This document summarizes a study that used parallel 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing to analyze the bacterial diversity in sediments from three stations in the Sundarbans mangrove wetland in India during two seasons. The results showed that Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla detected, with Deltaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria predominating. Several other major phyla were also detected across all stations and seasons, including Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Nitrospira, and Firmicutes. Further analysis revealed more microaerophilic and anaerobic bacteria in surface sediment
Monitoring of Pollution Using Density, Biomass and Diversity Indices of Macro...Prabhakar Pawar
In this study, density, biomass and diversity indices of selected macrobenthos were assessed from substations along Sheva
creek and Dharamtar creek mangrove ecosystems of Uran (Raigad), Navi Mumbai, west coast of India from April 2009 to
March 2011. A total of 86 species of macrobenthos representing 61 genera and 45 families were identified comprising of
gastropods, pelecypods, cephalopods, polychaetes, sponges, crabs, prawns and shrimps. Higher values of density, biomass and
diversity indices were recorded during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon than the monsoon. Diversity values in the study area
ranged from 0.203 to 0.332 indicating heavy pollution and the macro benthic fauna is under stress due to discharge of domestic wastes and sewage, effluents from industries, oil tanking depots and also from maritime activities of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), hectic activities of Container Freight Stations (CFS), and other port wastes. This study reveals that macrobenthic fauna from mangrove ecosystems of Uran is facing the threat due to anthropogenic stress.
Keywords:
Biomass, Community Structure, Diversity Indices, Species Composition, Uran
This document summarizes a study comparing the ecology of two ponds in southern India with different management practices. Water quality parameters and plant biodiversity were analyzed seasonally. One pond hosted migratory birds and was protected as a wildlife reserve, while the other was used for irrigation and faced more human impacts. Water quality varied between ponds, with higher sulfate levels in the migratory bird pond. More plant species and individuals were found in the protected pond, indicating it supported a more stable ecosystem. The study highlights the importance of understanding pond ecology in relation to utilization and management for conservation.
ABSTRACT- Floristic inventory and diversity assessment are necessary to understand the present diversity status of the conservation of biodiversity. Shorelines are one of the most rapidly changing places on the Earth. The Gulf of Kachchh (GoK) is a semi-enclosed coastal indentation with predominance of mangrove ecosystems, coral reefs, associated rich marine diversity and coastal terrestrial vegetation. Halophytes are flowering plants, which are naturally found in saline habitats such as coastal swamps, coastal dunes, inland salt flats etc. Present works reveals the diversity of halophytes in GoK. Total 27 halophytes were encountered from 13 coastal talukas and islands of GoK. Islands of GoK, and Bhachau taluka are the area with highest diversity in GoK. In the present study α diversity (Shannon diversity index, Simpson's Index, species richness, evenness index) of the halophyte community was studied. From the study of biodiversity it was observed that highest species diversity (Shannon-Wiener diversity H’) was observed in Jamnagar district and its islands whereas species richness index (d) was highest in Devbhumi Dwarka district and its islands. Evenness index (e) was highest (0.528) in Morbi district.
Key-words- Halophytes, Gulf of Kachchh, α-Diversity, Saline habitats
Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Flora Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion...Sryahwa Publications
The present paper discusses the highest colonization of fungal endophytes as Alternaria speciesin comparison with Colletotrichumspecies and Fusarium species in all three plants Pongamia pinnata, Securinega leucopyrus and Rhus mysorensis. These endophytic fungi protect these plants from various
environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and other environmental factors.
This document summarizes research on meiobenthic fauna in India. It discusses how meiobenthic organisms play important roles in marine ecosystems through processes like bioturbation and forming links in the food web. It provides background on the history of meiobenthic research starting in the 18th century. It then reviews studies conducted in India, noting some of the early pioneers of benthic research and more recent works examining meiobenthic diversity along various coasts. The document emphasizes that while many Indian studies focused on ecology, taxonomy was often neglected, and more work is needed to improve species identification and documentation.
Distribution of macrozoobenthos in river narmada near water intake pointAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the distribution of macrozoobenthos in the River Narmada near a water intake point in India. Five sampling stations were established along the river reach. A total of 35 taxa from 3 phyla were identified. The highest diversity was found at the upstream station I with 31 species identified. Diversity decreased at stations closer to the water intake point, with only 9 species identified at station III in front of the intake. This loss in macrozoobenthos distribution near the water intake point indicates that the ecological conditions are degrading due to the impact of the water intake infrastructure on the river habitat. In conclusion, the study shows that the water intake point is altering the riverine habitat and
ABSTRACT- We conducted a first order analysis on the proximate composition (protein, carbohydrate, fat and astaxanthin) of three dominant seaweed species viz. Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Catenella repens inhabiting Indian Sundarbans. The study was conducted at three stations (Gosaba, Bali Island and Jharkhali) during premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon of 2014-15. The relevant hydrological parameters (surface water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and dissolved nutrients) were monitored simultaneously during the tenure of the work. ANOVA carried out on the observed data reflects pronounced variations of all hydrological parameters except surface water temperature and salinity between stations. Pronounced seasonal variations were observed for all the selected hydrological parameters. In the domain of proximate composition, ANOVA results exhibit pronounced variations between stations and seasons (except carbohydrate in U. lactuca and C. repens between stations and astaxanthin in U. lactuca between seasons).
Keywords - Seaweed, Indian Sundarbans, Proximate composition, ANOVA, Seasonal variation
The biological survey of the Tovacov lakes area found 554 plant species, 107 spider species, 27 dragonfly species, 111 butterfly species, 282 beetle species, 17 orthopteran species, and 7 amphibian species. Rare species were found particularly in humid and dry open habitats and coastal lake zones. Technically recultivated sites became species-homogeneous quickly while spontaneously succeeding sites remained species-rich during development. To maintain biological diversity, appropriate management was suggested for the most valuable areas.
Monitoring of Pollution Using Density, Biomass and Diversity Indices of Macro...Prabhakar Pawar
In this study, density, biomass and diversity indices of selected macrobenthos were assessed from substations along Sheva
creek and Dharamtar creek mangrove ecosystems of Uran (Raigad), Navi Mumbai, west coast of India from April 2009 to
March 2011. A total of 86 species of macrobenthos representing 61 genera and 45 families were identified comprising of
gastropods, pelecypods, cephalopods, polychaetes, sponges, crabs, prawns and shrimps. Higher values of density, biomass and
diversity indices were recorded during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon than the monsoon. Diversity values in the study area
ranged from 0.203 to 0.332 indicating heavy pollution and the macro benthic fauna is under stress due to discharge of domestic wastes and sewage, effluents from industries, oil tanking depots and also from maritime activities of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), hectic activities of Container Freight Stations (CFS), and other port wastes. This study reveals that macrobenthic fauna from mangrove ecosystems of Uran is facing the threat due to anthropogenic stress.
Keywords:
Biomass, Community Structure, Diversity Indices, Species Composition, Uran
This document summarizes a study comparing the ecology of two ponds in southern India with different management practices. Water quality parameters and plant biodiversity were analyzed seasonally. One pond hosted migratory birds and was protected as a wildlife reserve, while the other was used for irrigation and faced more human impacts. Water quality varied between ponds, with higher sulfate levels in the migratory bird pond. More plant species and individuals were found in the protected pond, indicating it supported a more stable ecosystem. The study highlights the importance of understanding pond ecology in relation to utilization and management for conservation.
ABSTRACT- Floristic inventory and diversity assessment are necessary to understand the present diversity status of the conservation of biodiversity. Shorelines are one of the most rapidly changing places on the Earth. The Gulf of Kachchh (GoK) is a semi-enclosed coastal indentation with predominance of mangrove ecosystems, coral reefs, associated rich marine diversity and coastal terrestrial vegetation. Halophytes are flowering plants, which are naturally found in saline habitats such as coastal swamps, coastal dunes, inland salt flats etc. Present works reveals the diversity of halophytes in GoK. Total 27 halophytes were encountered from 13 coastal talukas and islands of GoK. Islands of GoK, and Bhachau taluka are the area with highest diversity in GoK. In the present study α diversity (Shannon diversity index, Simpson's Index, species richness, evenness index) of the halophyte community was studied. From the study of biodiversity it was observed that highest species diversity (Shannon-Wiener diversity H’) was observed in Jamnagar district and its islands whereas species richness index (d) was highest in Devbhumi Dwarka district and its islands. Evenness index (e) was highest (0.528) in Morbi district.
Key-words- Halophytes, Gulf of Kachchh, α-Diversity, Saline habitats
Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Flora Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion...Sryahwa Publications
The present paper discusses the highest colonization of fungal endophytes as Alternaria speciesin comparison with Colletotrichumspecies and Fusarium species in all three plants Pongamia pinnata, Securinega leucopyrus and Rhus mysorensis. These endophytic fungi protect these plants from various
environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and other environmental factors.
This document summarizes research on meiobenthic fauna in India. It discusses how meiobenthic organisms play important roles in marine ecosystems through processes like bioturbation and forming links in the food web. It provides background on the history of meiobenthic research starting in the 18th century. It then reviews studies conducted in India, noting some of the early pioneers of benthic research and more recent works examining meiobenthic diversity along various coasts. The document emphasizes that while many Indian studies focused on ecology, taxonomy was often neglected, and more work is needed to improve species identification and documentation.
Distribution of macrozoobenthos in river narmada near water intake pointAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the distribution of macrozoobenthos in the River Narmada near a water intake point in India. Five sampling stations were established along the river reach. A total of 35 taxa from 3 phyla were identified. The highest diversity was found at the upstream station I with 31 species identified. Diversity decreased at stations closer to the water intake point, with only 9 species identified at station III in front of the intake. This loss in macrozoobenthos distribution near the water intake point indicates that the ecological conditions are degrading due to the impact of the water intake infrastructure on the river habitat. In conclusion, the study shows that the water intake point is altering the riverine habitat and
ABSTRACT- We conducted a first order analysis on the proximate composition (protein, carbohydrate, fat and astaxanthin) of three dominant seaweed species viz. Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Catenella repens inhabiting Indian Sundarbans. The study was conducted at three stations (Gosaba, Bali Island and Jharkhali) during premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon of 2014-15. The relevant hydrological parameters (surface water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and dissolved nutrients) were monitored simultaneously during the tenure of the work. ANOVA carried out on the observed data reflects pronounced variations of all hydrological parameters except surface water temperature and salinity between stations. Pronounced seasonal variations were observed for all the selected hydrological parameters. In the domain of proximate composition, ANOVA results exhibit pronounced variations between stations and seasons (except carbohydrate in U. lactuca and C. repens between stations and astaxanthin in U. lactuca between seasons).
Keywords - Seaweed, Indian Sundarbans, Proximate composition, ANOVA, Seasonal variation
The biological survey of the Tovacov lakes area found 554 plant species, 107 spider species, 27 dragonfly species, 111 butterfly species, 282 beetle species, 17 orthopteran species, and 7 amphibian species. Rare species were found particularly in humid and dry open habitats and coastal lake zones. Technically recultivated sites became species-homogeneous quickly while spontaneously succeeding sites remained species-rich during development. To maintain biological diversity, appropriate management was suggested for the most valuable areas.
A field trip report on the academic work in the Nijhum Dwip, Hatiya IslandAzad Uddin (Sojib Ahmed)
The document summarizes a field trip report from a study conducted in Nijhum Dwip island, Bangladesh. The study involved collecting and analyzing samples of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, and plant communities to understand the biodiversity and environmental conditions. Water quality parameters like temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen were also measured. The team identified 4 phytoplankton species, 5 zooplankton species, 4 benthos species, and 7 plant species. They found most local residents depend on the forest and fishery resources for livelihood. The report documents the field work methodology, activities, results and conclusions.
Formation Patterns of Acridid Communities in Urban Landscapes of TurkmenistanSryahwa Publications
Acridid communities of urbanized landscapes in Turkmenistan are described for the first time. General peculiarities of formation of acridid communities in urban landscapes are studying for the desert zone. The structure of the communities is determined by soil conditions, types of plant cover and the level of anthropogenic impact on the different urban biotopes.
Changes in benthic communities in the Middle Atlas springs (Morocco) and thei...Innspub Net
The sources of the Moroccan Middle Atlas suffer not only the effects of anthropogenic pressures, but also those of climate change whose impact is difficult to predict. Our goal is to better understand the succession of processions fauna of the upper Guigou. It is a compendium comparative between the benthic fauna collected towards the end of the years 70 (1979) in the sources Arbalou Abrchane, Tit Zil and the Wadi Guigou. As well as those harvested in the same sites, thirty-four years after. This revealed a significant drop in dissolved oxygen concentration decreased from 7.4 (mg/l) in 1979 to 2.52 (mg/l) in 2015. We have also raised an increase in the workload in chlorides and major elements. Benthic fauna, a significant change in population since 1979, with the appearance and installation of more than a dozen of taxa were identified (Simulium pseudoquinum, Gammarus gauthieri, Phagocata sp., Dugesia gonocephala). Some of these species have become invasive, such as Amphipod crustaceans Gammarus gauthieri, either very abundant as Simulium pseudoquinum. We note the effect “medium” for the direct selection of the species. Other indirect effects due to the reduction of the three dimensional biogenic structures would have limited recognizably State niches by polluo-sensitive species (Ephemeroptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera and Trichoptera) and could contribute to the total disappearance of all order plecoptera in favour of a dominance of the polluo-tolerant species (Oligochaetes). Over a period of 35 years, there is a deterioration of the health of the aquatic ecosystem studied, a State of art reflected by a decline of the benthic community that lives there.
Stressful environments such as salinity and drought was assessed on photosynthesis, the most fundamental and intricate physiological process of three oil plants canola (BrassicanapusL.), safflower (Carthamustinctorius L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annusL) grown in different sites in Egypt (Suez road; North Coastal area; El-Kantra East) , is also severely affected in all its phases by such stresses .
The Role of Soil Organisms and Functions in different Coconut based Multiple ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Sampling was done in wet and intermediate zones represented by the Walpita and Makandura research centers, respectively. Eleven land use systems were considered for the study; coconut mono culture (CM), bare land (BL) and coconut multiple cropping. Under coconut multiple cropping, nine different intercrops were selected separately for each zones. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates (n = 3). The experiment was conducted under mature baring coconut (>20 years) plantation. Soil Macrofauna was sampled using one transect with three replicates at each land use type using quadrate size (30×30cm) from 0-30 cm depth and visible organisms were handpicked and preserved in 75% alcohol. Dilute plate technique and Spread plate technique was used to determine the soil micro organisms’ density. Those techniques were used to cultivate the fungi and bacteria under 〖10〗^(-2) and 〖10〗^(-5) dilution level respectively.
Research identified 12 classes (Crusteacea, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Gastropoda, Acarina, Araneida, Scopionida, Chilapoda, Diplopoda, Amphibia, Reptelia) and 14 orders (Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Thysanura, Hymenoptera, Lepidotera, Orthoptera, Blattaria, Mantodea, Phasmida, Dermaptera, Isoptera, Siphonaptera, Thysanoptera) of soil organisms. Class insecta shows the high diversity with 14 orders. Colony forming unit (CFU) value of bacteria was higher than that of the fungi value. Findings of intermediate and wet zones’ studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may have high diversity, abundance and functional role of soil organisms. Both zones studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may increase soil moisture factor, respiration rate, biomass carbon content, organic carbon percentage, total nitrogen content, organic matter content and C:N ratio in 0-30cm depth other than the coconut monoculture systems. Overall data of two different zones indicated a significant positive correlation of soil organism diversity, abundance and their functional role with cropping systems. Those data can be used as a reliable basic bio indicator for payments for ecosystem services (PES). It supports to valorize the economic value of the ecological services returned by soil organisms.
The document summarizes a field trip conducted by oceanography students to Nijhum Dwip island. The objectives of the trip were to learn field study techniques, collect samples of plants, soil, water and plankton, and assess water quality parameters and the socioeconomic conditions of local communities. During the trip, students assessed intertidal plant communities, collected phytoplankton and zooplankton samples, measured water quality, and learned sampling methods. The island was described as having diverse and productive ecosystems important for fisheries and declared as a national park and marine protected area.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to environment, natural resources, ecology, and ecosystems. It discusses key terms like ecology, environment, ecosystem, resource, and carrying capacity. It also outlines different types of resources like physical, biological, human, and cultural resources. Finally, it discusses ecosystems, biodiversity, and ecosystem services like provisioning, regulating, and cultural services.
Occurrence patterns of alien freshwater turtles in a large urban pond 'Archip...Maria Paola Di Santo
The patterns of the occurrence and distribution of alien freshwater turtle species in an urban pond archipelago (Rome, Italy) were analysed, with the aim of exploring the role of a set of factors (type of ponds, landscape context, size area, distance from the nearest road) with a generalized linear model approach. A total of 311 ponds subdivided in three types (fountains, small basins, lakes) embedded in different landscape contexts (public parks, private parks, urban areas) at differing distances from the nearest road were sampled. Six non-native freshwater turtle species in 31 sites were recorded (9.97%). Lakes exhibited the highest occurrence rates of alien freshwater turtles, compared to small basins and fountains. Freshwater turtle species in urbanized areas were only observed in parks (both public and private). In both the public and private parks, the lakes exhibited the highest percentage of occupied sites, with fountains being the lowest. A direct and significant relationship was observed between pond size and species richness. The distance from the nearest road did not appear to affect species richness. A first interpretation of the data from this study facilitated the postulation of two a posteriori hypotheses that should be tested, as follows: (i) the causal process of turtle release is random, and the rate of extinction (and recapture) is higher in smaller ponds, thus producing the observed pattern; and (ii) the turtle release is not random, and people actively select the ponds they consider more suitable for their pet animals. In this study, it appears the lakes were perceived by those who abandon their pets as the most ecologically suitable habitats among other pond types to accommodate the different species of turtles. Knowledge of people's attitudes in regard to releasing pet animals also might assist managers of public green spaces to develop strategies aimed to preserve local biodiversity, and to educate the public about the conservation issue represented by the alien species.
This document describes a project to develop an educational program on biodiversity conservation in limestone quarries in Georgia. Fieldwork was conducted at two quarries - Kavtiskhevi and Dedoplistskaro - to characterize habitats and collect data on plant species diversity and succession. The goals of the program are to enhance landscape rehabilitation, promote public access and education, and popularize conservation efforts. Plant community data from the quarries will inform re-vegetation and provide a database for monitoring recovery progress.
1. The document discusses biodiversity conservation and provides definitions and examples related to indicator species, biotic indices, in situ and ex situ conservation methods, and factors that affect biodiversity like island size and edge effects.
2. It gives examples of using lichens and invertebrates as indicator species to monitor air and water pollution. Simpson's reciprocal index of diversity is also defined as a measure of biodiversity.
3. Case studies are provided on conserving the California condor through captive breeding and reintroduction, and protecting biodiversity in the Coral Triangle region through large nature reserves.
In celebration of the International Biodiversity Day The Jordanian Society for Microbial Biodiversity (JMB) has held an interactive lecture in Wild Jordan\RSCN titled : the Importance of Microbial Biodiversity presented by Nura A. Abboud \the president of JMB
This document summarizes a study of zooplankton biodiversity in two reservoirs in Krishnagiri District, Tamil Nadu, India from December 2014 to November 2015. A total of 24 zooplankton species were found in the Kelavarapalli reservoir, including 9 rotifer, 7 cladoceran, 5 copepod, and 3 ostracod species. The Krishnagiri reservoir contained 20 species total, with 8 rotifer, 5 cladoceran, 4 copepod, and 3 ostracod species. Rotifers made up the largest percentage of species in both reservoirs, at 36% in Kelavarapalli and 39% in Krishnagiri. Zooplankton
This study compared the bacterial communities of six thermal springs and six deep subsurface fracture water sites in South Africa using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The dominant phylum in both environments was Proteobacteria, but the communities were found to be highly distinct from each other. While the thermal springs and subsurface waters share similar geochemical properties, the microbial communities sampled from the subsurface sites were more correlated with subsurface conditions than geographical distance, providing evidence that the thermal springs do not directly access the deep subsurface communities.
The project’s aim is to promote the ecological education among school students and local people of Slatsy settlement by attracting them to the territory of the quarry. To make the process both interesting and useful they will be involved into a quest around the territory of the quarry. The main idea is to get people to learn more on biodiversity by playing and by arranging social activity like a photo exhibition, picture contest, designing of the ecology board game. The “Pechurki” quarry is going to be flooded as a part of the recultivation process; we propose to divide the area into two zones, one of which will be unavailable for humans to provide the place for mammals, birds, fish and other species common for the region. The other zone will be a good place to watch the animals from arranged watching stations.
The project won the International contest of the Quarry Life Award 2014 in the category “Biodiversity and Education”
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/youth-view-quarry-nature
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
Here are three methods for measuring abiotic factors in marine ecosystems:
1. Temperature - Use a thermometer or temperature probe to measure water temperature at various depths. Thermometers provide an instant reading while probes can record temperature over time to monitor fluctuations.
2. Salinity - Use a refractometer or salinometer to measure the amount of dissolved salts in seawater. Refractometers pass a light beam through a water sample; salinity is read based on how much the beam bends. Salinometers use electrical conductivity.
3. Light - Use a light meter or underwater quantum sensor to measure photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at different depths. PAR is the wavelength of light used by plants for
Seasonal variation of litter arthropods in some eucalyptus plantations at the...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the seasonal variation of litter arthropods in Eucalyptus plantations and a native Entandrophragma excelsum stand in Rwanda. A total of 10,291 arthropod individuals belonging to 5 classes were collected over 3 seasons. The class of insects was the most abundant, representing over 54.8% of individuals in the first season, 77.3% in the second, and 76.6% in the third. Abundance varied between plantations and seasons, with the highest numbers found in Eucalyptus saligna and E. tereticornis stands. The study aims to assess how different plantation types and seasons impact arthropod abundance and
This document discusses the importance of wildlife corridors and their status in Nepal. It notes that wildlife corridors are important as they allow the movement and migration of wildlife, provide habitat, and enable gene exchange between populations. The document reports that Nepal has identified seven corridors in the Terai Arc Landscape, and that major threats include land use change, infrastructure development, grazing, and logging. It concludes that corridor conservation has been initiated by governments and organizations, and recommends that Nepal establish policies and incentives to support connectivity conservation.
Time of day influences foraging behavior of waterbirds in the Kruger National...Joseph Galaske
This project, conducted under the supervision of Mduduzi Ndlovu Ph.D., was conducted within the Kruger National Park and looked at foraging behavior of waterbirds in response to time of day. Our results present evidence that time of day mediates foraging activity and supports the optimal foraging theory for waterbirds found in the Kruger National Park.
Ten years ago, in 2006, I gave a presentation at the Online Conference in London about the topic of making knowledge usable and productive. The target group consisted of professional and corporate publishers and information managers.
In the presentation I gave an example of the Dutch Social Support Act (WMO) that would become active in 2007. Many municipalities were struggling with the challenges of the new task that were laid upon them by decentralization of authority.
This decentralization of authority and responsibility to municipalities has been extended even further in 2015. Many municipalities are struggling again with the uncertainty they face and are looking for the best way to implement the new transition of authority within a reduced budget space.
Perhaps this selection of sheets from that 2006 presentation provides some food for thought.
A field trip report on the academic work in the Nijhum Dwip, Hatiya IslandAzad Uddin (Sojib Ahmed)
The document summarizes a field trip report from a study conducted in Nijhum Dwip island, Bangladesh. The study involved collecting and analyzing samples of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, and plant communities to understand the biodiversity and environmental conditions. Water quality parameters like temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen were also measured. The team identified 4 phytoplankton species, 5 zooplankton species, 4 benthos species, and 7 plant species. They found most local residents depend on the forest and fishery resources for livelihood. The report documents the field work methodology, activities, results and conclusions.
Formation Patterns of Acridid Communities in Urban Landscapes of TurkmenistanSryahwa Publications
Acridid communities of urbanized landscapes in Turkmenistan are described for the first time. General peculiarities of formation of acridid communities in urban landscapes are studying for the desert zone. The structure of the communities is determined by soil conditions, types of plant cover and the level of anthropogenic impact on the different urban biotopes.
Changes in benthic communities in the Middle Atlas springs (Morocco) and thei...Innspub Net
The sources of the Moroccan Middle Atlas suffer not only the effects of anthropogenic pressures, but also those of climate change whose impact is difficult to predict. Our goal is to better understand the succession of processions fauna of the upper Guigou. It is a compendium comparative between the benthic fauna collected towards the end of the years 70 (1979) in the sources Arbalou Abrchane, Tit Zil and the Wadi Guigou. As well as those harvested in the same sites, thirty-four years after. This revealed a significant drop in dissolved oxygen concentration decreased from 7.4 (mg/l) in 1979 to 2.52 (mg/l) in 2015. We have also raised an increase in the workload in chlorides and major elements. Benthic fauna, a significant change in population since 1979, with the appearance and installation of more than a dozen of taxa were identified (Simulium pseudoquinum, Gammarus gauthieri, Phagocata sp., Dugesia gonocephala). Some of these species have become invasive, such as Amphipod crustaceans Gammarus gauthieri, either very abundant as Simulium pseudoquinum. We note the effect “medium” for the direct selection of the species. Other indirect effects due to the reduction of the three dimensional biogenic structures would have limited recognizably State niches by polluo-sensitive species (Ephemeroptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera and Trichoptera) and could contribute to the total disappearance of all order plecoptera in favour of a dominance of the polluo-tolerant species (Oligochaetes). Over a period of 35 years, there is a deterioration of the health of the aquatic ecosystem studied, a State of art reflected by a decline of the benthic community that lives there.
Stressful environments such as salinity and drought was assessed on photosynthesis, the most fundamental and intricate physiological process of three oil plants canola (BrassicanapusL.), safflower (Carthamustinctorius L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annusL) grown in different sites in Egypt (Suez road; North Coastal area; El-Kantra East) , is also severely affected in all its phases by such stresses .
The Role of Soil Organisms and Functions in different Coconut based Multiple ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Sampling was done in wet and intermediate zones represented by the Walpita and Makandura research centers, respectively. Eleven land use systems were considered for the study; coconut mono culture (CM), bare land (BL) and coconut multiple cropping. Under coconut multiple cropping, nine different intercrops were selected separately for each zones. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates (n = 3). The experiment was conducted under mature baring coconut (>20 years) plantation. Soil Macrofauna was sampled using one transect with three replicates at each land use type using quadrate size (30×30cm) from 0-30 cm depth and visible organisms were handpicked and preserved in 75% alcohol. Dilute plate technique and Spread plate technique was used to determine the soil micro organisms’ density. Those techniques were used to cultivate the fungi and bacteria under 〖10〗^(-2) and 〖10〗^(-5) dilution level respectively.
Research identified 12 classes (Crusteacea, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Gastropoda, Acarina, Araneida, Scopionida, Chilapoda, Diplopoda, Amphibia, Reptelia) and 14 orders (Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Thysanura, Hymenoptera, Lepidotera, Orthoptera, Blattaria, Mantodea, Phasmida, Dermaptera, Isoptera, Siphonaptera, Thysanoptera) of soil organisms. Class insecta shows the high diversity with 14 orders. Colony forming unit (CFU) value of bacteria was higher than that of the fungi value. Findings of intermediate and wet zones’ studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may have high diversity, abundance and functional role of soil organisms. Both zones studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may increase soil moisture factor, respiration rate, biomass carbon content, organic carbon percentage, total nitrogen content, organic matter content and C:N ratio in 0-30cm depth other than the coconut monoculture systems. Overall data of two different zones indicated a significant positive correlation of soil organism diversity, abundance and their functional role with cropping systems. Those data can be used as a reliable basic bio indicator for payments for ecosystem services (PES). It supports to valorize the economic value of the ecological services returned by soil organisms.
The document summarizes a field trip conducted by oceanography students to Nijhum Dwip island. The objectives of the trip were to learn field study techniques, collect samples of plants, soil, water and plankton, and assess water quality parameters and the socioeconomic conditions of local communities. During the trip, students assessed intertidal plant communities, collected phytoplankton and zooplankton samples, measured water quality, and learned sampling methods. The island was described as having diverse and productive ecosystems important for fisheries and declared as a national park and marine protected area.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to environment, natural resources, ecology, and ecosystems. It discusses key terms like ecology, environment, ecosystem, resource, and carrying capacity. It also outlines different types of resources like physical, biological, human, and cultural resources. Finally, it discusses ecosystems, biodiversity, and ecosystem services like provisioning, regulating, and cultural services.
Occurrence patterns of alien freshwater turtles in a large urban pond 'Archip...Maria Paola Di Santo
The patterns of the occurrence and distribution of alien freshwater turtle species in an urban pond archipelago (Rome, Italy) were analysed, with the aim of exploring the role of a set of factors (type of ponds, landscape context, size area, distance from the nearest road) with a generalized linear model approach. A total of 311 ponds subdivided in three types (fountains, small basins, lakes) embedded in different landscape contexts (public parks, private parks, urban areas) at differing distances from the nearest road were sampled. Six non-native freshwater turtle species in 31 sites were recorded (9.97%). Lakes exhibited the highest occurrence rates of alien freshwater turtles, compared to small basins and fountains. Freshwater turtle species in urbanized areas were only observed in parks (both public and private). In both the public and private parks, the lakes exhibited the highest percentage of occupied sites, with fountains being the lowest. A direct and significant relationship was observed between pond size and species richness. The distance from the nearest road did not appear to affect species richness. A first interpretation of the data from this study facilitated the postulation of two a posteriori hypotheses that should be tested, as follows: (i) the causal process of turtle release is random, and the rate of extinction (and recapture) is higher in smaller ponds, thus producing the observed pattern; and (ii) the turtle release is not random, and people actively select the ponds they consider more suitable for their pet animals. In this study, it appears the lakes were perceived by those who abandon their pets as the most ecologically suitable habitats among other pond types to accommodate the different species of turtles. Knowledge of people's attitudes in regard to releasing pet animals also might assist managers of public green spaces to develop strategies aimed to preserve local biodiversity, and to educate the public about the conservation issue represented by the alien species.
This document describes a project to develop an educational program on biodiversity conservation in limestone quarries in Georgia. Fieldwork was conducted at two quarries - Kavtiskhevi and Dedoplistskaro - to characterize habitats and collect data on plant species diversity and succession. The goals of the program are to enhance landscape rehabilitation, promote public access and education, and popularize conservation efforts. Plant community data from the quarries will inform re-vegetation and provide a database for monitoring recovery progress.
1. The document discusses biodiversity conservation and provides definitions and examples related to indicator species, biotic indices, in situ and ex situ conservation methods, and factors that affect biodiversity like island size and edge effects.
2. It gives examples of using lichens and invertebrates as indicator species to monitor air and water pollution. Simpson's reciprocal index of diversity is also defined as a measure of biodiversity.
3. Case studies are provided on conserving the California condor through captive breeding and reintroduction, and protecting biodiversity in the Coral Triangle region through large nature reserves.
In celebration of the International Biodiversity Day The Jordanian Society for Microbial Biodiversity (JMB) has held an interactive lecture in Wild Jordan\RSCN titled : the Importance of Microbial Biodiversity presented by Nura A. Abboud \the president of JMB
This document summarizes a study of zooplankton biodiversity in two reservoirs in Krishnagiri District, Tamil Nadu, India from December 2014 to November 2015. A total of 24 zooplankton species were found in the Kelavarapalli reservoir, including 9 rotifer, 7 cladoceran, 5 copepod, and 3 ostracod species. The Krishnagiri reservoir contained 20 species total, with 8 rotifer, 5 cladoceran, 4 copepod, and 3 ostracod species. Rotifers made up the largest percentage of species in both reservoirs, at 36% in Kelavarapalli and 39% in Krishnagiri. Zooplankton
This study compared the bacterial communities of six thermal springs and six deep subsurface fracture water sites in South Africa using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The dominant phylum in both environments was Proteobacteria, but the communities were found to be highly distinct from each other. While the thermal springs and subsurface waters share similar geochemical properties, the microbial communities sampled from the subsurface sites were more correlated with subsurface conditions than geographical distance, providing evidence that the thermal springs do not directly access the deep subsurface communities.
The project’s aim is to promote the ecological education among school students and local people of Slatsy settlement by attracting them to the territory of the quarry. To make the process both interesting and useful they will be involved into a quest around the territory of the quarry. The main idea is to get people to learn more on biodiversity by playing and by arranging social activity like a photo exhibition, picture contest, designing of the ecology board game. The “Pechurki” quarry is going to be flooded as a part of the recultivation process; we propose to divide the area into two zones, one of which will be unavailable for humans to provide the place for mammals, birds, fish and other species common for the region. The other zone will be a good place to watch the animals from arranged watching stations.
The project won the International contest of the Quarry Life Award 2014 in the category “Biodiversity and Education”
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/youth-view-quarry-nature
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
Here are three methods for measuring abiotic factors in marine ecosystems:
1. Temperature - Use a thermometer or temperature probe to measure water temperature at various depths. Thermometers provide an instant reading while probes can record temperature over time to monitor fluctuations.
2. Salinity - Use a refractometer or salinometer to measure the amount of dissolved salts in seawater. Refractometers pass a light beam through a water sample; salinity is read based on how much the beam bends. Salinometers use electrical conductivity.
3. Light - Use a light meter or underwater quantum sensor to measure photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at different depths. PAR is the wavelength of light used by plants for
Seasonal variation of litter arthropods in some eucalyptus plantations at the...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the seasonal variation of litter arthropods in Eucalyptus plantations and a native Entandrophragma excelsum stand in Rwanda. A total of 10,291 arthropod individuals belonging to 5 classes were collected over 3 seasons. The class of insects was the most abundant, representing over 54.8% of individuals in the first season, 77.3% in the second, and 76.6% in the third. Abundance varied between plantations and seasons, with the highest numbers found in Eucalyptus saligna and E. tereticornis stands. The study aims to assess how different plantation types and seasons impact arthropod abundance and
This document discusses the importance of wildlife corridors and their status in Nepal. It notes that wildlife corridors are important as they allow the movement and migration of wildlife, provide habitat, and enable gene exchange between populations. The document reports that Nepal has identified seven corridors in the Terai Arc Landscape, and that major threats include land use change, infrastructure development, grazing, and logging. It concludes that corridor conservation has been initiated by governments and organizations, and recommends that Nepal establish policies and incentives to support connectivity conservation.
Time of day influences foraging behavior of waterbirds in the Kruger National...Joseph Galaske
This project, conducted under the supervision of Mduduzi Ndlovu Ph.D., was conducted within the Kruger National Park and looked at foraging behavior of waterbirds in response to time of day. Our results present evidence that time of day mediates foraging activity and supports the optimal foraging theory for waterbirds found in the Kruger National Park.
Ten years ago, in 2006, I gave a presentation at the Online Conference in London about the topic of making knowledge usable and productive. The target group consisted of professional and corporate publishers and information managers.
In the presentation I gave an example of the Dutch Social Support Act (WMO) that would become active in 2007. Many municipalities were struggling with the challenges of the new task that were laid upon them by decentralization of authority.
This decentralization of authority and responsibility to municipalities has been extended even further in 2015. Many municipalities are struggling again with the uncertainty they face and are looking for the best way to implement the new transition of authority within a reduced budget space.
Perhaps this selection of sheets from that 2006 presentation provides some food for thought.
The National Health IT Board Perspective: Transformational healthcare, professionalism and sustainability. Presented by Graeme Osborne, Director, National Health IT Board; Dr Andrew Miller, General Practitioner and e-ambassador; Carolyn Gullery, General Manager Planning, Funding & Decision Support, Canterbury & West Coast District Health Boards at HINZ 2014, 11 November 2014, 8.30am, Plenary Room
Heather Stream is applying for a new business administration position and has enclosed her resume for consideration. She has over 12 years of experience working in municipal and state government, developing a reputation as an efficient administrative support specialist and customer service representative. If selected for an interview, she can provide efficiency, reliability, accuracy, maturity, honesty, problem-solving skills, knowledge of office policies and procedures, customer service, team leadership, training abilities, proficiency with office equipment and software, and call center experience.
De som der delen; wendbaarheid bij kennisgedreven interactiesThei Geurts
Organisaties opereren in steeds sneller veranderende omgevingen. Veranderingen in klantengedrag, wet- en regelgeving, technologie en marktomstandigheden maken hun omgeving steeds complexer en hebben een verlammend effect op de wendbaarheid. Organisaties moeten methoden vinden om weer wendbaar te worden en om te kunnen gaan met continue verandering.
El documento compara las cualidades de los perros con las de las personas, señalando que a diferencia de los humanos, los perros no buscan lujos materiales sino solo comida, agua y amor. Los perros aman incondicionalmente sin importar las características o circunstancias de una persona, y son los mejores amigos que hacen sentir especial a su dueño.
Prolong Lifetime Analysis and Efficient Utilization of Energy in Heterogeneou...IJTET Journal
Abstract - The clustering-based protocols are believed to be the best for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The evaluation is based on two new clustering-based protocols, which are called single-hop energy-efficient clustering protocol (S-EECP) and multi-hop energy-efficient clustering protocol (M-EECP) [1]. In S-EECP, the cluster heads (CHs) are elected by a weighted probability [2] based on the ratio between average energy of the network and residual energy of each node. The nodes having more initial energy and residual energy will have more chances to be elected as CHs than nodes with low energy. In M-EECP, the election of CHs is same as S-EECP, but the elected CHs communicate the data packets to the base station via multi-hop communication approach. To analyze the network lifetime three types of sensor nodes equipped with different battery energy are assumed. By analyzing these parameters, M-EECP achieves load balance among the CHs better than the existing clustering protocols and gives prolong network lifetime. Here the simulation is based on ns-2 simulator.
Instruction manuals, users guides, and other types of documentation have always been the way manufacturers distributed the how-to information about their products to customers, as well as sales and support staff and other employees. This kind of catch-all, one-size document forces every user to sift through irrelevant information, applying their own context to find solutions to their problems. Even when they are successful, users remember the experience as painful and tedious. There must be a better way. In 2008 Kees van Mansom and Thei Geurts developed the concept of Documentation 3.0. Using semantic technology, we can create the smart documentation that guides each customer through the actions, decisions, and choices they can take to maximize their user experience.
Animação 1 - Roteiro (3) Documento de Criação de Narrativa / Personagemprofealbattaiola
Este documento fornece instruções sobre o formato para o desenvolvimento de um argumento para um trabalho de animação, incluindo seções sobre o argumento, ficha de personagem e model sheet. Deve conter: 1) Identificação da equipe, 2) Storyline, 3) Argumento, 4) Ficha de personagem, 5) Model sheet do personagem principal.
Diversity and abundance of Macrobenthos in a subtropical estuary, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
Soft bottom macrobenthos are important component of the marine and coastal trophic chain. There has been sparse information regarding the distribution of soft bottom macrobenthos form the coastal water of Bangladesh. Consequently, the present study was an effort to reveal the diversity and abundance of macrobenthos in the Feni Estuary in a seasonal pattern together with the hydrological factors. A total of 17 taxa families of soft-bottom invertebrates were found over the two sampling seasons. The current study yielded a total number of 34,726 ind./m 2 (mean 2480ind./m 2) including 18,909ind./m 2 in wet season (mean 2682ind./m 2) and 15,817 ind./m 2 in dry season (2259ind./m 2). The highest density of soft-bottom invertebrates was in the wet season while the lowest number in the dry season. A total of 5 groups of macrobenthos were found over the two sampling seasons. The dominant group was Polychaeta that contributed 43.60% of the total soft-bottom invertebrates. The values of biodiversity indices were higher in dry season compare to the wet season in most of the sampling station during the study period.
The effects of different water quality parameters on zooplankton distribution...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Benthic macrofaunal assemblage in seagrass-mangrove complex and adjacent ecos...AbdullaAlAsif1
Present study dealt with the on faunal and in faunal assemblage from seagrass bed, mangrove area, and adjacent non-mangrove and seagrass (NMS) in Punang-Sari estuary, Lawas, Sarawak, Malaysia. Samples were collected from June to July 2019 using quadrates and handpicking from the outside the sampling area to know the real checklist of surface macrofauna in this area. A ten-meter transect line was settled in three habitat areas where sampling was performed by putting three quadrates (0.35m×0.35m). Epifauna and infauna samples were collected from inside the quadrate and sieved using 0.4 mm mesh size sieve. A total of 111 species of gastropod (87 species from 30 families), bivalve (18 species from 9 families), Polychaeta (2 species), echinoderms (1 species), and crustacean (3 species) were recorded during the study period. Seagrass meadows comprised most diverse and abundant faunal (50 species) assemblage followed by mangrove habitats (48 species), and NMS (20 species). The dendrogram revealed two significant habitats in the sampling site. PCA analysis revealed, seagrass habitat sheltered a higher number of species followed by mangrove and NMS area. Jaccard similarity index revealed seagrass and mangrove habitats (0.42) contains the highest similar species amongst all habitats compared to mangrove and non-seagrass-mangrove area (0.26). Out of total species recorded (101), only ten species were reported as least concern, and 2 species hold deficient data status, and the rest are not evaluated. Bio-assemblage in seagrass habitat was found rich compared to other habitats, which could be useful for future ecological investigation and marine ranching.
This document provides information about a book titled "Microbial Diversity in Ecosystem Sustainability and Biotechnological Applications". It is edited by Tulasi Satyanarayana, Bhavdish Narain Johri, and Subrata Kumar Das. The book contains 19 chapters contributed by various authors and is divided into two volumes - the first covers microbial diversity in normal and extreme environments, while the second focuses on soil and agro-ecosystems. The preface provides background on microbial diversity and its importance. It notes that current understanding of microbial diversity is still limited and more research is needed using both culture-dependent and -independent methods like metagenomics.
Biocycling of Fractional Fatty Acid Components of Lipids in Mangrove-Benthic Systems, in Midnapore (East) Coast, India by Susanta Kumar Chakraborty in Examines in Marine Biology and Oceanography
The document evaluates 5 methods for sampling benthic macroinvertebrates in desert sinkholes: an epibenthic sled, Hester-Dendy multiplate samplers, light traps, a Ponar grab, and a pump sampler. It finds that light traps captured the most taxa and individuals. H-D samplers and Ponar grabs added additional taxa, especially gastropods. Combined use of light traps, H-D samplers, and Ponar grabs is recommended to obtain a good representation of benthic invertebrates in sinkholes, detecting 84-100% of taxa in each sinkhole. Placement of H-D samplers in both littoral and profund
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
Macrobenthic community-structure--an-approach-to-assess-coastal-water-polluti...Md. Monjurul Hasan
A research on the assemblages of benthic macro faunal community in the coastal areas of Bangladesh was
conducted during February-March, 2015 following the standard methods to assess the status of environmental
pollution. The abundance (r=0.846) and species richness (r=0.864) of the macrobenthic communities were
signifcantly influenced by the water salinity of the sampling sites (p ≤ 0.05). Both the study areas namely the
Bakkhali River Estuary and the Meghna River Estuary showing the highest (3909 ± 540 ind./m2) and lowest (2236
± 689 ind./m2) density of benthic macrofaunal abundance respectively might be considered as moderately polluted
areas according to the results obtained from Shannon-Wiener index of species diversity (2.69 ± 0.13 and 2.00 ± 0.11
respectively) and Margalef’s species richness (2.21 ± 0.43 and 1.36 ± 0.11 respectively). Therefore, it is plausible
that the macrobenthic community explained in the present study might be a key future outline to assess the status of
coastal water pollution of those concerned areas of Bangladesh.
Coastal marine ecosystem scientific paper swissmitchick
The document summarizes a study assessing the macrobenthic flora and fauna in the intertidal area of Dalipuga Beach in Iligan City, Philippines. Two 1-square-meter quadrats were placed in the transect line to analyze species composition. Only one algae species (Phaeophyta) was found in the first quadrat, while the second quadrat contained both algae and seagrass. Water temperature was 26-27°C, soil temperature was 25-26°C, humidity was 26%, sediment was sand and gravel, and pH and salinity were normal. No macrobenthic fauna was found.
First report on the use of gastropod shells by hermit crabs from the eastern ...debojyotyGhosh
This document reports on a study of hermit crab shell use along the coast of India. Researchers sampled gastropod shells and hermit crabs from intertidal zones in Bakkhali and Frazerganj, India over one year. They found two species of hermit crabs, Clibnarius padavensis and Clibnarius infraspinatus, used 21 different species of gastropod shells as habitats. Clibnarius padavensis showed a preference for Telescopium telescopium shells. Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between crab weight and shell weight. The study provides insight into the factors that influence hermit crabs' selection of gastropod shells as microhabitats
First report on the use of gastropod shells by hermit crabs from the eastern ...debojyotyGhosh
This document reports on a study of hermit crab shell use along the coast of India. Researchers sampled gastropod shells and hermit crabs from intertidal zones in Bakkhali and Frazerganj, India over one year. They found two species of hermit crabs, Clibnarius padavensis and Clibnarius infraspinatus, used 21 different species of gastropod shells as habitats. Clibnarius padavensis showed a preference for Telescopium telescopium shells. Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between crab weight and shell weight. The study provides insight into the factors that influence hermit crabs' selection of gastropod shells as microhabitats
Abstract ─ The soil-litter system is the natural habitat for a wide variety of organisms, microorganisms and invertebrates, with differences in size and metabolism, which are responsible for numerous functions. The soil mesofauna is composed of animals of body diameter between 100 μm and 2 mm, consisting of the groups Araneida, Acari, Collembola, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Protura, Diplura, Symphyla, Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta), Isoptera, Chilopoda, Diplopoda and Mollusca. These animals, extremely dependent on humidity, move in the pores of the soil and at the interface between the litter and the soil. The edaphic fauna, besides having a great functional diversity, presents a rich diversity of species. As a result, these organisms affect the physical, chemical and, consequently, the biological factors of the soil. Therefore, the edaphic fauna and its activities are of extreme importance so that the soil is fertile and can vigorously support the vegetation found there, being spontaneous or cultivated. The composition, distribution and density of the edaphic acarofauna varies according to the soil depth, mites size, location and the season of the year. Edaphic mites are generally found in greater quantities in the organic matter layer than in the soil mineral. The subclass Acari is divided in seven orders being the Mesostigmata, Trombidiformes, Endeostigmata and Sarcoptiformes those that frequently occur in the soil. In the order Sarcoptiformes the suborder Oribatida (formerly Cryptostigmata) is one of the more numerous groups of soil arthropods, both in number of species and specimens. Considering the above facts, it was the objective of this work to know the acarofauna of the soil in a coffee plantation and rank the taxa in a decreasing way, by the use of faunistic analysis. The soil samples were taken in coffee plantation in the Experimental Station of EPAMIG, in São Sebastião do Paraíso, MG, Brazil, in two periods, end of dry and end of rainy season of the year 2013, and the extraction of edaphic mites of the soil mesofauna was done at the Laboratory of Acarology of EPAMIG Sul/EcoCentro, in Lavras, as well as other activities related to the study. The result show that edaphic mites of the cohort Astigmatina and suborder Oribatid are dominant in both periods studied, and can be worked to be an indicative of soil quality.
International Biodiversity Conferencer 2012 AbstractD Kannan
This document contains summaries of two studies presented at the International Conference on Biodiversity & Sustainable Energy Development in Hyderabad, India in September 2012. The first study examined the community structure and distribution of mesozooplankton in the coastal waters of the Indian Sundarban mangrove wetland over time. Copepods dominated the zooplankton and correlation and regression analyses identified factors influencing their distribution. The second study analyzed water quality and macro vegetation diversity in two springs in Madurai, India impacted by different levels of human activity to determine the effects on ecological health. Water quality was poorer and diversity lower in the spring with greater human influence.
The document provides details about a yearly progress report on the interplay between hydro-geochemistry, plankton dynamics, and avifaunal assemblage of two significant inland wetlands in Gujarat, India. It describes the objectives of assessing water quality, sediment quality, phytoplankton and zooplankton diversity, and avifaunal communities at the Pariyej and Kanewal wetlands. The methodology involved monthly collection and analysis of surface water, sediment, and plankton samples, as well as bird population observations. Preliminary results showed seasonal variations in physicochemical parameters of water and presence of various plankton and bird species at the sites.
This study investigated the colonization of benthic macroinvertebrates on different artificial substrates placed in a university pond in Brazil over 80 days. Four substrate types were used: rock cobbles, cement brick, sponge, and PET bottles containing plant debris. A total of 14 taxa colonized the substrates, with Chironomidae, Polycentropodidae, Calopterygidae and Dicteriadidae being the most abundant. Chironomidae were pioneer colonizers. The sponge substrate supported the highest number of individuals (756), likely due to its porous structure providing protection. Over time the study observed predation and competition between taxa. The 80-day period allowed colonization to occur in
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal ...Angelo Mark Walag
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines were assessed from March to May 2014. Water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and type of substrate were determined in the study were within the normal range. A modified transect-quadrat method was used in an approximately 14,000 m2 of study area. Seven hundred twenty seven individuals belonging to 15 species were found in the area. These organisms belong to four phyla namely: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Annelida. The three most abundant organisms found were Coenobita clypeatus, Ophiothrix longipeda, and Cypraea poraria with relative abundance of 73.86%, 4.13% and 3.71% respectively. Most of the macrobenthic fauna identified exhibited a clumped pattern of distribution, while the rest are randomly distributed. The species diversity of the area is 1.19 which is very low compared to reports from related studies.
Species composition of benthic macroalgae in the coastal areas of Surigao Cit...Innspub Net
This study aimed to determine the species composition of the benthic macroalgae in relation to the environmental parameters in one of the coastal areas in Surigao City, Philippines. It is conducted along the coasts of Barangay Day-asan with established three stations. The macroalgae species were observed and collected using line transect method. The water quality parameters were obtained in situ using water quality apparatus and the species composition were determined through diversity indices such as Shannon H, dominance and evenness and abundance. There were six (6) species observed in the study site. Sargassum polycystum is the most abundant and is present in three stations. As to diversity indices, the benthic macroalgae has a moderate category in terms of Shannon H, low dominance and almost a uniform distribution of species in all three stations. The coastal water parameters of Barangay Day-asan passed the DAO standards and still within the limits and ranges based on the diversity indices of Shannon H, dominance and evenness. Depth has a strong correlation to Codium fragile and pH to Amphiroa fragillissima and Halimeda opuntia. As indicated by the diversity indices of the benthic macroalgae species composition, the coastal water of Barangay Day-asan has still a suitable environmental condition for their growth. Hence, it is recommended to have strong information, education and communication environmental campaign and policies for locals and tourists as ecotourism starts to kick off in the locality to ensure sustainable conservation and protection of the natural environment with benthic macroalgae as good bioindicators.
Species Diversity and Above-ground Carbon Stock Assessments in Selected Mangr...Innspub Net
Mangrove ecosystems are known for being the rainforest of the sea. Philippines is bestowed with this naturally rich mangrove ecosystem with diverse floral and faunal species. Despite this natural abundance, mangrove ecosystems are subjected to natural and human induced degradations specifically conversion to fish shrimp ponds that resulted in diminution aside from its effect on terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling and could also affect its important role in terms of terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling. This study is conducted to determine
the mangrove diversity, distribution and the above-ground biomass and C-stocks in Glan and Malapatan, Sarangani Province. Purposive sampling is implemented in establishing the plots on both sites. Results show eight (8) mangrove species belonging to four (4) families are observed in both areas. Data also reveal that the mangrove ecosystem in Glan Padidu, Glan is undisturbed. Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba are found to be dominant on the two sites. Because of the large tree girths and high density of species observed on the studied areas, both forests have the potential to sequester and store large amount of atmospheric carbon. Thus, this study quantifies mangrove tree biomass in view of carbon trading as significant in lessening the effects of global warming.
Aquatic weeds diversity of Fatki River in Magura district, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted at Fatki River under Magura district to learn the aquatic weeds diversity and abundance. This paper focused on species variation, number of species, water quality parameter and identification of aquatic weeds. It was assessed by collecting samples from Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar during May to August, 2016. Aquatic weeds were abundant in rainy season and the semi-aquatic weeds were available almost all the year round. According to this study, total 22 species belonging to 12 orders, 16 families and 21 genuses were found. Again, 46%, 28%, 26% of total aquatic weeds percentages identified from the Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar respectively. During this study period, nine species of family Pontederiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Menyanthaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Araceae, Amaranthaceae, Polygonaceae were common in Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar. Noticeable species-Lemna minor, Marsilea quadrifolia, Ludwigia palustris, Aeschynomene aspera, Najas graminea, Hydrilla verticillata, Najas guadalupensis, Utricularia inflate were only found in Chukinogor Ghat. This species are easily adapted in large areas. On the other hands, two species were common in Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi-Pistia stratiotes and Equisetum hyemale. Prominent species of Arpara bazar were Cyperus rotundus and Xanthium indicum. Total 11 species of aquatic weeds were mainly recognized from these Kechuadubi, while greatest number was recorded of 20 species from Chukinogor Ghat and 12 species were have its place to Arpara bazar. Management technique and water quality parameters were also studied during study period and the temperature was recorded 29.0-30.00 ºC in Chukinogor Ghat, same as 28.0-320 ºC in Kechuadubi. Furthermore, 29.0-31.00 ºC temperature was found in Arpara bazar. DO levels were stable at ranged from7.0-7.5 ppm in Chukinogor Ghat and 4.7-5.3 ppm was recorded in two experimental Kechuadubi 4.5-5.0 in Arpara bazar respectively. This difference may arise due to the using of aerator in the Chukinogor Ghat same as decomposition, intensity of light in Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar. Transparency was 28-32cm in Chukinogor Ghat, 36-44cm in Kechuadubi, and 38-42 cm in Arpara bazar.
Similar to Spatiotemporal Analysis of Bacterial Diversity in Sediments (20)
Aquatic weeds diversity of Fatki River in Magura district, Bangladesh
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Bacterial Diversity in Sediments
1. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Bacterial Diversity in Sediments
of Sundarbans Using Parallel 16S rRNA Gene Tag Sequencing
Pijush Basak & Niladri Shekhar Majumder & Sudip Nag & Anish Bhattacharyya &
Debojyoti Roy & Arpita Chakraborty & Sohan SenGupta & Arunava Roy &
Arghya Mukherjee & Rudradip Pattanayak & Abhrajyoti Ghosh &
Dhrubajyoti Chattopadhyay & Maitree Bhattacharyya
Received: 26 March 2014 /Accepted: 10 September 2014
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
Abstract The influence of temporal and spatial variations on
the microbial community composition was assessed in the
unique coastal mangrove of Sundarbans using parallel 16S
rRNA gene pyrosequencing. The total sediment DNA was
extracted and subjected to the 16S rRNA gene pyrosequenc-
ing, which resulted in 117 Mbp of data from three experimen-
tal stations. The taxonomic analysis of the pyrosequencing
data was grouped into 24 different phyla. In general,
Proteobacteria were the most dominant phyla with predomi-
nance of Deltaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and
Gammaproteobacteria within the sediments. Besides
Proteobacteria, there are a number of sequences affiliated to
the following major phyla detected in all three stations in both
the sampling seasons: Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes,
Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria,
Nitrospira, and Firmicutes. Further taxonomic analysis re-
vealed abundance of micro-aerophilic and anaerobic microbi-
al population in the surface layers, suggesting anaerobic na-
ture of the sediments in Sundarbans. The results of this study
add valuable information about the composition of microbial
communities in Sundarbans mangrove and shed light on pos-
sible transformations promoted by bacterial communities in
the sediments.
Keywords Sundarbans . Microbial diversity .
454-amplicon sequencing . 16S rRNA gene
Introduction
Recent advancement in high-throughput sequencing, popular-
ly known as next-generation sequencing technology, has im-
mensely contributed in global increase in microbial diversity
and ecology studies employing samples from different envi-
ronments, e.g., soil or sediment, marine or freshwater, animal,
or insect gut. Precise description of microbial diversity and
abundance has recently been achieved using high-throughput
sequencing platforms and explored results clearly account
over 100 times more depth in the microbial diversity assess-
ment in comparison to previous reports using the traditional
culture-dependent methods [1–3]. Mangroves are among the
world’s most productive ecosystems, and microbes play a key
role in maintaining this productivity [4]. In effect, they also
constitute the largest and most diverse pool of metabolic
pathways on Earth [5] with potential biotechnological and
environmental implications [6]. It is estimated that about three
fourth of the world’s tropical and subtropical coastlines are
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article
(doi:10.1007/s00248-014-0498-y) contains supplementary material,
which is available to authorized users.
P. Basak :S. Nag :A. Bhattacharyya :D. Roy :A. Chakraborty :
S. SenGupta :R. Pattanayak :D. Chattopadhyay (*) :
M. Bhattacharyya (*)
Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science,
University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road,
Calcutta 700019, India
e-mail: djcbcg@caluniv.ac.in
e-mail: bmaitree@gmail.com
N. S. Majumder
Roche Diagnostics India Pvt. Ltd., 4C, Akash Tower, 781
Anandapur, Calcutta 700 107, India
A. Roy :A. Mukherjee :D. Chattopadhyay
Department of Biotechnology, University College of Science,
University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road,
Calcutta 700019, India
A. Ghosh (*)
Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P
1/12, C. I. T. Road, Scheme, VIIM, Calcutta 700054, West Bengal,
India
e-mail: abhrajyoti.ghosh@jcbose.ac.in
Microb Ecol
DOI 10.1007/s00248-014-0498-y
2. covered by mangrove biome. These ecosystems play numer-
ous important roles in maintaining and sustaining the environ-
ment. They also act as buffer zones between the land and sea
and are thus essential for maintenance of sea level and for
protection of the coast [7]. Moreover, these ecosystems often
serve as terminal basins for inland wastes and nutrient-rich
sediments. The unique mangrove ecosystem serves to absorb
these excess nutrients without suffering any major structural
or functional disturbance [8] and, therefore, is capable of
reducing eutrophication in adjacent coastal waters [8].
Mangroves are a complex and dynamic microbial ecosys-
tem. Periodic tidal flooding, high rainfall, and humidity, to-
gether with extremely variable environmental factors such as
salinity, light, temperature, and nutrient availability [5, 6] give
rise to a highly diverse and adaptive microbial community in
mangrove ecosystems [6, 9]. Knowledge of the microbial
diversity and the activities of microorganisms in mangrove
sediments are thus important for understanding how the man-
grove ecosystems function. This is in turn necessary to formu-
late effective management and conservation strategies [6] as
mangroves are already critically endangered or approaching
extinction in 26 out of the 120 countries having mangroves [7].
Until recently, only a limited number of studies have
attempted to analyze the microbial diversity of mangroves.
Most of these studies have concentrated on the South Amer-
ican mangroves, which contribute to about 11 % of the total
mangrove vegetation [10]. Early studies relied mostly on
culture-dependent techniques, fingerprinting methods, and
use of clone libraries to analyze phylogenetic and functional
genes [11–16]. As a result, these studies were limited to only a
small population size and did not represent the total microbial
diversity. Some studies focused on the effects of pollution, oil
spills, or anthropogenic stress factors on the mangrove micro-
bial community [6, 17–21]. However, a complete snapshot of
the total microbial diversity of a pristine mangrove ecosystem
is presently sparse. Recently, Andreote et al. have reported a
comprehensive metagenomic analysis of the Brazilian man-
groves [22]. Such metagenomic studies using next-generation
high-throughput sequencing techniques have the potential of
providing the widest, unbiased view of the microbial diversity
present in the environment [22, 23]. In addition to taxonomy
and diversity, metagenomic approaches can provide a view of
the potential metabolic pathways and community structures
present in the environment.
The Sundarbans is the largest single block of tidal halo-
phytic mangrove ecosystem in the world with 20,400 km2
(7900 sq mi) of area covered and has been recognized as a
UNESCO World Heritage site. Situated in the Ganges-
Brahmaputra river delta on the Bay of Bengal, it is shared
between West Bengal, India, and Bangladesh. Home to a wide
variety of endangered species including the Bengal tiger, the
Sundarbans play a pivotal role in protecting the coastline and
averting natural calamities. However, to our knowledge, only
two studies have attempted to investigate the biodiversity of
this vital and fragile ecosystem. Manna et al. attempted to
correlate the different components of Sundarbans ecosystem
[24], while both Ghosh et al. [12] and Chakraborty et al.
[communicated] carried out small scale studies on the micro-
bial diversity using cultivation-independent molecular ap-
proaches. Therefore, a comprehensive study of the vast mi-
crobial diversity of this unique mangrove biome is severely
lacking.
In this study, we present the first detailed description of the
microbes found at the surface and subsurface sediment layers
in three different mangrove areas in the Indian Sundarbans.
These descriptions are based on sequences of the V1–V3
region of the 16S rRNA gene as determined by 454 amplicon
sequencing (pyrosequencing). Furthermore, we examined
temporal changes in the microbial diversity of the sampling
stations during the post-monsoon (December 2011) and mon-
soon (July 2012) seasons mainly to understand the role of
climate and other parameters in shaping the sediment micro-
bial communities in Sundarbans.
Materials and Methods
Study Area and Soil Sampling
Samples were taken in triplicate from surface (2 cm) and
subsurface (16 cm) sediments of the Sundarbans mangrove
wetland, which is located on the northeastern coast of India
(Fig. 1). The samples were collected during two different
seasons (post-monsoon, December 2011, and monsoon, July
2012) from three different stations, i.e., Jharkhali (station A),
Sahidnagar (station B), and Godkhali (station C) along the
tidal gradient in close proximity of each other (Fig. 1). The
stations are representatives of different anthropogenic influ-
ences described previously. Samples were collected in tripli-
cate from each station, and individual collection was then
mixed to homogeneity to generate a representative composite
sample for further analysis. Samples were brought to the
laboratory in sealed sterile container, flash frozen in liquid
nitrogen, and stored at −80 °C.
Soil Analyses and Site Climate
Microbiological and biochemical analyses were performed
with the field moist soils. Physical and chemical analyses
were carried out with air-dried soil samples. The soil pH was
measured in 1:2.5 soil/water suspensions and found to be
alkaline (Table 1). The total organic carbon (TOC) was mea-
sured by the methods described previously [25, 26]. Briefly,
TOC in a sample was determined by combusting the air-dried
sediment sample catalytically in oxygen atmosphere into in-
strument chamber at 500–900 °C, and the resulting carbon
P. Basak et al.
3. dioxide gas was detected by a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR)
detector in an Aurora TOC Analyzer (O I Analytical, College
station, TX, USA) that was calibrated to directly display the
detected carbon dioxide mass. This mass was proportional to
the TOC mass in the sediment sample and calculated as total
mass of carbon per unit of sediment sample.
Conductivity and salinity were measured in situ with Hach
Portable Meters (HQ40d) (Hach Company, Loveland, CO,
USA). Measured salinity was expressed in parts per thousand
(ppt) or grams per kilogram, as described previously [27].
Nutrients like inorganic nitrogen (ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate),
soluble phosphate, and reactive silicate were measured after
quantitative extraction in respective buffering conditions follow-
ing standard methodologies [28]. Briefly, nitrite was measured
after complexing with sulfanilamide followed by a coupling
reaction with n(1-napthyl)-ethylene diaminedihydrochloride,
Fig. 1 Geographical location of the sampling stations (Jharkhali—A, Sahidnagar—B, and Godkhali—C) in Indian Sundarbans. Coordinates of the
sampling points and description of the stations are presented in the “Materials and Methods”
Table 1 Physicochemical parameters of the post-monsoon samples (December 2011) and the monsoon samples (July 2012)
Physicochemical parameters Station A (Jharkhali) Station B (Sahidnagar) Station C (Godkhali)
Post-monsoon samples
pH 7.5±0.2 7.4±0.1 7.2±0.2
Salinity (PSU) 15–18 15–17 14–16
Conductivity (ms/cm) 30–36 30–34 28–32
Temperature (°C) 24±0.5 25±0.4 26±0.5
Total organic carbon (TOC) (mg/L) AS, 8.5; A6, 8.5 BS, 5.8; B6, 12.0 CS, 2.0; C6, 7.5
Total nitrogen (N) (mg/L) AS, 1.6; A6, 0.63 BS, 1.3; B6, 1.3 CS, 1.2; C6, 1.01
Total bacterial count (cells/g) AS, 3×106
; A6, 7×106
BS, 3.5×106
; B6, 8.4×106
CS, 8.8×106
; C6, 9.6×106
Monsoon samples
pH 7.3±0.2 7.3±0.1 7.6±0.2
Salinity (PSU) 9–11 10–12 8–10
Conductivity (ms/cm) 18–22 20–24 16–20
Temperature (°C) 29±0.5 30±0.4 31±0.5
Total organic carbon (TOC) (mg/L) AS, 7.2; A6, 8.8 BS, 4.9; B6, 9.0 CS, 1.5; C6, 6.2
Total nitrogen (N) (mg/L) AS, 1.9; A6, 0.74 BS, 1.52; B6, 1.34 CS, 1.4; C6, 1.21
Total bacterial count (cells/g) AS, 2.8×106
; A6, 8×106
BS, 3.6×106
; B6, 10×106
CS, 7.2×106
; C6, 1.04×107
PSU practical salinity unit
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Bacterial Diversity
4. which forms an azo dye upon coupling. The resulting azo dye
was measured spectrophotometrically at 543 nm. The nitrate, in
contrary, was quantitatively reduced to nitrite using cadmium
(Cd) granules prior to measurement. The total nitrite was then
measured spectrophotometrically as described earlier, and fur-
ther subtraction of the measured value of free nitrite in the
sediment resulted in determination of nitrate in the sample.
Ammonia was measured in a reaction with hypochlorite under
alkaline condition, which results in formation of
monochloramine. In a successive reaction with phenol and
nitroprusside, monochloramine was converted into indophenol
blue, which was measured spectrophotometrically at 630 nm.
The soluble phosphate was measured using acidified molybdate
reagent, which yields phosphomolybdate complex upon reac-
tion with soluble phosphate. This complex has further reduced
into molybdenum blue and measured spectrophotometrically at
880 nm. The reactive silicate was measured using the formation
of yellow silicomolybdic acid in the presence of molybdate
under acidic condition (Figure S1).
Soil DNA Isolation
Soil DNA was extracted from 0.5 g soil subsamples using the
MoBio DNA Power Soil kit (MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad,
CA). A NanoDrop (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, DE,
USA) spectrophotometer was used to obtain an accurate
quantification of the extracted DNA and to measure other
important parameters for DNA quality, such as the ratio of
absorbance at 260:280 nm and 260:230 nm. Isolated soil
DNA with a ratio of absorbance at 260:280 nm and 260:230
of 1.8 and 2.0, respectively, was used to initiate amplicon
sequencing analysis.
PCR Amplification of Bacterial 16S rRNA Gene
Amplification of the V1–V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene
was performed in a 25-μl reaction mixture containing 17.50 μl
of water (Invitrogen, USA), 2.5 μl Fast Start buffer (10×),
0.5 μl dNTP (10 mM), 1.0 μl Fusion Forward Primer
(10 μM), 1.0 μl Fusion Reverse Primer (10 μM), 0.5 μl fast
start enzyme (5 U/μl fast start high PCR system, Roche), and
2 μl extracted soil DNA. The fusion primers consisted of a
template-specific sequence and a fixed sequence, as recom-
mended by the “Sequencing Technical Bulletin No. 013-
2009” (454 Life Sciences, USA). In the 5′–3′ direction, for-
ward primers contained a Roche A sequencing adaptor
(CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGAC), a key sequence
(TCAG), a 10-bp Multiplex Identifier (MID) sequence, and a
template specific sequence GAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG.
Reverse primers contained a Roche B sequencing adaptor
(CCTATCCCCTGTGTGCCTTGGCAGTC), a key sequence
(TCAG), and a template-specific sequence ATTACCGCGG
CTGCTGG. The PCR reactions were run on a Veriti Thermal
Cycler (Applied Biosystem) under the following conditions:
initial denaturation at 94 °C for 3 min, followed by 25 cycles
of denaturation at 94 °C for 15 s, annealing at 58 °C for 45 s,
elongation at 72 °C for 1 min, and a final elongation at 72 °C
for 10 min. Samples were held at 4 °C.
Library Preparation
PCR amplicons were evaluated by electrophoresis on a 1.5 %
agarose gel. The amplicon library was purified with Agencourt
AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter Inc., Canada) and quan-
tified by fluorometry using the Quant-iT™
PicoGreen dsDNA
Assay Kit (Invitrogen, Burlington, ON) according to the Roche
454 “Amplicon Library Preparation Method Manual” of the
GS Junior Titanium Series (454 Life Sciences, USA). Pooled
amplicons were diluted as recommended and amplified by
emulsion PCR on a Thermal Cycler 9700 (Applied
Biosystems) according to the Roche 454 “em-PCR Amplifi-
cation Method Manual–Lib L” (454 Life Sciences, USA).
Pyrosequencing was performed for 200 cycles on a Roche
454 GS-Junior sequencing instrument according to the manu-
facturer’s protocol (454 Life Sciences, USA). All reads were
filtered using the standard read rejecting filters of the GS Junior
sequencer, namely key pass filters, dot and mixed filters, signal
intensity filters, and primer filters (454 Sequencing System
software Manual, V 2.5.3, 454 Life Sciences, USA).
454 Data Processing and Analysis
Analysis of the pyrosequence data was carried out using a
combination of mothur (software version 1.33.0) and Ribo-
somal Database Project (RDP-II). The raw data were subject-
ed to initial quality trimming using the mothur software [29],
and all reads having an average quality value of <20 were
discarded. Then, we removed the number of chimeric se-
quence by using UCHIME algorithm. Then, the chimeric free
reads were further screened for the presence of ambiguous
bases, and any reads which have a length <200 were discarded
and forward primer sequence was removed from the final
dataset. The obtained processed reads were then de-
multiplexed to separate sample based on the 10-bp MID
sequence, and any reads which do not match to the MID were
discarded. The high-quality reads were then aligned to bacterial
16S rRNA gene sequence, and clustering was performed at
97 % similarity using the RDP pipeline; a representative se-
quence from each cluster was selected based on abundance
using the sequence selection tool. The representative sequences
obtained from each cluster were then classified using the naive
Bayesian Classifier (Ribosomal Data Project, release 10) at a
bootstrap confidence of 80.
To assess the dissimilarities between the bacterial commu-
nities in the given surface and subsurface sediment samples in
two seasons, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS)
P. Basak et al.
5. was performed. NMDS plots for communities using Jaccard
and Sorenson similarity indices (jclass and sorclass) were
created using the NMDS algorithm in mothur [29].
In addition, sample dispersion based on various environ-
mental parameters was evaluated through principal component
analysis (PCA) using Past v 2.17c software [30]. Prior to the
multivariate analysis, standardization of the entire dataset was
carried out by subtracting the mean from each observation and
divided by the corresponding standard deviation. The stan-
dardized dataset was also used to generate a cluster of the
samples according to the environmental variables using Eu-
clidean distance as the measure of similarity between samples.
Nucleotide Sequence Accession Numbers
All 454-GS Junior sequence data from this study were submit-
ted to the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under acces-
sion numbers: SRR1032105 (ASurface_Dec11), SRR1221694
(BSurface_Dec11), SRR1231523 (CSurface_Dec11),
SRR1060346 (AS u b s u r f a c e _Dec11), SRR1224602
(BSubsurface_Dec11), SRR1231530 (CSubsurface_Dec11),
SRR1523729 (AS u r f a c e _July12), SRR1224601
(BSurface_July12), SRR1231528 (CSurface_July12),
SRR1060363 (ASu bsu rface_July12), SRR1224603
(BSubsurface_July12), and SRR1231524 (CSubsurface_July12).
Result and Discussion
Description of Sampling Sites
The Sundarbans mangrove along the Bay of Bengal has
evolved as deltaic formations through natural deposition of
upstream sediments by three major rivers: Ganges, Brahma-
putra, and Meghna and their tributaries. Other major rivers
flowing through this ecosystem are Saptamukhi, Thakuran,
Vidyadhari, Matla, and Goasaba. The geosystem in
Sundarbans is dominated by deltaic formations that are made
up of a mosaic of low-lying “islands” intersected by a com-
plex network of tidal waterways, estuaries, creeks, and mud-
flats. The Sundarbans floor varies from 0.9 to 2.11 m above
sea level. The average temperature ranges between 20 and
40 °C, with average high during May–June and low in De-
cember–January, respectively. Rainfall is heavy with humidity
as high as 80 % as it is close to the Bay of Bengal. The
subtropical monsoon lasts from June to September with an
average rainfall of 125.5–221.07 mm/month during the mon-
soon period. Samples were collected in December 2011 (with
an average rainfall of 5.4 mm/month) and July 2012 (with an
average rainfall of 293.6 mm/month). The pH was found
comparable in both the sampling seasons. Previous studies
have shown that the salinity in Sundarbans gradually
increased from post-monsoon (17.3 PSU) to pre-monsoon
periods (24.5 PSU) and reached its lowest value during the
monsoon (12.6 PSU) season. Within the water column, dis-
solved oxygen (DO) concentration was found to be high
during post-monsoon period and low in monsoon season [24].
In the present study, two sampling stations are located in
Jharkhali Island (Fig. 1). This island is surrounded on the three
sides by the Matla and the Vidyadhari rivers and by a creek,
Boro Herobhanga Khal, joining these two river flow. This
creek remains flooded by water coming from both rivers
particularly during high tide and monsoon season. The area
is dominated by typical mangrove habitat. Station A
(Jharkhali jetty; 22° 01′ 07.6139″ N, 88° 40′ 56.1910″ E) is
located in the subtidal area at the southern part of the Jharkhali
island and on the bank of Boro Herobhanga creek. This station
is inundated by sea water throughout the year. This station
consists of low-density mangrove vegetation mostly dominat-
ed by Hental Palm (Phoenix paludosa). Due to the presence of
the jetty in this sampling station, the area is under anthropo-
genic pressure mainly due to oil leakage and agri-waste dis-
posal from the inhabited area within the island. Station B
(Sahid Nagar; 22° 00′ 25.5999″ N, 88° 42′ 13.9438″ E) is
located near the subtidal preserved area on the southeastern
side of the Jharkhali Island and at the junction of Vidyadhari
river and Boro Herobhanga creek. This area is in the process
of eco-restoration because of the large-scale successful affor-
estation program. This area is densely vegetated with man-
grove plant species like Hental Palm (P. paludosa), Sundari
(Heritiera fomes), Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha), Goran
(Ceriops decandra), and Keora (Sonneratia apetala). Little
anthropogenic influences are present in station B, mainly due
to human activities and sedimentation events and could be
considered as nearly pristine mangrove sediment in the pres-
ent study. Station C (Godkhali; 22° 06′ 32.57″ N, 88° 46′
22.22″ E) is located on opposite side of the Gosaba Island
(Fig. 1), which is the last inhabited island towards the
Sajnekhali Wildlife sanctuary and Sundarbans Tiger project
area of Sundarbans reserve forest (UNESCO World Heritage
site: 1989). This station is situated in an intertidal zone with
high anthropogenic influences mainly due to the addition of
industrial effluents and oil leakage. The Commercial and
touristic use of the Jetty situated near this station further
influence the flora and fauna in the neighborhood. Mangrove
plants are scarce in this area, and non-mangrove plant species
dominate the floral counterpart indicating that the typical
mangrove ecosystem has been altered in this area.
General Statistics
To our knowledge, this is the first report of the microbial
diversity analysis in the Sundarbans sediment using pyrose-
quencing. We analyzed bacterial 16S rRNA gene (SSU)
amplicons prepared from 12 sediment samples originated
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Bacterial Diversity
6. from three sampling stations at two different depths and
sampled in two seasons, i.e., post-monsoon (December
2011) and monsoon (July 2012) respectively. We generated
a pyrosequencing dataset containing 2,24,413 sequences with
an average length ranges between 494 and 530 bases, which
add up to a total of 116.98 Mb (Table S1).
Estimation of Richness and Diversity
The maximum operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected
across the sampling stations according to the observed clusters
(sorbs) at 3 % dissimilarity was 8766 (Table 2) in the subsur-
face sample from station A, Jharkhali, during the post-
monsoon season (December 2011). The maximum amount
of OTUs observed is also reflected in the Chao values pre-
dicted for the sample (Table 2). Though the higher values of
OTUs corroborated well with the estimated Chao index, the
richness values were not necessarily followed similar trends.
In general, for the surface samples collected during the sam-
pling seasons (December 2011 and July 2012), Chao and
Shannon indices showed marginal differences. However, for
subsurface samples, the species richness decreased from De-
cember 2011 to July 2012. The rarefaction curves indicated
similar profiles of all samples (Fig. 2). We also normalized the
data considering the same number of sequences to all samples
(Table 2), and we observed clear seasonal differences between
the subsurface samples collected from three stations. To this
end, our diversity analysis revealed that despite of several
changes in the physico-chemical parameters (salinity, conduc-
tivity, and water level) during the monsoon season compared
to previous post-monsoon season, little changes appeared in
the microbial diversity and richness at the surface levels in all
three sampling stations. However, a continuous decrease in
both microbial diversity and richness at the subsurface sam-
ples during the seasonal shift from post-monsoon to monsoon
possibly exemplifies the attainment of continuous anaerobic
environment at the subsurface sediment levels during the
monsoon season.
Further, we have performed NMDS to compare the com-
munity composition using presence/absence data. NMDS em-
ploys an iterative algorithm that optimizes the position of
samples into a low-dimensional space minimizing the differ-
ence between rank-order of multivariate ecological dissimilar-
ity and distances in NMDS space (Fig. 3). From the figure, it is
easily observed that despite the low temporal variation in the
relative abundance of different phyla, surface and subsurface
communities from different sampling stations were more
closely related to each other during a season (monsoon/
post-monsoon), with only exception of Cs_July11 sample
[Godkhali (C)], than to samples from surface and subsurface
levels of a station in either of the seasons or between surface
and subsurface samples from two seasons.
In order to examine the temporal variations of the environ-
mental parameters in the sampling stations, we performed a
principal component analysis (PCA) on all environmental data
using PAST. Environmental parameters assessed for each
composite sample representing either the surface or subsur-
face origin has been summarized in Table 1. The PCA biplot
analysis reveals a distinctive pattern of the environmental
parameters recorded in the present analysis (Figure S2). Sa-
linity, conductivity, total organic carbon (TOC), and tempera-
ture are distributed along the PC1 axis (54.06 %) whereas pH
and total nitrogen (TN) are predominantly dispersed along the
PC2 axis (16.29 %) (Figure S2).
Bacterial Diversity in Mangroves Based on SSU rRNA Genes
(Taxonomic Description and Inventory)
A total of 2,24,413 representative sequences for SSU rRNA
were present in the dataset, with the values of 38,968, 77,836,
Table 2 Estimated OTU richness and diversity indices for 16S rRNA
libraries of sediment of mangrove samples
Sample ID Number Cluster Chao index Shannon index
ASurface_Dec11 11,544 2959 5711.98 6.90
BSurface_Dec11 10,303 4037 11,945.09 7.56
CSurface_Dec11 12,186 3411 6444.97 7.13
ASubsurface_Dec11 22,607 8766 22059.0 8.11
BSubsurface_Dec11 18,491 5103 12019.89 7.30
CSubsurface_Dec11 31,208 7388 15510.24 7.74
ASurface_July12 21,543 4622 9236.25 6.83
BSurface_July12 20,793 6081 13727.18 7.46
CSurface_July12 16,183 3870 7070.82 7.21
ASubsurface_July12 8248 901 1047.63 5.86
BSubsurface_July12 8712 1202 1538.12 6.10
CSubsurface_July12 7295 945 1149.29 6.25
Fig. 2 Rarefaction curves of partial sequences of 16S rDNA
P. Basak et al.
7. 67,397, and 40,212 for Surface_Dec 2011, Subsurface_Dec
2011, Surface_July 2012, and Subsuface_July 2012, respec-
tively (Table S1). The analysis of the sediment samples from
all three stations in two seasons using pyrosequencing
grouped the sequences into 24 different phyla. In general,
Proteobacteria were the most dominant phyla that account
for about 57–72.4 % in December 2011 and 49–79 % in July
2012 samples, respectively, of the total number of phyla
detected in all three stations (Fig. 4, Table S2). In the man-
groves, higher abundance of Proteobacteria has been reported
using different molecular approaches previously [18, 22].
Furthermore, capillary sequencing-based molecular studies
in Sundarbans mangrove revealed the dominance of
Proteobacteria within the sediment bacterial community
[12]. Besides Proteobacteria, there are a number of sequences
affiliated to the following major phyla detected in all three
stations in both the sampling seasons: Actinobacteria [1.57–
3.12 % in December 2011 and 1.9–23.2 % in July 2012],
Bacteroidetes [4.23–14.26 % in December 2011 and 4.27–
15.62 % in July 2012], Planctomycetes [2.06–6.08 % in
December 2011 and 2.43–5.46 % in July 2012],
Acidobacteria [5.45–9.91 % in December 2011 and 3.41–
7.07 % in July 2012], Chloroflexi [2.53–8.10 % in December
2011 and 1.48–5.42 % in July 2012], Cyanobacteria [0.09–
4.01 % in December 2011 and 0.10–0.97 % in July 2012],
Nitrospira [0.32–3.11 % in December 2011 and 0.71–1.75 %
in July 2012], and Firmicutes [0.06–1.06 % in December
2011 and 2.30–7.96 % in July 2012] (Figure 4a, b;
Table S2). Among the distinct sediment samples collected in
two seasons (post-monsoon, December 2011, and monsoon,
July 2012), the following differences were observed: Higher
abundance of Proteobacteria was evident in the surface com-
munities in monsoon season and subsurface samples in post-
monsoon season in all the three stations; higher abundance of
Bacteroidetes in the surface communities was evident in all
three stations in both the season; Firmicutes were more abun-
dant in these stations in monsoon samples with comparatively
higher in numbers in the subsurface samples; Actinobacteria
were higher in numbers in the subsurface samples collected
from these stations in monsoon and finally a comparable abun-
dance of Cyanobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes,
Chloroflexi, and Nitrospira was evident in three stations in both
the seasons (Fig. 4a, b). Candidate phyla Gemmatimonadetes,
Chlorobi, Spirochaetes, Verrucomicrobia, Fusobacteria,
Deferribacteres, Armatimonadetes, Tenericutes, Deinococcus-
Thermus, Lentisphaerae, TM7, OD1, OP11, BRC1, and WS3
were represented by comparatively less number of sequences
detected in the sediment samples. A full list of bacterial taxo-
nomic data can be found in the supplementary table S2. The
taxonomic groups found and their relative level of occurrence
found comparable to the data obtained by Andreote et al. [22]
and Dos Santos et al. [18], who assessed the diversity of
bacteria in the tropical mangrove sediments of Brazil.
Phylogenetic analysis of the identified proteobacterial se-
quences revealed a common distribution pattern of the classes
in all three stations in the present study. The most frequent
classes detected were Deltaproteobacteria (except for station
B), followed by Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria,
Betaproteobacteria, and Epsilonproteobacteria (Fig. 4c). In
both prestine mangrove sediments and mangroves under an-
thropogenic influences, dominance of the classes
Deltaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria was recorded
previously using 16S rRNA gene tag sequencing technique
and metagenomics [18, 22]. In the tropical mangrove sedi-
ments located on the coast of Sao Paulo state of Brazil,
Andreote et al. [22] have performed metagenomic analysis
Fig. 3 Non-metric
multidimensional scaling plot of
all samples studied (surface and
subsurface samples of three
sampling stations, e.g., A, B, and
C in December 2011 and July
2012, respectively). Pairwise
abundance-based Jaccard indices
were used to construct the plot
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Bacterial Diversity
8. where they detected higher abundance of the classes
Deltaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. Further-
more, Dos Santos et al. [18] have used pyrosequencing of
16S rDNA tags to show dominance of these group of
proteobacterial classes in the sediments of “Restinga da
Marambaia” mangrove in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, under natural
conditions and after simulated oil spills. Taken together, bac-
terial community analysis of the tropical mangrove sediments
revealed a universal dominance of the proteobacterial classes
Deltaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria both under
pristine conditions and under anthropogenic interference.
The higher abundance of Deltaproteobacteria in sea water
and in marine sediments has been proposed to be similar to the
mangrove ecosystems, where frequent anaerobic conditions
facilitate in selection of microaerophilic/anaerobic sulfate-
reducing organisms belonging to deltaproteobacterial class
[20]. In general, oxygen penetration in the sediment remains
limited to the upper few centimeters, and the subsurface
sediment beneath the surface is shown to be anaerobic in
nature. Predominance of Deltaproteobacteria at the surface
and subsurface sediment samples collected in the present
study clearly demonstrates the anaerobic nature of the sedi-
ments both at the subtidal and intertidal regions of Sundarbans
especially during the monsoon season.
The Deltaproteobacteria were dominated by orders
Desulfobacterales, Desulfuromonadales, Myxococcales, and
Bdellovibrionales. Abundance of Desulfobacterales,
Desulfuromonadales, and Bdellovibrionales in the sediment
samples collected from three stations in general indicates
anaerobic nature of the sediment. Previous studies have shown
that the Deltaproteobacteria were dominant due to anaerobic
condition of the mangrove sediment that drives selection of
specific microbial groups such as sulfur/sulfate-reducing bac-
teria belonging to phylum Deltaproteobacteria [20]. In the
present study, the Myxococcales, representing the only aerobic
deltaproteobacterial order, found mostly abundant in the
surface-derived samples from station B in both the seasons
indicates comparatively less anaerobic nature of the samples
Fig. 4 Composition of different phyla based on the classification of
partial rRNA gene sequences of bacteria from Sundarbans sediments
using RDPII classifier (v 2.2). a Distribution of phyla in post-monsoon
(December 2011) sediments, b Distribution of phyla in monsoon (July
2012) sediments. c Differential proportion of sequences assigned within
the phylum Proteobacteria
P. Basak et al.
9. collected from this station. To this end, we believe that the
station B (Sahidnagar), which is under eco-restoration, has
sufficient mangrove vegetation that further influenced the
microbial abundance and diversity, as evident from the present
dataset. It has been proposed that the activities of the man-
grove roots provide a source of oxygen and interfere directly
to the redox potential of the mangrove sediment [31]. Due to
eco-restoration, station B might receive more available oxy-
gen compared to other two stations. In contrary, in both
stations A (Jharkhali) and C (Godkhali), vegetation has been
heavily affected due to anthropogenic influences, such as oil
leakage and addition of agri-industrial wastes, which ultimate-
ly reduced the number of mangrove trees and most importantly
not all the mangrove plant species are present in these stations.
This scenario might have led to higher abundance of anaerobic
sulfur-reducing bacteria such as Desulfobacterales,
Desulfuromonadales, and Bdellovibrionales in stations A and
C, respectively.
After Deltaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria were
the most abundant proteobacterial class in all the three stations
in post-monsoon samples (Fig. 4c). However, in monsoon
samples, Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria
both shared equal abundance after Deltaproteobacteria in
these stations (Fig. 5a). Neither depth dependent (spatial)
nor any seasonal differentiation was observed with respect to
the abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in the sampling sta-
tions. Within our dataset, the Gammaproteobacteria were
dominated by the orders Chromatiales, Legionellales, and
Xanthomonadales (Fig. 5c). Chromatiales includes a group
of anaerobic bacteria, commonly known as purple sulfur
bacteria, which are capable of photosynthesis by oxidizing
hydrogen sulfide to sulfide and sulfate. Chromatiales are
commonly reported in anoxic lake sediments and in other
aquatic habitats including mangrove sediments and anoxic
conditions are primary pre-requisites for their sulfur-
photolithoautotrophy [32]. In contrary, members of the order
Legionellales are not commonly encountered in mangrove
sediments and they comprised two families, Legionella and
Coxiella, both are involved in human disease [33]. Abundance
of Legionellales in Sundarbans sediments clearly indicates
human intervention in this ecosystem. Besides these orders
of Gammaproteobacteria, a number of sequences affiliated to
the orders Pseudomonadales, Enterobacteriales,
Methylococcales, Alteromonadales, Oceanospirillales, and
Thiotrichales were identified within the present dataset. In
their study on Brazilian mangrove sediments, Dos Santos
et al. [18] have shown that several orders within the
Gammaproteobacteria show major shift after oil contamina-
tion. Especially, the order Chromatiales was shown to be
sensitive as it was dominant before oil contamination and
decreased significantly after oil contamination. Within
Sundarbans sediments, however, we could see a constant
dominance of the order Chromatiales in all three sampling
stations with different history of anthropogenic activities
Fig. 5 Composition of different classes based on the classification of partial 16S rRNA sequences of Proteobacteria from Sundarbans sediment using
RDPII classifier (v 2.2). Deltaproteobacterial orders (a), Alphaproteobacterial orders (b), and Gammaproteobacteria orders (c)
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Bacterial Diversity
10. possibly confirming the fact that although oil and hydrocarbon
contaminations are evident in Sundarbans, especially in sta-
tions A and C, alteration of the abundance of an order requires
considerable concentration of those contaminants to be added
into the Sundarbans mangrove sediment systems. Besides, no
representatives of the orders Alteromonadales and
Oceanospirillales were detected in the present study. These
gammaproteobacterial orders were shown by Dos Santos et al.
[18] to be dominant after oil contamination in the Brazilian
mangrove sediment.
Alphaproteobacteria were dominated by the orders
Rhodospirillales, Rhodobacterales, Rhizobiales, and
Sphingomonadales (Fig. 5b). Among the alphaproteobacterial
orders, Rhodospirillales was the most abundant and recorded
to be maximum in the monsoon dataset from stations A
(71.7 %) and B (63.1 %). In general, the order
Rhodospirillales is represented by two families, e.g., photo-
synthetic non-sulfur Rhodospirillaceae and heterotrophic
acetic acid synthesizer, Acetobacteraceae. Besides
Rhodospirillales, Rhizobiales representing nitrogen fixing
and symbiotic bacteria, Rhodobacterales representing primary
colonizer on the temperate ocean sediments and coastal water
columns [34], and Sphingomonadales representing the aro-
matic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria [35] were the dominant
alphaproteobacterial orders detected in all three stations in
both the seasons. Besides the dominant alphaproteobacterial
orders, a number of sequences affiliated to the orders
Caulobacterales, Kordiimonadales, Rickettsiales,
Sneathiellales, and Kiloniellales were detected within the
present dataset.
Betaproteobacterial sequences were dominated by the or-
ders Burkholderiales and Rhodocyclales. In Sundarbans sedi-
ment, members of the order Burkholderiales with diverse
functional attributes have been reported previously [12, 36].
Most of the identified members of Rhodocyclales order include
organisms that reside in aquatic habitat and prefer oligotrophic
conditions. Besides these orders, Nitrosomonadales,
Hydrogenophilales, Methylophilales, and Neisseriales were
also detected with the dataset.
Actinobacterial sequences were detected in all the three
stations in both the seasons under study. Interestingly,
actinobacterial sequences are more abundant in the subsurface
samples in monsoon samples. This might be due to the ad-
sorption of Actinobacteria to the mineral particle surface, and
the salinity in such micro-niches was lower than what was
measured for the subsurface sediment samples. However, the
diversity was found lower at the surface confirming the eco-
logical principle that more extreme environment, e.g., salinity
in this case, affects the diversity of Actinobacteria. Further-
more, during the monsoon season, an increased addition of the
freshwater/rain water through the major rivers in this area
further reduces the local salinity in these sampling stations
(approx. 12 PSU). The phylum Actinobacteria was dominated
by orders Actinomycetales and Acidimicrobiales. Besides,
members of the following orders were also detected in limited
number with the sediment: Solirubrobacterales,
Rubrobacterales, Nitriliruptorales, Coriobacterales,
Euzebyales, and Spaerobacterales. Actinomycetales was
found highly abundant at the subsurface samples in the mon-
soon season. Previous analyses on diversity of Actinobacteria
in saline sediments revealed detection of Acidimicrobiales in
low-salinity sediments and absence in higher salinity sediment
samples [37]. In Sundarbans sediment, the observed salinity
remained in the lower side (12–20 PSU) possibly due to the
addition of continuous freshwater and this has further sug-
gested the reason for domination of halo-tolerant
Acidimicrobiales in this sediment. Previous culture-
dependent analyses in Indian Sundarbans mangrove have
identified and characterized several salt-tolerant antibacterial
Streptomyces spp. [38].
Acidobacteria were found evenly distributed in all three
sampling stations in both seasons. Previous studies have
shown that phylogenetic evenness for Acidobacteria largely
depends on the soil pH [39, 40]. The relative abundance was
shown strongly correlated with the soil pH, with
Acidobacteria representing larger portion of soil bacterial
communities at low pH soils. In Sundarbans sediments,
pH remains nearly neutral and uniform throughout the
year (pH 7.3–7.8). This has further corroborated with
the findings of even distribution of Acidobacteria in
these sampling stations. In marine ecosystems, the abun-
dance of Acidobacteria has been reported previously
[22, 41]. In the Red Sea, for example, Acidobacteria
were reported in the middle and deep layers of coral
reef sands where suboxic and anoxic conditions are
being maintained [41]. Such findings not only supported
acidobacterial distribution in Sundarbans but also corre-
lated well to the findings that the sediments of Sundarbans
are suboxic in nature.
Representative sequences affiliated to candidate phyla
Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes, Nitrospira, Chloroflexi,
Cyanobacteria, and Firmicutes were ubiquitous in all three
stations both at the surface and at subsurface levels of the
sediments. Planctomycetes sequences were represented by
classes Phycisphaerae and Planctomycetacia. Bacteroidetes
sequences were dominated by the members of the classes
Flavobacteria and Sphingobacteria, which corroborate well
with our previous culture-independent capillary sequencing-
based analysis of the bacterial population in these three sta-
tions [communicated]. Among the Firmicutes, Bacilli, and
Clostridia orders were dominating in all the stations.
Chloroflexi and Nitrospira sequences were dominated by
orders Anaerolineae and Nitrospira, respectively. Only a few
cyanobacterial sequences were detected in each of these sam-
pling stations, and most importantly, we could not assign
cyanobacterial sequences below the phylum level.
P. Basak et al.
11. The number of sequence reads related to candidate divi-
sions TM7, WS3, OD1, OP11, and BRC1 was detected in the
sediment samples from both seasons. To date, no cultivated
representatives exist representing either TM7, WS3, or OD1
candidate divisions. Thus far, no distinct ecological attribute
has been assigned to members of the candidate division TM7
that are commonly found in a wide range of environments,
including terrestrial (rhizosphere, soils, and peat bog) and
aquatic (groundwater, freshwater, sea water, and deep-sea
sediments) habitats [42]. Members of the candidate division
WS3 were detected only in the methanogenic environments
[43] and OD1 division is widespread in environments domi-
nated by sulfur, such as marine environments and sulfureta
[42]. OP11 division is commonly detected in terrestrial and
marine environments, and recent partial genome sequencing
analysis of one of the members belonging to this division
revealed several eco-physiological aspects in this candidate
division [44, 45]. Candidate division BRC1 was originally
detected in extreme, low-diversity environments, and the eco-
logical role of this candidate division is still yet to be
unraveled [42].
Conclusion
This is the first 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing analysis
of microbial diversity of Sundarbans, the unique tiger land
mangrove of the world in the backdrop of climate change. The
massive parallel 454 amplicon sequencing of 12 samples of
the surface and subsurface sediments and data analysis
unraveled the complexity of the bacterial diversity in the
sediment samples. Furthermore, detected diversity of the bac-
terial community composition has clearly provided novel
insights into the ongoing biogeochemical processes associated
with the regular deposition of sediment in this coastal man-
grove. Moreover, this study also unfolds the bacterial com-
munity structure during seasonal changes between permanent-
ly inundated sediments and sediments submitted to seasonal
dewatering. To this end, an increased understanding of micro-
bial community variation with respect to seasonal changes
rather raise the questions of whether this observed composi-
tion changes during monsoon and post-monsoon would con-
fer a better resistance to the subsequent drying stress for
microbial communities in seasonally dewatered sediments or
such changes reflected an alteration of microbial structure
with respect to changes in the biogeochemical cycling of
nutrients. Further analyses, however, are essential for better
understanding of the sediment biogeochemical cycles and
their relationship to the microbial community pattern in the
sediment. This work is also important in building a database
and an understanding of how microbial communities vary
geographically and with anthropogenic intervention.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the instru-
ment facility provided by UGC-CAS, DST–FIST, DBT-IPLS, World
Bank, ICZM project in the Department of Biochemistry, University of
Calcutta, India. We acknowledge Mr. Tapas Paul, World Bank, for his
continuous support and enthusiasm regarding our study in Sundarbans.
The expenditure of this work and the research fellowships of P.B., S.N.,
A.B..., D.R., A.C., and R.P. were supported by the ICZM project, World
Bank. A.G. was supported by Ramanujan Fellowship from the Depart-
ment of Science and Technology, India (SR/S2/RJN-106/2012). The
authors thank Ms. Anwesha Haldar, Department of Geography, Univer-
sity of Calcutta, for making a working map of the study sites in
Sundarbans.
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