rudimentary Level Of Technology. Hence This Work Focuses On Developing A Coiling Machine As An Integrated System Of The Rolling Mill Where The Steel Bars Are Produced. The Integrated Coiling Machine Will Overcome Almost All Problems And Limitations Associated With Manual Stirrup Making And Even Of Semiautomatic And Full Automatic Stirrup Making Machines. This Paper Embarks On Integration Of Stirrup Making Activity With Rolling Mill So As To Take The Advantages Of Plastic Deformation Of Steel At Elevated Temperature, Imbibing The Metallurgical And Mechanical Properties And Eliminating Residual Stresses Compared To Todays Stirrup Making Practices. Key Words: - Stirrup, Rolling Mill, Helical Coil, Coil
The document describes the design and construction of a motorized grain milling machine. It discusses traditional grain milling techniques and the need for a more efficient motorized machine. The machine was designed using CAD software and constructed locally with a frame, petrol engine, milling compartment, and hopper. It operates by rotating hammers inside the milling compartment that grind grain placed in the hopper. The total cost to produce the machine was about $160, making it affordable for small-scale farmers and local processors compared to commercial machines that cost over $1000. The machine is recommended to satisfy milling needs of rural populations.
IRJET- Design and Deleopment of an Ofada Rice Hulling MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of an Ofada rice hulling machine. The key components of the machine include a hopper, upper and lower cylindrical bodies, huller, hulling knife, support assembly, and petrol engine. Testing showed the machine has a hulling capacity of 5kg of rice in 2.34 minutes, with an efficiency of 64.8%. The machine was designed to reduce the labor involved in traditional hulling methods and meet increasing demand for rice in Nigeria by empowering local farmers. The document provides details on the components, design process, and performance testing of the newly developed Ofada rice hulling machine.
It is used to shell peanut; can separate shells and kernels with high-efficiency and almost without damage to the kernel; and the shelling rate can be ≥95%, the breaking rate is≤5%. While peanut kernels are used for food or the raw material for the oil mill, the shell could be used to make wood pellets or charcoal briquettes for fuel.
Design & Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller MachineIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of a portable groundnut shelling machine. It summarizes:
1) Groundnut shelling is currently done manually or through expensive industrial machines. The designed machine aims to be affordable for domestic use.
2) The machine's main components include a frame, electric motor, roller, V-belt, pulleys, hopper, and fan. Groundnuts are fed into the hopper and shells are cracked between the roller and net. A fan then separates the shells from the nuts.
3) Calculations were done to design the V-belt, pulleys, and other components. The final portable design is intended to reduce shelling time and costs compared to manual methods.
A Review on Design and Fabrication of Groundnut Shelling and Separating Machine.IRJET Journal
This document reviews the design and fabrication of a groundnut shelling and separating machine. It aims to develop a portable machine that is affordable for small-scale farmers. The machine consists of a hopper, crushing chamber, separating chamber, blower, and frame powered by an electric motor. Groundnuts are fed into the hopper and crushed in the chamber to remove the shells, while the blower separates the shells from the seeds. The design is intended to improve efficiency over manual shelling methods while keeping costs low. The machine is meant to benefit farmers by quickly shelling groundnuts while avoiding damage to the seeds.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Manually Operated Seed Sowing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a manually operated seed sowing machine. It aims to address issues with traditional sowing methods, which are costly and labor-intensive for small farmers. The machine was designed to uniformly place seeds in rows at a controlled depth and spacing. Key components include a hopper, frame, furrow opener, and seed tube. Design calculations were performed to analyze forces on components. The machine offers advantages like reduced costs, labor needs, and improved plant germination compared to traditional sowing methods.
Review Paper on Semi Automatic Chips MachineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and development of a semi-automatic potato chips machine. The machine uses a slicing wheel with sharp blades powered by a 1/12 HP electric motor to cut potatoes into uniform 2mm thick slices at a rate of 60kg per hour. Potatoes are fed into two cylinders and drop onto the rotating slicing wheel to be cut. The key components are the slicing wheel, V-belt power transmission system, cylinders, and electric motor. The design aims to provide a low-cost, simple machine for small-scale potato chip production.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET-Design and Fabrication of Seed Sowing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a seed sowing machine. It aims to provide an efficient seed sowing process that saves time and reduces labor costs compared to traditional manual methods. The machine is designed to perform multiple agricultural operations including softening soil, seed bed preparation, seed sowing, and leveling soil. It consists of components like a frame, engine, seed hopper, circular plates, and furrow openers that are powered by a chain and sprocket mechanism to rotate and distribute seeds onto prepared fields. The document presents the working principle, CAD models of components, specifications, conclusions that the machine meets needs of small farmers through reduced labor and time.
IRJET - Grain Dehusking Machines- A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews grain dehusking machines from traditional methods to modern technologies. It discusses the processes and equipment used for dehusking rice, wheat, and pulses. Traditionally, grains were pounded by hand or foot which was time-consuming and resulted in broken grains. Later, simple single-stage mechanical mills were developed to improve efficiency. Now, multi-stage mills can dehusk grains like rice through several processes to remove the husk and bran, separating broken grains and bagging the milled product. The document recommends developing a low-cost, pedal-powered machine that can dehusk multiple grain types to benefit small farmers.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Cocoa Pod Splitting and Bean Extraction ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a cocoa pod splitting and bean extraction machine. It aims to simplify the process of removing beans from cocoa pods, which is currently done manually requiring significant human labor. The machine was designed to be operated manually, constructed from locally available materials to keep costs low, and easy to assemble/disassemble so it can be shared among farmers. Components of the machine like the frame, bearing, spring, and cutting/extracting tools are modeled. The working mechanism involves placing the cocoa pod in a holder, using the handle to cut open the pod with a knife, then pressing the handle to push a tool that extracts the beans. The design of a spring used in the machine is also detailed. The
Manual method of seed planting, results in low seed placement, spacing efficiencies and serious back ache for the farmer which limits the size of field that can be planted. The cost price of imported planters has gone beyond the purchasing power of most of our farmers. Peasant farmers can do much to increase food production especially grains, if drudgery can be reduced or totally removed from their planting operations. To achieve the best performance from a seed planter, the above limits are to be optimized by proper design and selection of the components required on the machine to suit the needs of crops. Need of rice trans-planter machine is growing nowadays because it unique features seeding in well sequence and in well manner. Seeding by rice trans-planter saves too much efforts of human being. Class of people who uses this kind of machines is farmers and they are having poor economic background. This paper provides guidelines for developments in rice Trans-planters used in India. Rice planting is very old method from many years ago & having long history since many years & their methods of rice planting are changed in this decade. Use of rice Trans planter machines is new trend but current machines having high cost of purchase. So the main focus of this project is to minimize the cost of that machine.
IRJET- Automatic Seed Drill for Finger Millet based Intercropping SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an automatic seed drill for finger millet-based intercropping systems. The seed drill was designed to precisely sow finger millet and pigeon pea seeds with uniform depth and spacing. It has separate seed boxes and gears to dispense each type of seed. As the ground wheel rotates, it turns gears that pick seeds from the boxes and drop them through pipes into furrows opened by attached blades. The seed drill aims to assist small farmers by reducing labor and improving sowing efficiency and crop yields compared to manual methods.
Shandong Rotex Machinery is a professional manufacturer in wood pellet machine , wood pellet line , to make wood pellet
and animal feed pellet machine ,to make chicken , pig , fish , rabbit , cattle , sheep animal feed
PROCESS IMPROVEMENT OF GRUB SCREW MANUFACTURING IN A SMALL SCALE INDUSTRYvivatechijri
This study is an approach to investigate the viable impacts of Grub screw manufacturing. Due to
increase in demand of grub screw in industry it leads the manufacturer to upgrade the exiting process of
manufacturing the grub screw. A method and apparatus for manufacturing a screw capable of mass-producing a
multiple screw bolt such as a so-called grub screw, grinding and slotting for use therein. By making the existing
machine semi automatic to increase the production rate as well as to reduce the man power required for the
production process. Grub screw manufacturing process consists of COLD FORGING, SLOTTING, GRINDING
and ROLL THREADING. Slotting machine cuts the slot on the top of screw head. The feeding mechanism demands
human effort causing slow production rate and time consuming process. To eliminate this we come up with semiautomatic bowl feeder. As similar problem is faced in the grinding process we decided to combine the slotting
and grinding machine into one. This project is focused on increasing the production rate with minimal man power
by consuming less amount of time compared with the existing process. For this purpose, an optimized design of
existing machine is made consisting of cost effective & quality materials.
IRJET-Automation of a Conventional Gas StoveIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a harvesting machine for small-scale farmers with land areas less than 2 acres. A group of engineering students designed a compact machine that can cut up to two rows of soybean plants using cutting blades powered by a 3HP two-stroke petrol engine. The machine also includes a collection mechanism to move the cut crops to one side. Testing showed the cost of harvesting using this machine is considerably less than manual harvesting methods. The design aims to provide an affordable solution for small-scale farmers facing challenges with labor costs and implementation.
This document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method of rice cultivation and the role of agricultural engineers. SRI aims to maximize rice production through practices like younger seedlings, wider spacing and less water. It encourages farmer participation and innovation. Agricultural engineers can help develop machinery to support SRI, such as transplanters for single or double seedlings, mechanized markers for spacing, and manual or powered weeders. Future work includes developing transplanters and self-propelled weeders suitable for SRI methods.
The document introduces ball mills, which are energy-saving grinding machines used in mineral processing and other industries. It describes the structure, working principle, applications, features and technical parameters of ball mills. Ball mills grind material by rotating a cylinder with steel balls, causing them to fall back and impact the material to be ground. They are widely used to grind ores and other materials in mining and other industries.
Automatic rice mill plant https://www.victorricemill.com/product/automatic-rice-mill-plant-sale is a complete rice milling equipment which can clean,destoner ,rice milling all in one.Rice processing market profits should insist on four principles. grain peeling machine enterprises have positively increased science and technology input, improved grain peeling machine features and enlarged grain peeling machine market potential and profits. In the production, what the rice milling enterprises are most concerned is grain peeling machine market profits. Therefore, we should insist on some development principles and continuously improve grain peeling machine market profits.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Low Cost Slab using Banana Stem FibreIRJET Journal
The document discusses an experimental investigation of using banana stem fibre to produce low-cost concrete slabs. It describes the process of extracting banana fibres from stems using a machine, casting concrete slabs reinforced with different percentages of banana fibre, and testing the slabs to determine their compressive and tensile strengths. The results showed that banana fibre reinforcement improved the slab's strength properties, with 10% fibre content providing the best performance, indicating banana fibre is a viable option for producing low-cost building materials.
The document describes the development of a potato harvesting machine by students at GCOERC in Nashik, India. It aims to reduce the human effort required for potato harvesting compared to manual methods. The machine was designed to separate and transport potatoes with minimum losses and damage within a specific time period. It includes components like a frame, hopper, wheels, shafts, gears and a conveyor system. The working involves a digging share that loosens the potatoes, which are then conveyed and separated from debris before collection. The students conclude that the machine can help reduce labor costs and time required for harvesting potatoes compared to current manual methods.
Innovative concept of coiling machine integrated with rolling mill to replace...eSAT Journals
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
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- Performance evaluation on bamboo and hardwood chips using TAPPI 2007 standards yielded 93.3-97.8% pulp. Fibre analysis found pre-treated pulp had longer fibers.
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Report on machinary of seprator use in flour and feearslankhan163
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The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
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Design and Construction of Rice De Stoning Machineijtsrd
A rice de stoning machine was designed, fabricated and evaluated for performance. The de stoning machine will utilize vibrating motion to further separate the rice grains from the impurities. The vibration causes the rice grains to move in a specific direction, while the heavier impurities remain stationary. Mild steel was used in the construction of the machine. The machine is driven by a 2Hp electric motor with 1103W required power. Standard equations were used to determine the dimension of the pass and optimization of machine parameters such as air flow rate and vibration frequency. The effectiveness of the de stoning machine will be evaluated by testing its performance with different masses of rice samples and impurities. The machine has a capacity of 436.16Kg hr and an efficiency of 90.03 . A. E. Ilechukwu | S. E. Abonyi | A. E. Chinweze "Design and Construction of Rice De-Stoning Machine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd58593.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/58593/design-and-construction-of-rice-destoning-machine/a-e-ilechukwu
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Development & evaluation of gender friendly rotary paddy weederAshutosh Pal
This document describes the development and evaluation of a gender-friendly rotary paddy weeder and check row planter for dry seeding of rice. Key points include:
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Review of Productivity improvement by implementing automation In manufacturin...ijsrd.com
Grinding wheels are made of natural or synthetic abrasive minerals bonded together in a matrix to form a wheel. For manufacturers, grinding wheels provide an efficient way to shape and finish metals and other materials. Grinding wheels are the only way to create parts with precision dimensions and high-quality surface finishes. At this time, grinding wheels are used in almost every industry. Manufacturing of a grinding wheel consist of mixing abrasive grains, binders and bonding materials. Three important components, abrasive grains with binders and bonding materials, make up any grinding wheel. The, additives are mixed to create a wheel with the properties necessary to shape a particular material in the manner desired. Abrasive grains include the central part of any grinding wheel, and the toughness and friability of the grinding materials will significantly affect the behavior of a given wheel. In the next step the ingredient mix is poured into the mold and compressed by a hydraulic press. Most grinding wheels are manufactured by the compression method, in which a mixture of components is pressed into shape at room temperature. The wheel is then fired at 200 0C-1260 0C depending upon the type of the bond. The purposes of the firing are to melt the binder around the abrasives and to convert it to a form that will resist the heat and solvents encountered during grinding. Variety of furnaces is used to fire grinding wheels. After firing, wheels are moved to a finishing area, where holes are reamed to the specified size and the wheel circumference is made concentric with the center. Some work may be necessary to correct thickness or parallelism of wheel sides, or to make a special contour on the side or circumference of the wheel. Sometimes balancing of large wheels is necessary to reduce the vibration that will be generated when the wheel is spun on a grinding machine.
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The document is a lab report submitted by Rida Aqsa to Sir Irfan at the University of Engineering and Technology Lahore. It describes 3 experiments conducted regarding particle technology: 1) measuring the angle of balls carried against the wall of a ball mill, 2) measuring the angle of repose for rice and wheat using a rotary cylinder, and 3) describing the operation of an ultrafine grinder which uses a vertical shaft and multi-chambered rotor units to grind materials at high speed. The ball mill and ultrafine grinder experiments aimed to optimize grinding efficiency while the angle of repose experiment analyzed how solids flow out of containers.
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1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305639697
Design of a Rice De-stoner
Article · January 2013
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maintenance and affordability. The plant would reduce the
hazardous health implication currently experienced when
eating locally produced rice. It would reduce the cost of
labour and also enhance the economic status of the peasant
farmers in Nigeria.
Furthermore, in the recent research work, physical and
mechanical properties of rice are necessary for the design
of equipment to handle, transport, and process and store the
crop. These properties were evaluated as a function of
moisture content of grain. The objective of this work was
to determine the physical and mechanical properties of rice.
The grain was tested for bulk density, true density,
sphericity, porosity, angle of internal friction and
coefficient of friction with various materials at 12%
moisture content (dry basis, db). The average length, width,
thickness and the average thousand grain weight of the rye
grains were, 7.43 mm, 2.75 mm, 2.53 mm and 26.91 g,
respectively. The static coefficient of friction 0.4835,
0.4061, and 0.3670 for wood, galvanized iron and glass
surfaces respectively. The higher friction coefficient values
were observed on wood surface and the lowest on steel
surface.
According to Mohammad et al [4], knowing the grain's
bulk density, true density and porosity can be useful in
sizing grain hoppers and storage facilities. They can affect
the rate of heat and mass transfer of moisture during the
aeration and drying processes. A grain bed with low
porosity will have greater resistance to water-vapor escape
during the drying process, which may lead to the need for
higher power to drive the aeration fans. Cereal-grain kernel
densities have been of interest in breakage susceptibility
and hardness studies. The static coefficient of friction is
used to determine the angle at which chutes must be
positioned to achieve consistent flow of materials through
the chute. Such information is useful in sizing motor
requirements for grain transportation and handling [5, 6].
Literature has shown the existence of rice-stone specific
gravity separator which works on a principle that makes
use of the densities variation between sand and rice [7].
There is another specific gravity separation method
adopted [8]. The system involves movement of grains on
an oscillating conveyor and the application of aerodynamic
force. Another machine for the separation of dust and stone
from rice is the stoner separator [9]. Multi crop cleaner has
been developed [10]. Rice de-stoner was described as a
machine, which takes advantage of the difference in axial
velocities of rice and stone [11]. The rice is fed via a
hopper into a rotating cylindrical sieve, which separate the
rice from the stone. The rice passes through the sieve and
leaves the stone in the cylinder to roll down to the stone
collector while rice is being collected in the rice collector
[12]. Sieve shaker to separate guinea corn from rice had
been used [13].
2. DESIGN CALCULATIONS AND
ANALYSIS
2.1 Machine Components
The design consideration is based on the machine
component:
• Hopper
• Sieve A (rice size)
• Sieve B (sand size)
• Springs (six) and
• Vibratory Motor
2.2 Description of Equipment
The de-stoner as shown in the figure below consists mainly
of two inclined meshes which are each held by six springs.
The meshes are rectangular in shape with guides along the
lengths to prevent the mixture of sand and stone from
falling off. At the left end of the upper mesh/screen is the
hopper, the means by which the mixture is fed into the
separating chamber, while at the right end of the separating
chamber is situated a collector for the large stones.
The separation chambers are each attached to the frame by
means of springs of varying lengths, causing the
rectangular chamber to be inclined along the frame of the
setup. These springs provide transmit vibration to the
chamber thus causing he mixture to move along the
separation chamber. At the end of each mesh is a collector;
the collector for the upper chamber collects the large
stones, while the collector for the lower chamber collects
the fully destined rice grains. The setup also consist of an
electric motor; when turn on, this motor provides the
motion that causes the vibration of the separating chambers
by aid of the attached springs.
The isometric drawing of the machine with parts labeled is
shown in Figure 1 below.
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Figure 1: Isometric drawing of assembled rice de-stoner machine
Figure 2: Wedge type Hopper
Where;
H = height of Hopper
W = width of hopper
Ø = Angle of Pour
L = Length of hopper, (L > 3w)
2.2.1 Design of Hopper
The angle of pour can be determined from the coefficient
of friction (µ) between rice and the material of the hopper
galvanized steel, this give the minimum angle at which
the rice will flow through the hopper outlet. From
literature the friction coefficient was determined and
found out to be 0.4061.
W = 30 mm
L = 230 mm
Angle of pour (Ø) • tan-1
µ (1)
µ = 0.4061
Ø = 250
Using Johanson’s Equation to determine the mass flow
(m) through the hopper outlet,
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(2)
where g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
B = w = for a symmetric slot hopper and n = 0
• = bulk density of rice = 541 kg/m3
A = outlet cross sectional area = w x L = 30 x
230
= 6900 mm3
The mass flow rate (m) is 2.1 kg/s which is equivalent to
7.5 t/hr
The velocity (v) of discharging through the hopper outlet
can be determined from the equation:
(3)
Carleton proposed an expression for predicting the
velocity of the solids as
(4)
The velocity (v) of discharge= 2000 m/s
The capacity of the machine is 7.5 tonnes per hour.
2.2.2 Height of Hopper
The height of the hopper can be determined using the
equation below
Density of rice = Mass / Volume
Volume = (w H + H2
tan Ø) L (5)
Designing a hopper that can hold a mass of 5 kg
The Height (H) = 250 mm
2.2.3. Design of Sieve A (Rice Size)
Taking into consideration the physical properties of rice
grain in order to design the sieve at the first stage of the
separation, Figure 3 shows the dimension of the average
rice grain and Figure 4 is the arrangement of the holes
that make up the sieve with the dimension. The dimension
of the sieve can be determined by using the table below,
considering the maximum length and width of rice grain,
the following parameters can be determined.
Figure 3: Rice Dimension (Average Size)
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e1 = 2.8 mm; e2 = 8.4 mm
Figure 4: Dimension of sieve A (rice size)
Figure 5: Isometric View of Sieve A (Rice Size) With Dimension
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The distance between the openings can be determined from
the equation [14]:
(6)
D = Maximum diameter of required grain size = 8.31 mm
Co = coefficient of Opening = 0.4
d = 5 mm
Area of sieve = Ls x Bs
The area of the sieve is 183750 mm2
Figure 6: Isometric View of Sieve B (Sand Size)
Table 1: Some physical properties of Sandri Variety
Table 2: Static coefficient of friction of sadri variety against different surface
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2.2.4 Design of Sieve B (Sand)
Sieve B is designed such that the openings are smaller
than the size of the minimum width of rice which is 2.11
mm from the table above. So the opening was given a
dimension of 2.0 mm and the distance between openings
is 3 mm.
Figure 7: Sieve B (Sand) Opening Dimensions
2.2.5 Design of Vibration Motor
Figure 8: Diagram of a Rotating Mass Supported by a
Spring
Where M = total Mass of the body (excluding eccentric
body)
m = mass of eccentric body
• = angular velocity of eccentric body
k = stiffness of spring or spring constant
e = eccentricity of the body (distance from the
motor shaft to the eccentric mass)
Fo = Centripetal force of the eccentric mass
Using the following equation for a loaded spring with
forced vibration we have:
For spring with stiffness k from Hooke’s law [14]:
F = k x (7)
For viscous damping from the velocity,
F = (8)
For mass of the body (excluding the eccentric mass)
follows Newton’s second law of motion;
(9)
The total force is the sum of all the forces;
F = F0 sin (• t) (10)
Therefore the equation of motion for the system is [14],
= F0 sin (• t) (11)
The response of the system at any given amplitude is
given by
x = X0 sin (• t) (12)
(13)
(14)
where r = (15)
(16)
Designing for vibration with the following data below:
X0 = 5 mm
r = 100mm
m = 5 kg
• = 0.15
Sieves are made of steel with density = 8000 kg/m3
Volume of sieve = 0.004165 m3
Mass of sieves = 3.332 kg
Mass of rice on both sieves is taken as 5 kg since mass
flow rate is 2.1 kg/s
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Assuming a Mass of electric motor = 40 kg
Total mass M = 48.332 kg
F = M x g = force on spring
F = 474.14 N
Figure 9: Model of an unbalanced rotating machine
From equation (15), r = 1.732
From equation (16), • = 41.625 rad/s
The angular velocity of the motor required to vibrate the
system to that specified data as above.
Using equation (11), • = 72.094
The rotational speed of the motor is given as
N = 60 x • /2 (17)
= 688.44rpm
Rotational speed of the motor is 700rpm.
Power of the motor need is 359.55 watts.
Electric Motor specification for the vibrator,
Assuming efficiency of 80%, power rating of the electric
motor is 500watts
2.2.6 Design of Spring
Figure 10: Labeled spring wire
D = Diameter of spring wire
Douter = Outer diameter of spring
Lfree = Free length of spring
na = Number of active coils
For the computation of the parameters needed for the
spring design, online spring calculator software (efunda
compression spring designer) was used with the data as
shown in Figure 9. Using steel as the material for the
spring design, material data for steel was used for the
computation.
From the design data gotten for the spring (Figure 10), for
one spring, k = 8240 N/m
Number of springs required:
From equation 19,
K = 94827.38
For parallel connected springs with the same spring
constant k,
K = n k (18)
Where; n = number of springs
Substituting into equation (12) n is equal to 11.508.
Total number of springs required is 12.
2. 3 Using Analytical Calculations
The spring constant k is the function of the spring
geometry and the spring material’s shear modulus G,
given in the equation below [14],
(19)
Where;
D = mean diameter of the spring (measure from the center
of the wire cross sections).
na = number of active coil
The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity G can be found
from the relationship below, using steel as the material for
the spring [14],
(20)
where E = 200 GPa
v = 0.3
= 7500 kg/m3
D = 5 mm
D = Douter – d = c x d =45mm
c = 9 (for Optimum Value)
From equation (18) using 12 springs, the spring constant
for one spring is 7902.28 N/m.
Using equation (20), G = 76.92GPa
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Therefore na (number of coil) = 8.3542 which is
approximately 8 active coils.
The distance between adjacent coils (coil pitch):
Coil Pitch = 9.375 mm (21)
The angle between the coil and the base of the spring from
= 3.7940
(22)
Solid height of the spring Hsolid
Hsolid = n x d = 10 x 5mm = 50mm
The Wahl correction factor which account for shear stress
resulting from spring curvature W [14]:
(23)
W = 1.162 but c = D/d = 9
However, maximum shear stress, •max
(24)
= 219.4 MPa
Plate 1: Spring Calculator of Efunda Compression Spring Designer
Table 3: Material selections
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Machine Part Design Data Material Used Most Suitable
Material
Reason
Main frame 1” Angle iron Angle iron
Mild steel
Galvanized steel v Suitable
v Readily available
v Cheap
Hopper 30 x 230 Mild steel Galvanized steel v Suitable
v Readily available
v Cheap
Bearing Mild steel Steel Most suitable
Sieve 245 x 700 mm
H = 50mm
Mild steel Galvanized Steel v Suitable
v Durable
v Resistance to corrosion
Bolts and
Fasteners
Standard Standard Steel v Suitable
v Durable
Electric Motor 700rpm
0.5kw
Bought out Bought out v Suitable and based on
design calculations
3. WORKING PRINCIPLE
In this design, the rice to be de-stoned is fed into the
separation chamber through the hopper which is fixed at
an elevation higher than the rest of the separation bed.
The combination of the rice and stones flows from the
hopper to the first separation bed. The rice grains and
smaller stones of same size fall through the sieve on the
first separation bed, while the stones are collected at the
end of the bed. This is achieved due to the vibration of the
bed which is inclined at an angle and is supported by six
springs; as the mixture moves along the sieve. The rice
and stones of similar size fall into the second screening
chamber with finer holes that allow only the passage of
sand particles that are smaller than the rice. At the end of
this channel, there is also another collector that receives
the cleansed rice grains.
4. CONCLUSION
The design of a rice destining machine was successfully
carried out. The machine can effectively separate rice from
stones based on their physical properties which are
basically on the size differences. The machine is designed
with two sieves of different meshes and vibration is
powered by a 0.50 kW and rotational speed of 700 rpm DC
electric motor. The de-stoner has the efficiency of 80% and
mass flow rate of 2.10 kg/s which is equivalent to 7.50 t/hr
capacity.
5. RECOMMENDATION
The performance and efficiency of the machine is highly
affected if the rice de-stoner is feed with stones with sizes
that are close to that of the size of rice during the
simulation of the designed machine. It was difficult to
separate stones with relatively the size of rice. More
research should be carried out on design that would
effectively separate rice from stone based on their different
densities. This machine could be fabricated for mass
production of rice.
REFERENCES
[1] Osueke C. O. 2010. Design and Construction of a
Rice De-stoner. Department of Mechanical/
Production Engineering, Enugu State University of
Science and Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria.
[2] Chung J. H. and Lee2 Y. B. 2003. Simulation of a
Rice Mill Process. Biosystems Engineering 86 (2),
145-150 doi: 10.1016/S1537-5110(03)00119-3.
[3] Adegun I. K., Adepoju S. A., Aweda, J. A. 2012. A
mini rice processing machine for Nigerian farmers,
Journal of Agricultural Technology, Vol. 8(4),
pp.1207-1216.
[4] Mohammad J. and Naimeh K., 2012. Some Physical
properties of Rice Seed (Oriza Sativa), IIOABJ; Vol.
3 (4), pp. 15-18.
[5] Chang C. S. 1988. Porosity and density of grain
kernels, Cereal Chemistry 65 (1), pp.13-5.
[6] Ghasemi V. M, Moblia H, Jafaria A, Keyhania A R,
Heidari S. M, Rafieea S, Kheiralipoura K. 2008.
Some physical properties of rough rice (Oryza
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Int. J. of Mechanical Computational and Manufacturing Research, Vol. 2. No.3, (2013) 54–64, ISSN: 2301-4148
64
Sativa L.) grain. Journal of Cereal Science, 47 (3),
pp.496-501.
[7] Chang J. C. 1997. Food and Agricultural
Organization (FAO); Rice Milling Technology
Agricultural Mechanization 28(3), p. 12.
[8] Adekoya, L. O. and Koya, O. A. 1994. Development
destoner. Ife Journal of Technology, Department of
Agric. Engineering O.A.U. Ile- Ife, Nigeria 4:35.
[9] Chackravery, A. 1981. Post Harvest Technology of
Cereals Pulse and Oil and Seeds, Revised Edition,
Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. PVT Ltd., London.
[10] Ademosun, O. C. 1993. Development and
performance evaluation of pedal operated multicrop
cleaner, Journal of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, pp.27-37.
[11] Ozormba, O. 1997. Design and Construction of a
Rice De-stoner, Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis NCAM,
Ilorin.
[12] Adegun, I. K. 2006. Development of Guinea Corn
and Rice Mixture Separation Machine, Journal of
Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment, 8(2),
pp.108-115.
[13] http://www.efunda.com/DesignStandards/springs/
calc_comp_designer.cfm#calc.
[14] Khurmi R. S. and Gupta J. K. 2005. A Textbook of
Machine Design, First Multi-colour Edition, pp.820
-884.
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