This document provides information on various topics related to coastal zone management in Bangladesh. It begins with definitions of key terms like coastal zone, coastal zone management, and integrated coastal zone management. It then describes the coastal zone of Bangladesh and identifies three regions. It discusses stakeholders in coastal management and the roles of government at the state and local levels. It outlines Bangladesh's Coastal Zone Policy and various related legislation and policies. Finally, it briefly discusses some international programs and acts related to coastal zone management.
The latest news shows the oceans are absorbing more heat. Since all life depends on the ocean, and the ocean covers over 70% of Earth's surface - we need solutions like Earth Law to safeguard marine ecosystem health and protection.
Coastal Access in Nova Scotia (written by Peter Green - 13th Dec 2004)Trimaran Enthusiasts
Coastal Access - Understanding, Inventorying & Analyzing,
Case Study of the Eastern Chebucto Peninsula, HRM
Author: Peter Green (Dalhousie University, Halifax - Nova Scotia, Canada)
13th December 2004
Source: http://architectureandplanning.dal.ca (direct link: http://bit.ly/1ONSS3o )
The latest news shows the oceans are absorbing more heat. Since all life depends on the ocean, and the ocean covers over 70% of Earth's surface - we need solutions like Earth Law to safeguard marine ecosystem health and protection.
Coastal Access in Nova Scotia (written by Peter Green - 13th Dec 2004)Trimaran Enthusiasts
Coastal Access - Understanding, Inventorying & Analyzing,
Case Study of the Eastern Chebucto Peninsula, HRM
Author: Peter Green (Dalhousie University, Halifax - Nova Scotia, Canada)
13th December 2004
Source: http://architectureandplanning.dal.ca (direct link: http://bit.ly/1ONSS3o )
The Environmental Protection in South-American Integration ProcessIsabela Espíndola
The present article analyze how the environment is treated in
UNASUR, one of the latest regional integration projects in South America, which currently presents itself as an important space for the resolution of regional conflicts and establishment as a supranational institution to integrate the countries of the region. For the theoretical development of this research, a
bibliography review process was made, acquiring the bibliographical references and applicable legislations to the subject to compare the similarities and differences between the member countries of UNASUR. The analysis begins with the Constitutive Treaty of UNASUR, the principal legal system within the Union, to see how the environment is considered in this regional integration process. Then, it is studied the environmental legislation of each country that are part of UNASUR. It is concluded that the Union recognizes that preservation of the environment as fundamental for the very maintenance of life and to achieve the development of its member states, highlighting the environmental debate as
a premise for the South American policies processes of the Union itself.
The Environmental Protection in South-American Integration ProcessIsabela Espíndola
The present article analyze how the environment is treated in
UNASUR, one of the latest regional integration projects in South America, which currently presents itself as an important space for the resolution of regional conflicts and establishment as a supranational institution to integrate the countries of the region. For the theoretical development of this research, a
bibliography review process was made, acquiring the bibliographical references and applicable legislations to the subject to compare the similarities and differences between the member countries of UNASUR. The analysis begins with the Constitutive Treaty of UNASUR, the principal legal system within the Union, to see how the environment is considered in this regional integration process. Then, it is studied the environmental legislation of each country that are part of UNASUR. It is concluded that the Union recognizes that preservation of the environment as fundamental for the very maintenance of life and to achieve the development of its member states, highlighting the environmental debate as
a premise for the South American policies processes of the Union itself.
The national vision sets out the desired future for South Africa’s coast and the people using this valuable resource as follows: We, the people of South Africa, celebrate the diversity, beauty and richness of our coast and seek an equitable balance of opportunities and benefits throughout it We strive for sustainable coastal development – involving a balance between material prosperity, social development, cultural values, spiritual fulfilment and ecological integrity, in the interests of all South Africans We strive for a time when all South Africans recognise that the coast is ours to enjoy in a spirit of community We look forward to a time when all South Africans assume shared responsibility for maintaining the health, diversity and productivity of coastal ecosystems in a spirit of stewardship and caring We seek to guide the management of our coast in a way that benefits current and future generations, and honours our obligations and undertakings from local to global levels. The NCMP framework, including the framework for cooperative governance, provided the template for the detailed Situation Analysis related to coastal management in South Africa, as well as providing a structured approach to engage with the stakeholders. Following a detailed situational analysis and a key stakeholder consultation process, nine key priorities for coastal management was identified, that is key issues that are currently preventing South Africa from achieving the Vision for our coast. For each of the key priorities the NCMP then set out a series of national goals and associated management objectives specifically aimed at areas which coastal management efforts at national government level must address. Priority 1: Effective planning for coastal vulnerability to global change (including climate page vi change) Goal: Ensuring that all planning and decision-making tools applied by all organs of state within the coast zone address coastal vulnerability by taking into account the dynamic nature of our coast, sensitive coastal environments, health and safety of people, illegal structures within coastal public property, and appropriate placement of infra-structure not to compromise investment by the state, as well as the rehabilitation of coastal ecosystems Management Objective
North Coastal Zone Management of the Adriatic Sea and the Measures Taken To P...iosrjce
The North Coast lies from the jaws of Buna to cape Rodon. This area includes 66.4km or ¼ of the
Adriatic coastline. The coastal zone management study provides recognition and protection of the environment
from the negative phenomena that appear under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the land
and assessment of coastal phenomena in the service of society at both national, regional and local levels. It
should be emphasized that the ocean level rise due to global climate warming is also reflected in the sea. But
what may become offensive in terms of land and in a not too distant future, may include an important area
which is favored by nearly flat surfaces sloping quite gradually. Also problematic are the siesmatic shifts in the
slow tectonic Velipoje area which is in the northern part of the field of Lezha, and less Mates coast. One of the
most serious shortcomings of the North Coast area is the environmental management or rather the lack of it. In
this paper we will try to address the problems of this area in the context of tourism and relevant measures for
better management and to protect it from the erosion phenomenon
Este documento histórico se dirige a cada delegación nacional, internacional y las Naciones Unidas en el contexto de la Conferencia Río +20. Es fruto del trabajo interdisciplinario de colaboración de más de 200 investigadores de las zonas costeras de todo el mundo. El objetivo principal es poner de relieve (i) los retos que se vislumbran de las zonas costeras y (ii) sus posibles soluciones desde la perspectiva de la Comunidad Científica y Tecnológica, como parte del esfuerzo para construir y alcanzar los objetivos de Río +20.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
2. SN Appellation
1 What is coastal Zone?
2 What is coastal Zone Management?
3 What is Integrated coastal Zone Management?
4 The Coastal Zone of Bangladesh
5 Stakeholders in Coastal Management
6 Role of Governments
7 Coastal Zone Policy (CZPo);
8 The coastal policy include legislation and policy on
9 Coastal Policy
10 Coastal Zone Management Act
11 A Collaborative Strategy
12 Coastal Barrier Resources Act
13 National Marine Sanctuary Program
14 National Estuary Program
15 Significance and management of coastal zones
16 References
Table of Object
3. What is coastal Zone?
Coast is the zone of interaction between land and sea where both land & oceanic system works.It is most
dynamic, resourceful and disaster prone zone of any country . Coastal zone always subsumes floodplains,
mangroves, marshes, and fringing coral reefs.
What is coastal Zone Management?
Coastal zone management subsumes managing coastal areas to balance environmental, economic, human
health, and human activities . Coastal Management integrates the biological, physical, and policy sciences
to plan and execute sustainable resolutions for environmental challenges where land meets water.
What is Integrated coastal Zone Management (ICZM)?
Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), integrated coastal management (ICM), or integrated coastal
planning (ICP) is a process for the management of the coast using an integrated approach, regarding all
aspects of the coastal zone, including geographical and political boundaries, in an attempt to achieve
sustainability. It is a dynamic, multidisciplinary and iterative process to promote sustainable management of
coastal zones. It covers the full cycle of information collection, planning (in its broadest sense), decision
making, management and monitoring of implementation.
4. The Coastal Zone of Bangladesh
Bangladesh has a combesome coastline with many rivers and distributaries and complex ecology which is
affected by natural hazards like cyclones, coastal flooding, tidal surges, salinity and the like phenomenon.
The coastline is of 734 km involving coastal and island communities of about 50 million people, nearly
about one-third of the total population of Bangladesh . The coastal areas of Bangladesh has been classified
into two broad categories viz. interior coast and exterior coast.
Depending on the geomorphological features , coastal zones of Bangladesh can broadly be divided into the
following three regions
1. The Eastern Region: Morphologically the eastern coastline of Bangladesh started from the big Feni
river to Badar Mokam (southern tip of the mainland) along Chittagong can be classified as a “Pacific
Type" coast running parallel to the young (Tertiary) folded hill ranges.
2. The Central Region: This region begins from the Tebegins from the Tetulia river to the big Feni river
estuary including the mouth of the Meghna river upto the confluence of the Padma (Ganges-
Brahmaputra) and the Meghna river near Chadpur.
5. 3. The Western Region: The western region covers the coastline westward from the
Tetulia River to the international boundary (India) located at the Hariabangha River. The
region is mostly covered with dense mangrove forests with deeply scoured tidal channels of
the tidal plain overlapping abandoned Ganges delta.
Stakeholders in Coastal Management
The stakeholders in coastal management policy include major interest groups that seek to
influence or are influenced by the allocation of coastal resources. Coastal policy in the United
States or Bangladesh is shaped in large part by and for these stakeholders, who make up a
network of public and private organizations. Of course, the entire body of stakeholders is much
larger than these groups and their membership. It includes all people who, regardless of their
place of residence, spend time at the coast renting, camping, boating, fishing, swimming, or just
relaxing. It includes all those who eat seafood, expecting it to be healthful and free from toxins
or other harmful pollutants.
6. It includes all the people who have some relationship with the coast. Some would argue that the major
stakeholders—biodiversity and future generations—do not even vote or belong to a single nongovernmental
organization. It is the breadth and depth of this body of stakeholders that make coastal management of
special importance because of the responsibility to ensure that all their values are fairly and adequately
represented.
This network shapes our coastal policy and also is important in the implementation of resource management
and water and land use regulation. Coastal management in the United States/ other countries are carried out
by a unique blend of government and nongovernment organizations, forprofit and nonprofit groups, and
development and environmental advocates. Often policy coalitions compete with one another, each seeking
to secure its own piece of the coastal resource pie. Despite the disparate viewpoints and multiplicity of
agendas, a dynamic process creates a working system of policies, plans, and programs that affect the
conservation and development of coastal areas and resources.
Coastal development interests make up another stakeholder group whose influence cannot be overstated.
This group is composed of powerful energy organizations such as the American Petroleum Institute, which
calls for greater latitude in areas such as offshore oil exploration and drilling. Development organizations
such as the National Association of Homebuilders push for less regulation of private property to allow more
development in coastal regions. These interest groups often are supported by local economic development
advocates and chambers of commerce, which are anxious to see their communities grow.
7. Role of Governments (State and Local Govt)
The coastal management framework is clearly one of shared management between federal, state, and local
jurisdictions. The federal government plays a major role in coastal management. However, most of the
responsibility for managing development in the coastal zone lies with coastal states and localities.
Effective, comprehensive coastal management involves management and control of the use of land, powers
reserved under our federal system to state government. Historically, there has been substantial opposition to
and suspicion of federal efforts to impose land use controls in the coastal zone or elsewhere.
States play an important role in coastal management. Each coastal state and territory exercises some degree of
control over the coastal zone within its jurisdiction. The states, like the federal government, have policies that
directly affect the coastal zone are connected to the coastal zone in that they clearly affect it but also affect
other areas of the state (e.g., water quality programs), or affect the coastal zone as an unintended consequence
of the implementation of the policy.
States also exercise control over the coastal zone under CZMA. Almost all eligible jurisdictions, including
oceanfront and Great Lakes states, territories, and commonwealths, have OCRM-approved coastal management
programs and are implementing coastal management programs and policies with OCRM assistance. These
programs include direct regulation and control of shorefront development, development in other sensitive
coastal lands (e.g., coastal marshes), acquisition of coastal lands and provision of beach access and recreational
facilities, and other policies.
8. The authority to manage land use and development has been delegated by the states to local
governments. Typically, coastal localities have authority (and indeed in a few states are required) to adopt
at least basic land use management tools, some of which include comprehensive or land use plans,
zoning and subdivision ordinances, capital improvement programs, historic district regulations, land
acquisition programs, targeted taxation assessments, impact fees, and annexation programs.
The Coastal Area Policy (2005) has a similar commitment. It generally emphasizes sustainable
development in the coastal region and thus directly supports the establishment of coastal plantations and
conservation of existing coastal forests and preservation of coastal habitats.
Coastal policy and its outcomes clearly are the result of political processes in which different factions and
interest groups compete for attention and resources. Coastal management must be understood to occur
within a political process.
9. Coastal Zone Policy (CZPo);
The specific objectives of the Coastal Zone Policy are ;
Economic growth
Meeting basis needs and creating livelihood opportunities for coastal communities
Reduction of vulnerabilities and enhancement of coping capacities
Empowerment of coastal communities
Women’s advancement and promotion of gender equality
Sustainable management of natural resources
Preservation and enhancement of critical ecosystems
10. The coastal policy include legislation and policy on
A. Land: Planning to control unplanned and indiscriminate use of land resources
B. Aquaculture: Environmentally adopted and socially responsive shrimp farming be encouraged
C. Water: Adequate upland flow in water channels to preserve the coastal estuary ecosystem
threatened by the intrusion of soil salinity from the sea
D. Capture Fishery : National Fish Policy, in relation to exploitation, conservation and management
of marine fisheries resources
E. Agriculture : increasing the production of crops suitable for the coastal area with attention to
maintenance of soil health
F. Livestock : Grazing land for livestock be arranged
G. Energy : An assessment of all types of energy resources (e.g., oil, gas, coal, nuclear minerals,
hydropower, biomass fuels, solar, wind and tidal waves) undertaken on a regular/continuous
basis
H. Afforestation :Measures taken in the coastal areas including newly accreted chars
11. Coastal Policy
Although the CZMA is an important element of federal involvement in managing the coastal zone, the
program it created is but one piece of the federal coastal policy mosaic. This policy mosaic is made up
of three types of coastal policy: direct, connected, and de facto coastal policy. Direct coastal policy
includes
The CZMA,
Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA),
The National Marine Sanctuary Act, and
Other legislative acts that have as their purpose the conservation of coastal and marine
resources.
Connected coastal policy includes environmental policy that affects the coast through federal laws aimed
at maintaining the quality of critical resources such as water and air and reducing the impacts of disasters
and natural hazards, all of which affect the coastal zone. De facto coastal policy includes federal actions,
such as road and bridge building, taxation, and housing policy, that have consequences, often
unintended, for the coastal zone.
12. Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)
The CZMA is the cornerstone of federal efforts to protect and manage our nation’s coastlines. Enacted in
1972, the act grew out of a growing public concern for the environment, including ocean and coastal
resources. The Stratton Commission’s 1969 report, Our Nation and the Sea, was instrumental in focusing
the attention of citizens, politicians, and scientists on the importance of the coastal zone and the lack of
effective management. Several coastal management bills were introduced in Congress after issuance of the
Stratton Report; most of the legislation emphasized either development or conservation. Passed in 1972, the
act is a unique combination of goals:
Congress enacted the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) to protect the coastal environment from
growing demands associated with residential, recreational, commercial, and industrial uses (e.g., State and
Federal offshore oil and gas development). The CZMA provisions help States develop coastal management
programs (Programs) to manage and balance competing uses of the coastal zone. The CZMA outlines three
national programs,
The National Coastal Zone Management Program,
The National Estuarine Research Reserve System, and
The Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program (CELCP).
13. The National Coastal Zone Management Program aims to balance competing land and water issues through
state and territorial coastal management programs, the reserves serve as field laboratories that provide a
greater understanding of estuaries and how humans impact them, and CELCP provides matching funds to
state and local governments to purchase threatened coastal and estuarine lands or obtain conservation
easements.
14. A Collaborative Strategy
The CZMA is a unique federal–state collaboration. The act provides incentives for coastal states to prepare
and implement coastal management programs, through cost-sharing grants, the consistency doctrine, and
technical assistance. the act set out congressional findings and policy that lay a solid foundation for federal
involvement in the management of the coastal zone and the direction that involvement should take. Program
development, federal grants are made available to states to prepare coastal management programs (CMPs).
Program administration sets out the program elements that a state coastal management program must have
to be approved, which include the following:
a definition of the boundaries of the coastal zone to which the program applies
a definition of areas of particular concern within the coastal zone
a definition of permissible land and water uses within the coastal zone and the “identification of the
means by which the state proposes to exert control” over them
a description of the organizational structure for the implementation of the program
a planning process to provide protection of and access to public beaches
a planning process to lessen the impact of shoreline erosion
15. Once the coastal management program has been approved, a state is eligible for annual matching grants to
administer its program. The amount of the annual grant is based on “the extent and nature of the shoreline and
area covered by the program” and its population.
In 1990, the Coastal Zone Enhancement Program, which encourages the states and territories to make
changes in their CMP that, as defined by Congress, “support attainment” of one or more of the “coastal zone
enhancement objectives.” Unlike the federal grants available pursuant to the Coastal Zone Enhancement
Program does not require state matching funds and is competitively awarded to the coastal states. The coastal
zone enhancement objectives defined by Congress include the following:
to protect, restore, enhance, or create coastal wetlands
to eliminate development in hazardous areas and anticipate sea level rise
to expand beach access opportunities
to reduce marine debris
to control cumulative and secondary impacts of development
to formulate and implement Special Area Management Plans
to plan for the use of ocean resources
to formulate a process to facilitate siting energy facilities
to adopt procedures to facilitate siting aquaculture facilities
16. Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA)
The CBRA was enacted by Congress in 1982 in an attempt to shift some of the ill effects of federal subsidies,
such as flood insurance and infrastructure assistance, away from coastal barriers, including barrier islands. A
product of conservative political times, CBRA was intended to reduce threats to people and property and to
minimize the expenditures of the federal government that typically encourage the development of hazardous,
sensitive areas of the coast.
Coastal barriers were defined in the act to include depositional geologic features (barrier islands, barrier spits)
and “associated aquatic habitats” (e.g., adjacent marshes, estuaries). Criteria for determining whether a coastal
barrier was undeveloped, and thus should be included, were as follows:
less than one walled and roofed building per 5 acres of land
absence of urban infrastructure (vehicle access, water supply, wastewater disposal, and electrical
service to each lot)
not part of a development of 100 or more lots;
17. A coastal barrier is not considered undeveloped if it has been perturbed in one or more of the following
ways:
extensive shoreline manipulation or stabilization
widespread canal construction and maintenance
major dredging projects and resulting sedimentary deposits
intensive capitalization projects, such as condominiums, that effectively establish a commitment
to stabilize the area even when there are few actual structures.
18. National Marine Sanctuary Program
The National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) was created in 1972 by Title III of the Marine
Protection, Reserve and Sanctuary Act (MPRSA) and is administered by NOAA. The program was
established to create and manage marine sanctuaries in areas of national significance to protect coastal
and marine resources and to encourage scientific research in pristine waters. Sites selected must exhibit
unique ecological, historical, research, educational, recreational, or aesthetic qualities.
Thirteen marine sanctuaries have been designated thus far: Stellwagen Bank in Massachusetts Bay;
U.S.S. Monitor (North Carolina); Gray’s Reef (Georgia); Florida Keys; Flower Garden Banks (Texas and
Louisiana); Channel Islands, Cordell Bank, Monterey Bay, and Gulf of the Farallones (California);
Olympic Coast (Washington); Fagatele Bay, American Samoa; Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale
Sanctuary; and the newest sanctuary and the first on the Great Lakes, Thunder Bay National Marine
Sanctuary and Underwater Preserve in Lake Huron. Each sanctuary is managed according to a site-
specific management plan prepared by NOAA.
19. The stated policies of MPRSA are to:
identify marine environment areas of national significance because of their resource or human use
value.
provide authority for comprehensive and coordinated conservation and management of these
marine areas that will complement existing regulatory authorities
support, promote, and coordinate scientific research and monitoring of the resources of these
marine areas
enhance public awareness, understanding, appreciation, and wise use of the marine environment
facilitate, to the extent compatible with the primary objective of resource protection, all public and
private uses of the resources of these marine areas not prohibited pursuant to other authorities
develop and implement plans to protect and manage the designated area and facilitate
intergovernment coordination
create models and incentives for ways to conserve and manage the designated areas
cooperate with global programs that encourage conservation of marine resources
maintain, restore, and enhance marine species that depend on the designated areas to survive
20. The concept of multiple use was introduced in this program to accommodate the various activities that
are demanded of the sanctuary’s resources. These include recreational and commercial fishing, scuba
diving, vessel traffic, and oil exploration and drilling. Allowing sanctuaries to be used for purposes other
than research made the designation of some areas more politically and economically feasible. Another
problem facing the NMSP is the enforcement and jurisdictional mechanisms in place. Multiple agencies
at all levels of government exercise regulatory authority within each designated sanctuary, causing a
lack of coordination and cooperation at some sites.
For instance, in addition to NOAA, the National Marine Fisheries Service has authority to enforce
regulations at all sanctuaries; the National Park Service and various state agencies often are involved in
regulatory enforcement. Conflict has been known to arise between the various agencies involved.
However, there has been a concerted effort at intergovernment coordination on some levels.
For example, the Coast Guard and NOAA are directed to coordinate enforcement activities in
designated sanctuaries. Furthermore, since the 1992 reauthorization and amendments, NOAA has the
power to review all federal agency actions that affect the sanctuaries.
21. National Estuary Program
The National Estuary Program (NEP) aims to identify, restore, and protect nationally significant estuaries.
Created in a 1987 amendment to the CWA. The EPA administers the program adapting the ecosystem
approach used in the Chesapeake Bay Program for 28 estuaries in the United States. The NEP is a voluntary
program that provides funds on a 75–25 federal–state share and technical assistance to designated estuary
projects. The EPA identifies estuaries that are threatened by pollution, development, or overuse and assists
these projects in preparing a Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP). The CCMP must
address three management areas:
1. Water and sediment quality
2. Living resources
3. Land use and water resources;
To prepare a CCMP, NEP projects are developed through a management conference process involving a
policy committee and a management committee. The management conference generally is headed by a
policy committee made up of the following:
The EPA
The state governor
State agency officials
22. MPA proposals have often raised controversy, particularly when a no-take reserve area is proposed.
The process of establishing MPAs includes the following four steps;
Evaluate conservation needs at local and regional levels
Define objectives and goals
Describe key biological and oceanic features of the region
Identify and choose sites that have the highest potential for implementation
23. References
1. Timothy Beatley, David J. Brower, Anna K. Schwab. 2005. Introduction to Coastal Zone Management.
2nd Edition. Island Press. Washington D. C. 20009
2. https://www.slideshare.net/MishkatMarziya/coastal-zone-management
3. https://www.slideshare.net/injamamun/policies-and-legislation-related-to-coastal
4.https://www.boem.gov/environment/environmental-assessment/coastal-zone-management-act
5. https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/act/