The document summarizes a field trip report from a study conducted in Nijhum Dwip island, Bangladesh. The study involved collecting and analyzing samples of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, and plant communities to understand the biodiversity and environmental conditions. Water quality parameters like temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen were also measured. The team identified 4 phytoplankton species, 5 zooplankton species, 4 benthos species, and 7 plant species. They found most local residents depend on the forest and fishery resources for livelihood. The report documents the field work methodology, activities, results and conclusions.
This research is the outcome of an academic report on “TANGUAR HAOR”. A semester paper under the course ‘Design Studio VIII’ was prepared by Group 01 of 4th year 2nd Semester summer 2018 of department of architecture, Leading University. We are acknowledging our contribution. The course is guided by AR. Shawkat Jahan Chowdhury and thanks to him for guided us sincerely. We are thankful to the villagers International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Mr. Kabir and Mr. Amin Ministry of Water Resources, Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board and the people of those village we worked. We are also thankful to Bangladesh Polish and Border Grad Bangladesh (BGB) to ensure our safety from starting to the end. With out their help and participation the study and complete the report was not possible.
Geomorphic feature Identification at Saint Martin Island’s, BangladeshMinhaz Hasan
The Geo-morphological features at St. Martin's Island of Bangladesh has been described here which includes the beach formation, causes of pollution, present condition of the beach. Different types of coral along the beach also has been stored hare with figures.
This research is the outcome of an academic report on “TANGUAR HAOR”. A semester paper under the course ‘Design Studio VIII’ was prepared by Group 01 of 4th year 2nd Semester summer 2018 of department of architecture, Leading University. We are acknowledging our contribution. The course is guided by AR. Shawkat Jahan Chowdhury and thanks to him for guided us sincerely. We are thankful to the villagers International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Mr. Kabir and Mr. Amin Ministry of Water Resources, Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board and the people of those village we worked. We are also thankful to Bangladesh Polish and Border Grad Bangladesh (BGB) to ensure our safety from starting to the end. With out their help and participation the study and complete the report was not possible.
Geomorphic feature Identification at Saint Martin Island’s, BangladeshMinhaz Hasan
The Geo-morphological features at St. Martin's Island of Bangladesh has been described here which includes the beach formation, causes of pollution, present condition of the beach. Different types of coral along the beach also has been stored hare with figures.
Marine & Coastal Fisheries Resources of Bay of BengalMishal Roy
Presentation about marine and coastal resources of bay of bengal in Bangladesh. Submission date: 14th March, 2017. Course: Fisheries Resources; Code: FISH-117.
Blue Economy means sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods and jobs, and ocean environment health. More specifically, it basically refers to any economic activity in the marine sector, whether sustainable or not”.In Bangladesh , Coastal and Marine based aquaculture has been developed day by day .There are many prawn and shrimp farm in Bangladesh among the different districts.These farm play a dominant role for rising blue economic development of Bangladesh .Besides sea weed is also a prominent aquaculture in Bangladesh .There are about 133 species of sea weeds that commercially produce in different kinds of farm in Bangladesh .Although there has so many bar to management theses types of farm ,but day by day the efficiency of producing these product are increasing very rapidly. A very great role has kept by the marine and coastal aquaculture for developing blue economy of Bangladesh
Fishing ground is those area of a water body where fish concentration remain always significant
Generally fishing ground is divided into two ways- permanent fishing ground and temporary fishing ground. Bay of Bengal has four fishing ground.
Report on Field Trip of Marine Ecology and Marine Resources Md.Alamgir Hossain
This is about the field trip report
. Actually we made a field Trip on 4 th april to 10 th april at Chittagong, sea port,salimpor mangrove forest, ship breaking yards.
Presented by IWMI's Priyanie Amerasinghe at a World Wetlands Day dialogue: 'Getting Wetland Research into Policy & Practice' held in Colombo, Sri Lanka, on February, 2, 2018
Coastal Policy, Legislation, Targets and the future in Sri Lanka.Coastel mana...Veluppillai Mohan
Sri Lanka, which is Formerly known as "Ceylon", is in the Indian Ocean separated from the southeastern coast of peninsular India by the Palk Strait and is an island with coastline areas, which are generally low-lying, and landscapes exhibit considerable variety characterized by bays, lagoons, headlands, coastal marshes, peninsulas, spits, bars, and islets and dunes, of 1,585 kilometers and a land area of 64,000 square kilometers (probably more than 2,000 km if the coastlines of lagoons, bays, and inlets are added), situated between the latitudes of 5°55' and 9°51' North and the longitudes of 79°41' and 81°54' East within the tropic of Cancer lying off the southern tip of India. It encompasses a variety of tropical habitats including wetlands (about 120,000 ha); lagoons and estuaries (45 estuaries and 40 lagoons totaling about 42,000 ha); mangroves, salt marshes and sea grass beds (the total extent of mangrove coverage is between 6,000 and 10,000 ha); coral reefs (about 50 linear km of major reefs); and coastal sand dunes, barrier beaches, and spits (sand dunes occur along about 312 km of the coastline).
It is my academic presentation file which I presented with my friend in the last semester exam. It describe the major estuaries in Bangladesh. Also input these estuaries geographical location , characteristics , physio - chemical parameters , species abundance ,importance etc. ...
Utilization of Multiple Habitat Sampling Protocol for Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Water
Quality in Stream Ecosystem in Lawis,
Buruun, Iligan City
Aquatic weeds diversity of Fatki River in Magura district, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted at Fatki River under Magura district to learn the aquatic weeds diversity and abundance. This paper focused on species variation, number of species, water quality parameter and identification of aquatic weeds. It was assessed by collecting samples from Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar during May to August, 2016. Aquatic weeds were abundant in rainy season and the semi-aquatic weeds were available almost all the year round. According to this study, total 22 species belonging to 12 orders, 16 families and 21 genuses were found. Again, 46%, 28%, 26% of total aquatic weeds percentages identified from the Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar respectively. During this study period, nine species of family Pontederiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Menyanthaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Araceae, Amaranthaceae, Polygonaceae were common in Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar. Noticeable species-Lemna minor, Marsilea quadrifolia, Ludwigia palustris, Aeschynomene aspera, Najas graminea, Hydrilla verticillata, Najas guadalupensis, Utricularia inflate were only found in Chukinogor Ghat. This species are easily adapted in large areas. On the other hands, two species were common in Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi-Pistia stratiotes and Equisetum hyemale. Prominent species of Arpara bazar were Cyperus rotundus and Xanthium indicum. Total 11 species of aquatic weeds were mainly recognized from these Kechuadubi, while greatest number was recorded of 20 species from Chukinogor Ghat and 12 species were have its place to Arpara bazar. Management technique and water quality parameters were also studied during study period and the temperature was recorded 29.0-30.00 ºC in Chukinogor Ghat, same as 28.0-320 ºC in Kechuadubi. Furthermore, 29.0-31.00 ºC temperature was found in Arpara bazar. DO levels were stable at ranged from7.0-7.5 ppm in Chukinogor Ghat and 4.7-5.3 ppm was recorded in two experimental Kechuadubi 4.5-5.0 in Arpara bazar respectively. This difference may arise due to the using of aerator in the Chukinogor Ghat same as decomposition, intensity of light in Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar. Transparency was 28-32cm in Chukinogor Ghat, 36-44cm in Kechuadubi, and 38-42 cm in Arpara bazar.
Marine & Coastal Fisheries Resources of Bay of BengalMishal Roy
Presentation about marine and coastal resources of bay of bengal in Bangladesh. Submission date: 14th March, 2017. Course: Fisheries Resources; Code: FISH-117.
Blue Economy means sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods and jobs, and ocean environment health. More specifically, it basically refers to any economic activity in the marine sector, whether sustainable or not”.In Bangladesh , Coastal and Marine based aquaculture has been developed day by day .There are many prawn and shrimp farm in Bangladesh among the different districts.These farm play a dominant role for rising blue economic development of Bangladesh .Besides sea weed is also a prominent aquaculture in Bangladesh .There are about 133 species of sea weeds that commercially produce in different kinds of farm in Bangladesh .Although there has so many bar to management theses types of farm ,but day by day the efficiency of producing these product are increasing very rapidly. A very great role has kept by the marine and coastal aquaculture for developing blue economy of Bangladesh
Fishing ground is those area of a water body where fish concentration remain always significant
Generally fishing ground is divided into two ways- permanent fishing ground and temporary fishing ground. Bay of Bengal has four fishing ground.
Report on Field Trip of Marine Ecology and Marine Resources Md.Alamgir Hossain
This is about the field trip report
. Actually we made a field Trip on 4 th april to 10 th april at Chittagong, sea port,salimpor mangrove forest, ship breaking yards.
Presented by IWMI's Priyanie Amerasinghe at a World Wetlands Day dialogue: 'Getting Wetland Research into Policy & Practice' held in Colombo, Sri Lanka, on February, 2, 2018
Coastal Policy, Legislation, Targets and the future in Sri Lanka.Coastel mana...Veluppillai Mohan
Sri Lanka, which is Formerly known as "Ceylon", is in the Indian Ocean separated from the southeastern coast of peninsular India by the Palk Strait and is an island with coastline areas, which are generally low-lying, and landscapes exhibit considerable variety characterized by bays, lagoons, headlands, coastal marshes, peninsulas, spits, bars, and islets and dunes, of 1,585 kilometers and a land area of 64,000 square kilometers (probably more than 2,000 km if the coastlines of lagoons, bays, and inlets are added), situated between the latitudes of 5°55' and 9°51' North and the longitudes of 79°41' and 81°54' East within the tropic of Cancer lying off the southern tip of India. It encompasses a variety of tropical habitats including wetlands (about 120,000 ha); lagoons and estuaries (45 estuaries and 40 lagoons totaling about 42,000 ha); mangroves, salt marshes and sea grass beds (the total extent of mangrove coverage is between 6,000 and 10,000 ha); coral reefs (about 50 linear km of major reefs); and coastal sand dunes, barrier beaches, and spits (sand dunes occur along about 312 km of the coastline).
It is my academic presentation file which I presented with my friend in the last semester exam. It describe the major estuaries in Bangladesh. Also input these estuaries geographical location , characteristics , physio - chemical parameters , species abundance ,importance etc. ...
Utilization of Multiple Habitat Sampling Protocol for Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Water
Quality in Stream Ecosystem in Lawis,
Buruun, Iligan City
Aquatic weeds diversity of Fatki River in Magura district, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted at Fatki River under Magura district to learn the aquatic weeds diversity and abundance. This paper focused on species variation, number of species, water quality parameter and identification of aquatic weeds. It was assessed by collecting samples from Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar during May to August, 2016. Aquatic weeds were abundant in rainy season and the semi-aquatic weeds were available almost all the year round. According to this study, total 22 species belonging to 12 orders, 16 families and 21 genuses were found. Again, 46%, 28%, 26% of total aquatic weeds percentages identified from the Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar respectively. During this study period, nine species of family Pontederiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Menyanthaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Araceae, Amaranthaceae, Polygonaceae were common in Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar. Noticeable species-Lemna minor, Marsilea quadrifolia, Ludwigia palustris, Aeschynomene aspera, Najas graminea, Hydrilla verticillata, Najas guadalupensis, Utricularia inflate were only found in Chukinogor Ghat. This species are easily adapted in large areas. On the other hands, two species were common in Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi-Pistia stratiotes and Equisetum hyemale. Prominent species of Arpara bazar were Cyperus rotundus and Xanthium indicum. Total 11 species of aquatic weeds were mainly recognized from these Kechuadubi, while greatest number was recorded of 20 species from Chukinogor Ghat and 12 species were have its place to Arpara bazar. Management technique and water quality parameters were also studied during study period and the temperature was recorded 29.0-30.00 ºC in Chukinogor Ghat, same as 28.0-320 ºC in Kechuadubi. Furthermore, 29.0-31.00 ºC temperature was found in Arpara bazar. DO levels were stable at ranged from7.0-7.5 ppm in Chukinogor Ghat and 4.7-5.3 ppm was recorded in two experimental Kechuadubi 4.5-5.0 in Arpara bazar respectively. This difference may arise due to the using of aerator in the Chukinogor Ghat same as decomposition, intensity of light in Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar. Transparency was 28-32cm in Chukinogor Ghat, 36-44cm in Kechuadubi, and 38-42 cm in Arpara bazar.
Proximate and mineral composition of the long-spined Sea Urchin (Diadema seto...AbdullaAlAsif1
Gonad of sea urchin is considered as food delicacy in many parts of the world due to high nutrition and mineral contents. Several species of sea urchins are available in Malaysia and reported from different habitat, including seagrass beds, coastal breakwater, coral reefs and other ecologically important habitats. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the proximate and mineral composition of long spined sea urchin (Diadema setosum) roe collected from breakwater of Terengganu, Malaysia in October 2019, November 2019 and January 2020. The samples were analysed for proximate including protein, lipid, moisture, and ash content of sea urchin roe. The macro, micro minerals and heavy metals were also evaluated including Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Se, Mg, Ni, Pb, Al, and Cd. The result suggested that, long spined sea urchin (Diadema setosum) roe can be considered as good sources of food due to high percentage of protein (ranged between 36.21±0.44 and 50.14±4.63). The presence of heavy metal such as Ni, Pb, and Cd suggesting the breakwater environments were not good enough and the possible sources of heavy metals contamination in sea water environment must be stopped and eradicated. This study provides important information with regard to the proximate and mineral values of D. setosum, as well as the need for a better management of its habitat before D. setosum can be widely promoted as delicacy in this region.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in culture pond of Noa...AbdullaAlAsif1
A study was conducted on qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in cultured ponds of two fish farms of Noakhali district, Bangladesh from 15 September to 15 November 2012 to identify and estimate the abundance of phytoplankton in various culture ponds of two fish farms. Analyses of phytoplankton samples recorded a total of 4 classes phytoplankton viz.; Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae. Out of 21 phytoplankton genera identified, 5 belong to Cyanophyceae, 7 to Chlorophyceae, 5 to Bacillariophyceae and 4 to Euglenophyceae. Among the identified genera, Euglena, Microcystis, Eurolena were found to be dominant genera. Total phytoplankton abundance was varied from 36×105 cells/L to 94.92×105 cells/L in the experimental ponds. Among all experimental ponds, Chlorophyceae was found dominant (44.4×105 cells/L). Second dominant group was Euglenophyceae (39.6×105 cells/L) observed in pond-1 of Bismillah Agro Production (BAP). Total phytoplankton densities were recorded 47.82×105cells/L and 51×105 cells/L in pond-1 and pond-2 of Subarna Agro Based Initiative (SABI) respectively. In BAP, total phytoplankton densities were recorded 94.92×105cells/L and 36×105 cells/L in pond-1 and pond-2 respectively. Management technique and water quality parameters were also studied during study period namely water temperature, conductivity, salinity, transparency, dissolve oxygen and pH. The present study reveals that phytoplankton species are variable among the culture ponds and their density is also variable. The information provides for more research to compare water quality and pond phytoplankton characteristics in earthen aquaculture systems with and without fish stocking. Further studies on the seasonal changes of water quality parameters and its effects on phytoplankton production in the fish ponds and all year extended monitoring is recommended in future studies.
Time of day influences foraging behavior of waterbirds in the Kruger National...Joseph Galaske
This project, conducted under the supervision of Mduduzi Ndlovu Ph.D., was conducted within the Kruger National Park and looked at foraging behavior of waterbirds in response to time of day. Our results present evidence that time of day mediates foraging activity and supports the optimal foraging theory for waterbirds found in the Kruger National Park.
The Growth of Oreochromis niloticus (2.6g initial average size) was studied in 100m2 earthen ponds for 180 days under tropical field environment. Varying fertilizing regimes consisting of Pennisetum purpureum (PP) and Musa sapientum (MS), two locally available weedy grasses were applied in duplicates in the experimental ponds, at the rate of 0.1-0.2 kg dry matter per m2 per day. Water quality parameters were monitored bimonthly between 8:00am-9:00am . Final average fish weight varied significantly (p<0.05) as follows: 43.85g, 35.5g, 59.5g, 24.9g and 50g, 2 respectively for PP, MS, MS+PP, T0 and T1. Corresponding daily growth were 2.2g/d, 0.1g/d, 0.3g/d, 0.1g/d and 0.2g/d. Survival rate equally varied significantly as follow: 60 %, 67 %, and 98 %, 70 % and 97 % respectively. During the study period, the results indicated the water quality were permissibole limits and can be used for livestock of Oreochromis niloticus .
ABSTRACT- We conducted a first order analysis on the proximate composition (protein, carbohydrate, fat and astaxanthin) of three dominant seaweed species viz. Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Catenella repens inhabiting Indian Sundarbans. The study was conducted at three stations (Gosaba, Bali Island and Jharkhali) during premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon of 2014-15. The relevant hydrological parameters (surface water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and dissolved nutrients) were monitored simultaneously during the tenure of the work. ANOVA carried out on the observed data reflects pronounced variations of all hydrological parameters except surface water temperature and salinity between stations. Pronounced seasonal variations were observed for all the selected hydrological parameters. In the domain of proximate composition, ANOVA results exhibit pronounced variations between stations and seasons (except carbohydrate in U. lactuca and C. repens between stations and astaxanthin in U. lactuca between seasons).
Keywords - Seaweed, Indian Sundarbans, Proximate composition, ANOVA, Seasonal variation
Abundance Plankton and Analysis Stomach Content and Trophic Level in Makassar...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The research aims to know the condition of environmental parameters both from biological factors and physical factors of the Makassar Strait during the East season. The usability of the research ie can be to build and simulate dynamic models of fisheries systems. Data Collection has been carried since May 2019 to November 2019. Data collection on environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, flow velocity) and nutrients (nitrates and phosphates), phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance, , and gastric contents analysis were carried out, Method for analysing was used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare environmental parameters, nutrients and abundance of plankton between the three districts observed. The relationship between the abundance of plankton with environmental parameters was analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis. Determination of trophic level is based on analysis of gastric contents using the TrophLab 2K program. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) between observation stations grouped in 6 months of observation showed that salinity was significantly different between locations and months of observation, temperature and pH were significantly different between months but did not differ according to location of observation, whereas DO levels did not show differences either between locations. The results of identification of phytoplankton types obtained during this research were dominated by diatoms. The type of zooplankton obtained is generally dominated by copepods. The result of gastric surgery is 10 dominant and economically valuable fish's species belonging to planktivor, omnivor and carnivor fish, and based on ecosystems including pelagic and demersal fish.
Polychaetes of Gulf of Mannar, South East Coast of Indiaijtsrd
Gulf of Mannar is a suitable environment for the study of Polychaetes with special reference to their systematics, spatial and temporal distribution. It has a number of islands and estuaries and a variety of environments such as, mangroves, coral reefs, pearl oyster beds, sea weed and sea grass beds. Hence, a study was conducted for 2 years by collecting samples from 21 stations covering all the ecologically important locations such as, 13 sea bottoms surrounding the islands, 4 estuaries, 3 intertidal regions, and 1 backwater using standard methods. A total of 49 species were identified, out of which 34 are found to be new records to the area. If we take this and the earlier reports in to consideration the total number comes to 144 species and 33 species up to genus level. This is going to be a new information on the distribution of Polychaetes in the Gulf of Mannar region. S. Lazarus | A. Renu | S. Balasubramanian "Polychaetes of Gulf of Mannar, South East Coast of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33010.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33010/polychaetes-of-gulf-of-mannar-south-east-coast-of-india/s-lazarus
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
A field trip report on the academic work in the Nijhum Dwip, Hatiya Island
1. NOAKHALI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Department of
Oceanography
Field Trip Report-2020
Department of Oceanography-NSTU
Sonapur, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh
Submission Date: 21th August 2020
2. A field trip report on the academic work in the
Nijhum Dwip, Hatiya Island
Azad Uddin Sojib ASH1718010M
Submitted To
Dr.M.A.M. Siddique (Assistant Professor)
Nazmus Sakib Khan (Assistant Professor)
MD.Sohel Pervez (Assistant Professor)
Razat Suvra Das (Assistant Professor)
Mahfuzur Rahman (Assistant Professor)
Submitted by
3. 1
Acknowledgement
First and foremost, I want to thanksgiving to my supervisor, Dr. Mohammad Abdul
Momin Siddique. grateful for his mentoring, affordability, encouragement, and immense
optimism over the whole time in the field work. his instructions, affable advice, and
support made it possible for me and my group to have completed field trip.
I also grateful to our course coordinator professor Md. Sohel Pazver and also thanks go
out to the Mahfuzur Rahman, Razat Suvra Das and Nazmus sakib sir who are monitoring
in the entire field trip time.
Grateful to my other friends, who helps me and my group entire the sampling in the field
and sometimes in others ways.
4. 2
Executive Summary
The study tried to explore the present status of the plant community with biodiversity
and measured the biological parameter with the physiological parameter by using the
different methods of the many sampling stations of the Nijhum Dwip, Noakhali,
Bangladesh. This study was conducted to assess the biodiversity status and to identify
the different parameters of Nijhum Dwip and the present condition of the benthos with
flora and fauna, causes and effects of biodiversity loss, people participation in
management, and training system for conservation of Nijhum Dwip.
For this purpose, we collect data by using different methods such as multi-probe,
plankton net, PH meter, refractometer, hand auger, Quadrant method, etc., and with
discussion, eyesight visitation, and various types of secondary data. Also, we conducted
a questionnaire survey, and most of the respondents were illiterate 44%, fisherman 46%,
and older 46% based on educational status and occupational status, respectively. From
this study, we have found that 94% of people directly depend on this forest resource, 64%
are people on fisheries.
our study, we identified four species of benthos (Polychaeta sp, Lumbricus terrestris
Ocypode macrocera, Talitridae sp), four species of phytoplankton (such as Anabaena sp,
Coscinodiscus sp, Euglena sp, Nostoc sp), five species of zooplankton (such as Cyclops
vernalis, Diaphanosoma sp, Nauplius sp, Nauplius sp, Rotifer sp), and A total of seven plant
species under five families have been recorded from Nijhum Deep in Intertidal zone such
as Eleusine indica, Zoster marina, Ipomoea aquatic, Enhydra fluctuans, Cenopodium
album, Cynodon dactylon.
5. 3
Table of Content
Appellation Page
Acknowledgement 01
Executive Summary 02
Chapter 01: Introduction
Background of the study 07
Objectives of The Field Trip 07
Field Work Team 08
Time Schedule 08
Chapter 02: Nijhum Dwip
Introduction to Field Site 09
Sampling Site Selection 10
Geographical Location 10
Chapter 03: Methodology
Methodology of the field trip 11-12
Equipment of field work 12-13
Supporting Chemical Reagent 13
Chapter 04: Activities
Activities -01 (Phytoplankton Collection Method)
✓ Aims
✓ Apparatus
✓ Phytoplankton
✓ Geographical Location
✓ Sampling and Collection
✓ Preservation
✓ Identification
✓ Measured Parameters
➢ Temperature
➢ Transparency
➢ Salinity
➢ PH
➢ TDS
➢ Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
14-18
Activities -02 (Zooplankton Collection Method)
✓ Aims
✓ Apparatus
19-22
6. 4
✓ Zooplankton
✓ Geographical Location
✓ Sampling and Collection
✓ Preservation
✓ Identification and Analysis
✓ Measured Parameters
➢ Temperature
➢ Transparency
➢ Salinity
➢ PH
➢ Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Activities -03 (Inter-tidal Benthos Sample Collection Method)
✓ Aims
✓ Apparatus
✓ Benthos
✓ Intertidal Zone
✓ Sampling site
✓ Sample Collection
✓ Preservation
✓ Identification
23-27
Activities -04 (Assessment of Intertidal Plant Community)
✓ Aims
✓ Apparatus
✓ Plant Community
✓ Intertidal zone plant
✓ Plant biodiversity in Nijhum Dwip
✓ Geographical Location
✓ Materials and Method
✓ Identification
28-32
Activities -05 (Physiological parameters of Tube-well water)
✓ Aims
✓ Apparatus
✓ Procedure and General calibration
✓ Data Collection
✓ Physiological parameters
➢ Salinity
➢ DO
33
7. 5
➢ TDS
➢ Temperature
Activities 06 (Soil Sample Collection with Auger)
✓ Aim
✓ Apparatus
✓ Procedure
✓
34-35
Chapter 05: Conclusion
Conclusion 35
References 37
Field Work Photo Album
Photo Album 38-48
List of Figure
1 Figure 1: (a) Location of Hatiya Upazila in Bangladesh (b) Location of the study
area (c) Study Area map showing major features of Nijhum Dwip island. (Map
1)
2 Figure 2: Figure 2: The methodological flowchart of the study
3 Figure 3: working acetifies
4 Figure 4: Graph showing physiochemical parameters (a) water Temperature, (b)
Dissolved oxygen (DO), (c ) pH measured at the sampling stations.
5 Figure 5: Graph showing physiochemical parameters (c) salinity, (b) Total
Dissolved solis (TDS), (c ) Transparency measured at the sampling stations
6 Figure 3: Study area map for phytoplankton collection (Map 2)
7 Figure 4: Study area map for Zooplankton collection (Map 3)
8 Figure 5: Study area map for Benthos collection, Nijhum Dwip Islands,
Bangladesh (Map 4)
9 Figure 6: Study area map for Plant community collection, Nijhum Dwip Islands,
Bangladesh (Map 5)
10 Figure 7: a) Hand augur, b) how augur works
8. 6
List of Table
1 Table 1: Following table contains list of tools and equipment used during field
work.
2 Table 2: List of Chemicals are presented in the following table.
3 Table 3: List of phytoplankton group are presented in the following table.
4 Table 4: Presenting the list of measured Water Parameters for Phytoplankton in
the following table
5 Table 5: List of zooplankton group are presented in the following table
6 Table 6: Presenting the list of measured Water Parameters for zooplankton in the
following table
7 Table 7: List of benthos in the intertidal zone of Nijhum Dwip, following the table
8 Table 8: List of plant community family are presented in the following table
9 Table 9: List of Physiological parameters are present in the following table.
9. 7
Chapter -01: Introduction
Background of The Study
The department of Oceanography of Noakhali Science and Technology University
(NSTU) includes a course on field work as an academic study course each year. As a part
of our final year study, we got the chance to participate in field work for two days from
2 March 2020 to 3rd March 2020 in Nijhum Dwip located in Hatiya Upazila of Noakhali
District.
Objectives of The Field Trip
Field trips provide better understanding of theoretical and bookish knowledge by
making real world connections. Field trips also offer an opportunity to the students and
teachers to interact outside of the classroom, thus strengthen their bonding with each
other and to improve their social communication and life skills.
The present study conducted in Nijhum Dwip aims:
➢ To learn the techniques of field studying.
➢ To investigate the inter-tidal plant community structure.
➢ To learn how to collect and preserve soil sample using hand augur.
➢ To collect and preserve the benthos sample from the inter-tidal zone.
➢ To collect and preserve sample of phytoplankton and zooplankton.
➢ To learn how to assess different water physiological parameters (e.g., dissolved
oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity).
➢ To identify the collected specimen.
➢ Ecological observation (deforestation, types of plants and biodiversity)
➢ To observe the natural processes occurred in the island
➢ To know physical, socio economic and cultural aspect of the study areas
➢ To know the Lifestyle of the people of coastal Areas.
Field Work Team
The whole team was divided into groups to disburse work. Our group was assigned to
observe and study the physical set up of the island, mudflat and sandflats, inter-tidal
plant community structure, to collect samples for further identification, to collect soil
sample, to assess water quality etc.
10. 8
Time Schedule
Date Time Activities
01/03/2020 6 AM Start our journey from NSTU campus
3 PM Reach in Nijhum Dwip
02/03/2020 9 AM Visit the Nijhum Dwip beach
10 to 2 PM Conducted our field activities
2 to 4 PM Lunch break
4 PM Going to the beach for the enjoyment of natural beauty
03/03/2020 9 AM Visit another field site
9 to 2 PM Conducted our field activities
1 to 3 PM Lunch break
3 PM Visit in the forest
04/03/2020 8 AM We leave our hotel, and set off to return to the NSTU
campus
7 PM We arrive in the NSTU campus and Our field trip is
over
Chapter 02: Nijhum Dwip
Introduction to Field Site
Nijhum Dwip is (literally “the island of silence”) is an accreted island, with a total area of
about 40390 ha, lies in the central coastal zone of Bangladesh, under Hatiya Upazila of
Noakhali District. Following the joint recommendations from ECOFISH, the
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Wildlife
Conservation Society (WCS), the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock Bangladesh,
declared the Nijhum Dwip Marine Reserve/ Marine Protected Area (MPA) in 2019,
through S.R.O. No. 211-Law/2019 dated 23 June 2019 under the provision of clause 28 of
Marine Fisheries Ordinance, 1983. The declared protected area covers 3,188 square
kilometers of estuarine waters at the mouth of the world’s third largest river system: the
Padma- Jamuna Meghna and offshore of the Nijhum Dwip National Park.
11. 9
Population and Livelihood
The population has since increased to about 4500 households with an estimated 30,000
people living in different cluster villages. The literacy rate on the island is very low, at
about 10%. Children below the age of 12 years account for 30% of the total population
and married adults represent about 40%. The lack of sanitation facilities on the island
causes severe problems because none of the households use sanitary latrines. Drinking
water is available from shallow tube wells, which households share at a rate of one well
per 50-75 households.
Climate
The area enjoys a moist tropical maritime climate and rainfall is frequent and heavy
during the monsoon season (May to October) ranging between 140 mm to1040 mm.
Temperature ranges from 16ºC to 33ºC, whereas humidity ranges from 29% to 99% (BBS
2011).
Nijhum Dwip is typically tropical with average annual maximum and minimum
temperatures of 30°C and 21.6°C respectively (BMD 2009). Changes in temperature, even
small changes in water temperature, are expected to exert strong pressure upon fish
ecology (WWF 2005).
The southwest monsoon brings much rainfall from May to September while the northeast
monsoon brings some rain in October and November. About 80-90% of annual rainfall is
confined to the monsoon months (April-October). Annual mean total rainfall has
decreased from 3561mm in 1988 to 3531mm in 2008. Old fishermen have reported
noticeable climate pattern changes include increasing variability in the dates of onset and
end of the rainy season, changes in wind direction, tidal magnitude, rainfall distribution
pattern throughout the season, and an increase in thunderstorm activity.
Sampling Site Selection
Sampling site selection is crucial for an efficient completion of field work. Site selection
is dependent on the type of study we want to conduct. For site selection, a better
understanding of the study area is a must. Sampling site should be easy to access and
suitable for selected task. Our supervisor guided us to select sampling stations for our
field work.
12. 10
Geographical Location
Nijhum Dwip is situated between latitude 22º1´ and 22º6´N and longitude 90º58´ and
91º3´E. Nijhum Dwip is separated from Hatiya by the Moktaria Channel, which is about
700-1200m wide: the island area is only 10 km2 in area. The island is about 4‐5 meters
high from the sea level.
Figure 1: (a) Location of Hatiya Upazila in Bangladesh (b) Location of the study area (c)
Study Area map showing major features of Nijhum Dwip island. (Map 1)
13. 11
Chapter 03: Methodology and Data Collection of the Field Work
Methodology of the field trip
The methodology is the principled theoretical analysis of the process applied to a field of
study. It does not set out to a provide solution but offers the theoretical under planning
for understanding the method. Set of methods called “best practices” can apply to a
specific case. The methodology does not explain a specific method. When a proper study
of methodology, such processes make up a constructive generic framework.
Figure 2: The methodological flowchart of the study
14. 12
Figure 3: The working flowchart of the study
Equipment of field work
Table 1: Following table contains list of tools and equipment used during field work.
Sl.No. Equipment Quantity Usages
01 GPS device 2 Sampling point trace and recording of
the coordinates
02 Plankton Net 2 Net Phytoplankton sampling
03 Refractometer 2 Salinity measurement
04 DO Meter 1 DO measurement
05 Hygrometer 1 Measurement of water vapor in air, in
soil
06 Thermometer 3 Measurement of temperature
07 Secchi Disk 1 Measurement of transference
15. 13
08 Sieve 2 Soil and sand categories
09 Grab Samplers 1 Sediment samples collect from hard
bottoms like sand, gravel, consolidated
marl or clay
10 Bucket 2
11 Plastic Container 50pcs
12 Multi-probe 1 used to measure multiple parameters
such as temperature, dissolved
oxygen, conductivity and pH
13 Ice Box 3
14 pH Meter 3 used to measure pH
15 Dropper 3
16 Hand Auger 1 Obtaining soil samples
Supporting Chemical Reagent
Table 2: List of Chemicals are presented in the following table.
Sl. No. Chemical Quantity
01 Distilled water
02 Formalin 1 bottle
03 Alcohol 1 bottle
16. 14
Chapter 04: Activities
Activities 01: Phytoplankton Sample Collection Method
Aim: Sampling of phytoplankton using plankton net from the surface of a water body on
the coast of Nijhum Dwip Island And measure water parameters.
Apparatus: Plankton Net, Refractometer, DO Meter, Thermometer, Secchi Disk, pH
Meter, Ice Box etc.
Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton are autotrophic organisms. They produce their own food through
photosynthesis. In any ecosystem the prey and the predators are very closely related.
Phytoplankton is one of the important producers of the estuary. At the early stage of life
cycle of almost all the aquatic fauna directly or indirectly feed on phytoplankton. It is the
primary producer and occupied the first position of the food chain. Phytoplankton is
generally considered as the best index of the biological productivity and the nature of
aquatic habitat.
Why need to assess phytoplankton abundance at nijhum dwip
The phytoplankton population represents the biological wealth of a water body,
constituting a vital link in the food chain. Both the qualitative and quantitative abundance
of phytoplankton are of great importance.
Coastal regions are the most productive ecosystem in the world, Nijhum dwip is one of
them and also recognized as Marine Protected Area (MPA). It is full of marine resources,
mainly fisheries. The rate of gross primary productivity is important for assessing the
fisheries yield. For this reason, we investigated on the abundance of phytoplankton there.
Sampling and Collection
1. We decided to collect sample from six stations.
2. We used plankton net.
3. Firstly, we took water from surface layer using one little mug.
4. Then we poured it into plankton net and it filter water. Cod end was closed.
5. After that we collected final water sample caught by cod end.
6. Then we took these samples in plastic bottles and labelled.
7. We also measured environmental parameters such as pH by pH meter, Salinity
by refractometer, temperature by thermometer, TDS, DO.
17. 15
Preservation
We used 10% formalin (Methyl alcohol) to preserve these samples. After that we
transferred these to laboratory for analysis.
Identification
The community of phytoplankton was represented by Anabaena, Coscinodiscus,
Euglena, Nostoc.
Table 3: List of phytoplankton group are presented in the following table.
Group Name Picture
1.Anabaena
Class: Cyanophyceae
Scientific name:
Anabaena sp
2.Coscinodiscus
Class: Coscinodiscophyceae
Scientific name:
Coscinodiscus sp
3.Euglena
Class: Euglenoidea
Scientific name:
Euglena sp
4.Nostoc
Class: Cyanophyceae
Scientific name:
Nostoc sp
18. 16
Measured Parameters
Table 4: Presenting the list of measured Water Parameters for Phytoplankton in the
following table
Parameter Station 1 Station 2 Station3 Station 4 Station 5
GPS Location 22.0466N
90.9771E
22.0498N
90.9751E
22.0541N
90.9729E
22.0560N
90.9736E
22.0580
N
90.9735E
Temperature(0C) 26.5/27 27.7/28.0 29.5/28.5 26.9/26.5 26.7/25.
9
Salinity (ppt) 11 or 11.5 11 or 10 11 or 10 10 or 11 10 or 11
DO (mg/L) 5.61mg/L
(70.1%)
7.81 mg/L
(100%)
7.56 mg/L
(100%)
7.89 or 7.98 7.93 or
8.06
pH 8.3 or 8.4 8.4 or 8.6 8.6 or 8.7 8.6 or 8.7 8.6 or 8.7
TDS (mg/L) 1487 or
1490mg/L
1484 or
1485mg/L
1485 or
1486mg/L
1487 or
1490mg/L
1488 or
1489mg
/L
Transparency 2 or 1.8
inch
3.1 or 3.5 inch 2 or 2.2 inch 2.5 or 2.7 inch 3 or 3.32
inch
20. 18
Geographical Location:
Figure 6: Study area map for phytoplankton collection (Map 2)
Activities 02: Zooplankton Collection Method
Aim: Sampling of zooplankton using plankton net from the surface of a water body on
the coast of Nijhum Dwip Island And measure water parameters.
Apparatus: Plankton Net, Refractometer, DO Meter, Thermometer, Secchi Disk, pH
Meter, Ice Box etc.
Zooplankton
The zooplankton assemblage is a sensitive indicator of the ecological status of an aquatic
ecosystem since it can respond to environmental changes with rapid modifications in the
species composition and structure. The zooplankton population can reflect the nature and
potential of any aquatic systems. They are represented by a wide array of taxonomic
groups viz., Protozoa, Cladocera, Copepoda and Rotifer in a freshwater ecosystem that
is often armored by different organs like spines from the predator.
21. 19
Rotifers achieved more significance in freshwater by residing in the littoral, limnetic and
benthic regions. Most of them are cosmopolitan in distribution. They play a significant
role in aquatic food-chain and trophic dynamics in freshwaters because of their common
occurrence, a wide variety of feeding habits and rapid turnover rates, enabling them to
build up substantial populations within short time intervals. The role of rotifers as
bioindicators has been investigated by several researchers. The community composition
and density of rotifers greatly vary with eutrophication. Eutrophication of lakes which
leads to deterioration of aquatic ecosystems has been of great concern around the globe.
Adequate knowledge of the zooplankton communities and their population dynamics
is a major requirement for a better understanding of the life process in a freshwater body
since eutrophication influences zooplankton's composition and productivity.
Sampling and Collection
1. We decided to collect sample from six stations.
2. We used plankton net (90 µm mesh size).
3. Zooplankton samples were collected from a depth of 5-10 cm below the water
surface in the morning hour (7-9 AM), Noon hour (12-2 PM) and after noon
hour (5-7 PM)
4. Samples from different locations and depths may occasionally be combined in
composite samples to reduce sampling effort.
5. Firstly, we took water from surface layer using one little mug.
6. Then we poured it into plankton net and it filter water. Cod end was closed.
7. After that we collected final water sample caught by cod end.
8. Then we took these samples in plastic bottles with 10% formalin on site and
labelled.
9. Then transfer to the ice box and finally conducted in laboratory of
Oceanography, Noakhali Science and Technology University.
10. We also measured environmental parameters such as pH by pH meter, Salinity
by refractometer, temperature by thermometer, TDS, DO.
Preservation
We used 10% formalin (Methyl alcohol) to preserve these samples. After that we
transferred these to laboratory for analysis.
22. 20
Identification and Analysis
Identification of the zooplankton species was conducted in laboratory of Oceanography
department under a phase contrast light microscope at 16×40 and 16×10 magnification
(Model No: XSZ21-05DN, Made in China) with bright field and phase contrast
illumination. Quantitative analysis of zooplankton was done on Sedgewick-Rafter
counting chamber (S-R cell).
Analysis involved transfer of 1 mL sub-sample from each of the samples to the Sedgewick
Rafter counter and counting of cells within 10 squares of the cells, chosen randomly.
The cell counts were used for computing the cell density using the formula where the
zooplankton density was estimated by Stirling:
N= (A×1000×C)/ (V×F×L)
Where, N= no. of plankton cells or units per liter of original water;
A=Total no of plankton counted;
C= Volume of final concentrate of the sample in ml;
V=volume of a field in cubic mm;
F=No. Of fields counted; and
L=Volume of original water in liter
The zooplankton were then identified up to the genus level and enumerated by the
following. The mean number of zooplankton was recorded and expressed numerically
per liter of water of the ocean
Generic status of zooplankton with their different groups recorded from different types
of sampling site during the study period in the Nijhum Dwip.
23. 21
Table 5: List of zooplankton group are presented in the following table
Group Genus Name Species picture
1 Copepoda Cyclops Scientific name:
Cyclops vernalis
2 Cladocera Diaphanosoma Scientific name:
Diaphanosoma sp
3 Crustacean
larva
Nauplius Scientific name:
Nauplius sp
4 Rotifera Brachionus Scientific name:
Brachionus sp
Rotifer Scientific name:
Rotifer sp
Measured Parameters
Table 6: Presenting the list of measured Water Parameters for zooplankton in the
following table
Parameter Station 1 Station 2 Station3 Station 4 Station 5
GPS Location 22.0466N
90.9771E
22.0498N
90.9751E
22.0541N
90.9729E
22.0560N
90.9736E
22.0580N
90.9735E
Temperature(0C) 26.5/27 27.7/28.0 29.5/28.5 26.9/26.5 26.7/25.9
Salinity (ppt) 11 or 11.5 11 or 10 11 or 10 10 or 11 10 or 11
24. 22
DO (mg/L) 5.61mg/L
(70.1%)
7.81 mg/L
(100%)
7.56 mg/L
(100%)
7.89 or 7.98 7.93 or
8.06
pH 8.3 or 8.4 8.4 or 8.6 8.6 or 8.7 8.6 or 8.7 8.6 or 8.7
TDS (mg/L) 1487 or
1490mg/L
1484 or
1485mg/L
1485 or
1486mg/L
1487 or
1490mg/L
1488 or
1489mg/
L
Transparency 2 or 1.8
inch
3.1 or 3.5 inch 2 or 2.2 inch 2.5 or 2.7 inch 3 or 3.32
inch
Geographical Location
Figure 7: Study area map for Zooplankton collection (Map 3)
25. 23
Activities 03: Inter-tidal Benthos Sample Collection Method
Aims: Sampling of benthos using sieve from the top of a sediment body on the coast of
Nijhum Dwip Island.
Apparatus: Sieve, Plastic Container, Ice Box etc.
Benthos
The assemblage of organisms inhabiting the seafloor. Benthic epifauna live upon the
seafloor or upon bottom objects; the so-called infauna live within the sediments of the
seafloor. By far the best-studied benthos are the macrobenthos, those forms larger than 1
mm (0.04 inch), which are dominated by polychaete worms, pelecypods, anthozoans,
echinoderms, sponges, ascidians, and crustaceans. Meiobenthos, those organisms
between 0.1 and 1 mm in size, include polychaetes, pelecypods, copepods, ostracodes,
cumaceans, nematodes, turbellarians, and foraminiferans. The microbenthos, smaller
than 0.1 mm, include bacteria, diatoms, ciliates, amoeba, and flagellates.
Intertidal zone
The intertidal zone (sometimes referred to as the littoral zone) is the area that is
exposed to the air at low tide and underwater at high tide (the area between the low
and high tide lines). This area can include many different types of habitats,
including steep rocky cliffs, sandy beaches, or wetlands.
Organisms in the intertidal zone are adapted to an environment of harsh extremes.
Water is available regularly with the tides but varies from fresh with rain and river
flows to highly saline and dry salt with drying between tidal inundations. The
action of waves can dislodge residents in the intertidal zone. With the intertidal
zone's high exposure to the sun the temperature range can be anything from very
hot with full sun to near freezing in colder climates. Temperature extremes within
some microclimates in the littoral zone can be moderated by local features and
larger plants such as mangroves.
Adaption in the littoral zone is all about making use of nutrients supplied in high
volume on a regular basis from the sea which are actively moved to the zone by
tides and ocean swells. Edges of habitats, in this case the dry sand beach/rocky
shore and the sea, are themselves often significant ecologies.
We have chosen the Intertidial zone in the Nijhum dwip island to collect Benthos to find
out what kind of Benthos community has developed there for tidal variation.
26. 24
Sampling site
Station 1:
It is located at northern part of the Nijhum Dwip Island. It’s GPS reading 2.0466 N -
90.9771 E. Tidal influence is active here. Salinity varied from 11-11.5 ppt and temperature
26.5-27°C. Samples were collected from clay bottom area. It is subjected to high erosion
and water body is turbid.
Station 2:
Its latitude 22.0498N and longitude 90.9751E. Tidal influence is active here. Salinity
varied from 10-11 ppt and temperature range from 27.5-28°C. Samples were collected
from clay bottom area. It is subjected to hig erosion.
Station 3:
Its latitude 22.0541N and longitude 90.9729E. Salinity varied from 10-11 ppt and
temperature varied from 27.5-28°C. Samples were collected from clay bottom area.
Station 4:
Its latitude 22.0560N and longitude 90.9736E. Salinity varied from 10-11 ppt and
temperature varied from 25.5-26.9°C. Samples were collected from clay bottom area.
Station 5:
Its latitude 22.0580N and longitude 90.9735E. Salinity varied from 11-12 ppt and
temperature varied from 25.9-26.7°C. Samples were collected from clay bottom area.
Sample Collection
The Five working stations were selected in different parts of Nijhum Dwip Island. Each
station was divided into three sub-stations (sub-station=01, sub-station=02 and sub-
station=03). Three replicate soil samples were collected from each station with hand
during this study period (March, 2020). Replicate samples were taken from intertidal area
of the stations. The sediment samples were transferred into bucket and mix with water
properly. Then the mixed water passed through a hand-sieve with 0.5 mm mesh. Then
these sieved organisms were taken into plastic bottles and marked over the bottle by a
marker pen.
27. 25
Preservation & Identification
The sieved organism was preserved with other residues in the plastic bottles with 10%
buffered formalin and labeled and then transferred to laboratory at department of
oceanography of the Noakhali Science and Technology University for further analysis. In
the laboratory, small amount of “Rose Bengal” was added to increase visibility of
organisms. For identification, the samples were taken into a round transparent Petri dish
(diameter 15 cm and depth 2 cm) and placed on a white paper background for the easy
contrast of vision. Organisms were sorted and enumerated under major taxa and
preserved in small vials by using small brush or forceps. Binocular microscope with
digital camera was used to identify and capture the image of benthos.
The coarser level (order) of taxonomic data as suggested by Warwik (1988) were analyzed
using the statistical package SPSS v.17 and multivariate data analyzing software,
Plymouth Routines in Marine Ecological Research (PRIMER v.6). Classification and
Ordination (Nonparametric multidimensional scaling, nMDS) were performed by using
Bray-Curtis similarity measure for community analysis.
Table 7: List of benthos in the intertidal zone of Nijhum Dwip, following the table
Group Feature Example
Polychaeta • Metamerically segmented.
• Bilateral symmetry.
• Chitinous setae called parapodia.
• Schizocoelic.
• Closed circulatory system.
• Complete digestive system.
• Respiration through skin, gills or parapodia.
• Nephridia for excretion.
Scientific name:
Polychaeta sp
Oligochaeta • Hermaphroditic.
• Terrestrial or freshwater habitats.
• Segmented body.
• Specialization in structure of alimentary system.
• Specialization in structure of reproductive system.
Scientific name:
Lumbricus terrestris
Crab • Decapod. Almost all crabs are decapods, meaning
they have 10 legs.
• Hard Exoskeleton. The hard “crust” is a defining
characteristic of crabs, lobsters and prawns.
Scientific name:
Ocypode macrocera
28. 26
• Double Antennae. Most crabs have two pairs of
antennae.
• Sideways Walking.
• Land and Water Breathing.
Common
Name: Red Ghost
Crab
Amphipoda Body is typically slender and laterally compressed
Head is fused to the thorax and there is no carapace.
Thorax and abdomen are usually quite distinct.
Compound eyes are sessile
Scientific name:
Talitridae sp
Common Name:
lawn shrimp
Geographical Location
Figure 8: Study area map for Benthos collection, Nijhum Dwip Islands, Bangladesh (Map
4)
29. 27
Activities 04: Assessment of Intertidal Plant Community Structure
Aim: To collect plant sample by using quadrant on the Nijhum Dwip Island.
Apparatus: Quadrant box
Plant Community
Studies on the macrofaunal diversity and seawater quality (in triplicate) from the
intertidal regions of these sites were carried during November 2008 to October 2009. The
entire intertidal belt of each sampling site was subdivided into three vertical zones. The
macrofaunal diversity and distribution in the intertidal belt at each station were studied
during the low tide by quadrat method [18]. Quadrat of 0.25 m2 was laid along the
employed line transect at every 10 m interval on the intertidal region. A minimum of ten
quadrates were laid in a crisscross direction at the intertidal belt to cover the maximum
exposed area. For water quality, previously published data of different seawater quality
parameters were considered.
Intertidal zone plant
The plant which found on the area of the ocean between the high tide and low tide
lines, usually on the beach at the water's edge this plant known intertidal zone plant.
These plants are submerged with water during high tide and exposed to the air
during low tide. The intertidal zone of this island generally combined with mudflats
and sandflats. In Bangladesh an assessment of plant diversity of different national
parks and wildlife sanctuary are already being started (Uddin et al. 1998, Uddin and
Rahman 1999, Uddin et al. 2011, Uddin and Hassan 2004, 2010, Uddin et al. 2013).
There were no assessment records of intertidal plant diversity were found for Nijhum
Dwip except few plant names in the forest management plan. In the present study
an attempt has been made to attain the following objectives: to assess the angiosperm
and gymnosperm plant diversity, to knowing their availability on different zone and
to identify any threat and to suggest some possible conservation measures for the
Nijhum Dwip conservation.
Plant biodiversity in Nijhum Dwip
A total of 13 plant species under five families have been recorded from Nijhum Deep
in Intertidal zone. For each species local name, scientific name, family, habit are
provided (Table 1). Among the species, 5 are represented by shrubs, 8 by herbs.
Poaceae is the largest family in Monocotyledon having 2 species.
30. 28
Geographical Location
Figure 9: Study area map for Plant community collection, Nijhum Dwip Islands,
Bangladesh (Map 5)
Materials and Method
Plant data collections of the study area have been done March, 2020. Quantitative
data collection has been collected from eleven different sampling point on Nijhum
Dwip Island. These sampling point have been selected around 100m. In order to know
the frequency of ground vegetation, data have been collected different three point by
using 1x1m quadrate from the same sampling points. These points have been taken
at a certain distance to get vertical. The collection has been between intertidal zone
included with mud, sand and mangrove sight.
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Identification
Table 8: List of plant community family are presented in the following table
Family Habit Local
Name
Scientific name Picture
Poaceae Herb Durba
Grass
Cynodon dactylon
Amananthaceae shrubs Bathua Cenopodium
album
Astaraceae Herb Enhydra fluctuans
Convolvulaceae Herb Kalmi
shak
Ipomoea aquatic
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Zosteraceae Herb Zoster marina
Poaceae Herb chapra Eleusine indica
Plant Community Composition
Shrubs Herbs
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0 1 2 3
Poaceae
Amananth…
Astaraceae
Convolvul…
Zosteraceae
Distribution of Plant Family
Figure 10: Plant community study using quadrant
method on the Nijhum Dwip
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Activities 05: Physiological parameters of Tube-well water
Aim: To Evaluate the physiological parameters of tube well water on Nijhum Island.
Apparatus: Multi-probe
Procedure and General calibration:
1. Initially, we were Calibrate within 24 hours prior to sampling, best done before
going out in the field.
2. We Calibrated for each probe for the measuring time (conductivity, pH and
dissolved oxygen).
3. Rinse with deionized (DI) water between each calibration
4. We measured conductivity and then used a calibration solution
5. Then pH, use 2-point calibration that buffers the expected measurement
6. Temperature cannot be calibrated, but is good to do a check against a NIST
certified thermometer to make sure the equipment is working properly.
Data Collection:
Turn on the multiprobe and position the meter in the thalweg (main stream flow); or
along a bank/edge in the flow if the waterbody is too deep or fast; or lower from a bridge.
Ensure the measurements are upstream of other sampling activity, in well mixed water
and avoid disturbing bottom sediments.
Wait 1 - 2 minutes for the values to settle and record them on the data sheet provided.
When finished sampling, make sure the meter is rinsed thoroughly and properly stored
in the cap with a damp sponge or tap water.
Table 9: List of Physiological parameters are present in the following table.
Physiological parameters Sampling station
Salinity (ppt) 11.5
pH 7.7
Eclectic Conductivity (EC) 796.8
Temperature 24.6
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Activities 06: Soil Sample Collection with Augur
Aim: To collect Soil sample using hand augur from the sand-flat area of Nijhum Dwip.
Figure 7: a) Hand augur, b) how augur works
Apparatus: Hand auger.
This system uses an auger, a series of extension rods, a “T” handle, and a thin-wall tube
sampler. The auger bores a hole to a desired sampling depth and then is withdrawn. The
auger tip is then replaced with a tube core sampler, lowered down the borehole, and
driven into the soil at the completion depth.
The core is then withdrawn and the sample collected. Posthole augers have limited utility
for sample collection, as they are designed more for their ability to cut through fibrous,
rooted areas. Bucket augers are better for direct sample recovery, are fast, and provide a
large volume of sample.
Procedure:
Use the following procedure to collect soil samples with a hand auger:
Insert the auger into the material to be sampled at a 0o to 45o angle from vertical. This
orientation minimizes spillage of the sample from the sampler.
Extraction of samples may require tilting of the sampler. Rotate the auger once or twice
to cut a core of material.
a
b
36. 34
Slowly withdraw the auger, making sure that the slot is facing upward.
An acetate core may be inserted into the auger prior to sampling, if characteristics of the
soils or body of water warrant. By using this technique, an intact core can be extracted.
Transfer the sample into an appropriate sample or homogenization container.
Chapter 05: Conclusion
Conclusion
The field trip is the vast of sagacious practices and it is the consummate way to
appropriately erudite afford. Our study, we identified four species of benthos
(Polychaeta sp, Lumbricus terrestris Ocypode macrocera, Talitridae sp), four species of
phytoplankton (such as Anabaena sp, Coscinodiscus sp, Euglena sp, Nostoc sp), five species
of zooplankton (such as Cyclops vernalis, Diaphanosoma sp, Nauplius sp, Nauplius sp, Rotifer
sp), and A total of seven plant species under five families have been recorded from
Nijhum Deep in Intertidal zone such as Eleusine indica, Zoster marina, Ipomoea aquatic,
Enhydra fluctuans, Cenopodium album, Cynodon dactylon.
37. 35
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