Management options for the diminishing mangroves in Kaluwanchikudy, Batticoloa.

1. Management options for the diminishing
Mangroves in Kaluwanchikudy, Batticoloa.
Mr. S. Mathanraj
Mr. S. Mohanaraj
Special in Geography,
Department of Georgraphy,
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka,
Oluvil.

2. Contents...
• Introduction
• Study Area
• Objectives
• Methodology
• Results & Discussion
• Conclusion
• References

3. Introduction
• Mangroves are various large and extensive types of trees
up to medium height and shrubs that grow in saline
coastal sediment habitats in the tropics and subtropics
Countries.
• The amount of mangroves in Sri Lanka rated about 6,000
to 8,000 hectares.
• The world has 64 types of true mangroves but, this
unique ecosystem is home to over 20 true mangroves
and the mangrove associates species of Sri Lanka.
• Less population area in the Eastern and the Northern
west part of Sri Lanka has the highest amount of
mangroves.

4. Cont…
• They grew only a few
hectares in the total lands of
Sri Lanka. It has very less
when compare with Thailand,
Malaysia and Indonesia.
• There are countless
organisms living from micro-
organisms to mammals in this
forest. They are totally
depending on the mangrove
ecosystems.

5. Study Area
Kaluwanchikdy D.S Division

6. Objectives
The main purpose of undertaking this study is identifying
the Mangroves destruction of the study area. According
to this, the objectives are given below to achieve my goal.
1. Identify the mangroves flora.
2. Identify the mangroves fauna.
3. Assess the past and present status of mangroves.
4. Find out the reasons for mangrove destructions in
the study area.
5. Formulate the solution of this problems.

7. Methodology
• The primary and secondary data collection methods were
used for the study.
• Sampling method has been used to collect the primary
data. Here, thirty samples have been collected through
the face to face interview. These 30 samples were
gathered from different stakeholders as follows; 10
government officials, 10 fisher man and 10 farmers,
public .
• I visited to the lagoons located area at Kaluwanchikudy to
identify the mangroves flora and fauna. I was seen them
by using naked eye. Many mangroves flora have been
identified during the visit.

8. Identified Mangroves Flora
Excoecaria agallocha Sonneratia caseolaris

9. Cont…
Cerbera odollam Acrostichium aureum

10. Cont…
Pandanas tectorius Thespesia populnea

11. Identified Mangroves Fauna
Cormorants Egretta

12. Cont…
Geloinacoaxans Butorides striatus javanicus

13. Cont…
kingfisher Penaeus indicus

14. Cont…
Teal Crocodile

15. Cont…
• Secondary data were collected from published and
unpublished data sources.
• Published data sources were previous researches,
books, articles and internet. Unpublished data
sources were forest department data, Coastal
Resource Management Department data, census
data of Sri Lanka, Manmunai South & Eruvil pattu
Divisional Secretariat data and land use data.
• Some data were collected from Google earth and
topography map.

16. Results & Discussion
• Some mangrove flora and some mangroves fauna
species were found out in these areas.
• According to the face to face interview, nowadays,
density of Sonneratia caseolaris, Excoecaria agallocha
was highest in all these sites when compared with other
species.
• Excoecaria agallocha has poisonous latex exuded, which
produce skin rash in humans when it touched. This
poisonous plant is not popular for firewood, since the
smoke is harmful to humans. Their leaves were not
preferred by animals or livestock.

17. Cont…
• This may be the reason for high density of Excoecaria
agallocha in the study areas.
• The people use the Sonneratia caseolaris’ fruit to eat and
make the juice.
• The density of mangrove tree species like, Cerbera
odollam, Pandanas tectorius and Thespesia populnea and
saplings were low in Onthachimadam, Kurumanvely and
Periyakallar area.
• Two main reasons were noted. Firstly, impacts of tsunami
and flood had destroyed mangrove cover. Secondly, pre-
tsunami clearance of certain portion of mangroves by
people were thought as sites for mosquito breeding.

18. Cont…
• They use these areas to dump the
garbage and grazing the livestock such as
cow, goat.
• They cut the barks to get the color for
their fishing nets.
• The major problem is inadequate
protection and the administrative failure.
• Most of the stumps were not allowed to
regenerate due to repeated cutting
(during rainy days) and burning (during
dry periods) for security reasons.

19. Cont…
• Most of the people’s livelihood was fishing and
oyster production. There were lots of fishermen
fishing in Koddaikallar, Mahiloor and
Onthachimadam areas. But now, very less fishermen
are fishing here because the fish’s quantity is very
low.
• Near to the coast area, lots of oyster was remained
but now, Periyakallar area has partially dominated by
the oyster.

20. Cont…
Source: Google Earth

21. Cont…
Source: Coastal Conservation and Coastal Resource Management Department – 2014
District
Area (Hectare)
2006 2014
1. Puttalam
2. Batticaloa
3. Tringomale
4. Mannar
5. Kilinochi
6. Mullaitivu
7. Ampara
8. Hambantota
9. Jaffna
10. Gampaha
11. Galle
12. Matara
2,338
1,855
1,762
1,486
424
405
299
292
242
121
104
01
2,364
1,421
1,491
1,261
312
463
292
539
260
122
187
06
Total 9,330 8,718

22. Cont…
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
Area(Hectare)
District
Distribution of Mangroves
2006
2014

23. Cont…
• Mangrove is important for bio eco-system and the
study suggests some solutions to protect mangroves for
the reason of smooth functioning of ecosystem at this
area.
• It is required to take following measures;
1. Mangrove restoration
2. Prevention of habitat destruction through legislation
3. Creating awareness programs ( School, University & Society level)
4. Mangrove re-plantation
5. Declare as a protected zone
6. Maintain with public support especially fisherman.
7. Increase the fish production.

24. Conclusion
• Mangroves are the particular significance in the
context of coastal forests. Mangroves in Sri Lanka are
the wealth of our nation. It provides many resources to
us in many ways.
• When we increase the growth of mangroves, we can also
improve the tourism. In addition to, the fishing is the
main purpose of the fisherman. They are constantly
sustaining the mangrove resources.
• Recently, Human activities and the natural disaster
interferes the mangrove forest environment of Sri Lanka.

25. Cont…
• Mangroves have poor capacity to regenerate again in the
cleared area over the last two decades.
• The overall tree density was low in Onthachimadam,
Mahiloor and Kurumanvely when compared with other
sites due to pre and post tsunami and flood impacts. The
substratum for the establishment of mangroves was yet
to be developed in a reasonable stage.
• Therefore, measurer must be taken to protect the
mangrove forest in our country by the government of Sri
Lanka, NGOs and environmental well-wishers.

26. References
• Kaleel, M.I.M., (2013), Growing scarcity of Mangroves: A study of Pottuvil coastal area in Sri
Lanka, Department of Geography, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
• Man and Environment, By Central Environmental Authority.
• Information Brief on Mangroves in Sri Lanka, IUCN, The World Conservation Union.
• Sri Lankan Mangrove Ecosystems, (2006), Forest department of Sri Lanka. (Tamil Book)
• http://www.econsortium.info/Psychosocial_Forum_District_Data_Mapping/Batticaloa.pdf
(Accessed on- 12/02/2014).
• http://www.dmc.gov.lk/DistrictSection/51_Batticaloa/01_Batti_Profile.htm (Accessed on-
15/05/2014).
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluvanchikudy (Accessed on- 12/02/2014).
• Coastal Conservation and Coastal Resource Management Department (2014),
http://www.coastal.gov.lk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=122%3Astatistics
-&catid=56%3A-statistics-&lang=en&limitstart=1 (Accessed on- 21/09/2014).
• http://www.fao.org/forestry/en/ (Accessed on- 17/09/2014).
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove (Accessed on- 15/02/2014).

27. Thank You.
Any Questions????