The root system provides a large surface area for uptake of water and minerals through branching and root hairs. Minerals move into the root through diffusion, fungal hyphae, or mass flow with water and are absorbed into roots by active transport. Terrestrial plants support themselves with thickened cell walls, turgor pressure, and lignified xylem. Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from leaves and stems, which establishes a transpiration stream that transports water and minerals through the xylem.

1. 9.2 Transport in Angiospermophytes
Topic 9 Plant Science

2. Transport in Angiospermophytes
 9.2.1 Outline how the root system provides a large surface
area for mineral ion and water uptake by means of branching
and root hairs.
 9.2.2 List ways in which mineral ions in the soil move to the
root. (There are three processes: diffusion of mineral ions,
fungal hyphae (mutualism), and mass flow of water in the
soil carrying ions).
 9.2.3 Explain the process of mineral ion absorption from the
soil into roots by active transport.
 9.2.4 State that terrestrial plants support themselves by
means of thickened cellulose, cell turgor and lignified xylem.

3. Transport in Angiospermophytes
 9.2.5 Define transpiration. Transpiration is the loss of water
vapour from the leaves and stems of plants.
 Aim 7: Data logging with pressure sensors, humidity, light
or temperature probes to measure rates of transpiration can
be performed.
 9.2.6 Explain how water is carried by the transpiration
stream, including the structure of xylem vessels,
transpiration pull, cohesion, adhesion and evaporation.
(Limit the structure of xylem vessels to one type of primary
xylem).

4. Transport in Angiospermophytes
 9.2.7 State that guard cells can regulate transpiration by
opening and closing stomata.
 9.2.8 State that the plant hormone abscisic acid causes the
closing of stomata.
 9.2.9 Explain how the abiotic factors light, temperature, wind
and humidity, affect the rate of transpiration in a typical
terrestrial plant.

5. Transport in Angiospermophytes
9.2.10 Outline four adaptations of xerophytes that help to
reduce transpiration.
These could include: reduced leaves, rolled leaves, spines, deep
roots, thickened waxy cuticle, reduced number of stomata,
stomata in pits surrounded by hairs, water storage tissue, low
growth form, CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) and C4
physiology.

6. Transport in Angiospermophytes
 9.2.11 Outline the role of phloem in active translocation of
sugars (sucrose) and amino acids from source
(photosynthetic tissue and storage organs) to sink (fruits,
seeds, roots).
 No detail of the mechanism of translocation or the structure
of phloem is required.

7. Water Uptake in Roots
 As well as anchoring the
plant, the roots provide the
surface area through which
water is taken up.
 The surface area is greatly
increased by the presence of
thousands of tiny root hairs,
just behind the tip of each
root.
 A branching root system
also creates a large surface

8. Water Uptake in Roots
 The plant’s roots provide
an enormous surface
area for the absorption of
water and mineral ions.
 The root hairs are a
slender extension of a
single epidermal cell up
to 4mm long.
 Root hairs penetrate
between soil particles
and are in close contact
with the soil water. Ref: Advanced Biology, Roberts Etal p248.

9. Mineral Ion Uptake by Active
Transport
 Mineral ion concentration inside the root is usually higher
that in the surrounding soil.
 Thus mineral ions are taken up by Active Transport
(requiring energy to move ions against the concentration
gradient).
 This is supported by the fact that mineral uptake requires
energy (in the form of ATP).
 In experiments, mineral uptake has been brought to a halt
by depriving the roots of oxygen or adding a substance
that blocks cellular respiration.

10. Additional mechanisms of
mineral ion uptake
 Facilitated diffusion (if suitable
concentration gradient)
 Mass flow (minerals move in with water)
 Mutualistic fungi growing on the root: their
fine threadlike hyphae provide a large
surface area for mineral uptake and most of
these are passed on to the plant

11. Water Uptake
 The epidermal cells absorb mineral ions by active
transport.
 Thus the solute concentration is higher in the epidermal
cell that in the soil water.
 Thus water moves into the cells by Osmosis (down the
concentration gradient).
 Solute concentration in the epidermal cells less than in the
cortex, so water moves into the cortex.
 This repeats across the cortex into the Xylem vessels, in
the center of the root

12. Movement of Water Across the Root
(not in current course)
 To get water from the root hairs to the xylem, 3 routes are
possible:
 The apoplastic pathway
 Water does not enter the cell.
 Water travels along the cell walls until it reaches the endodermis
 The symplastic pathway
 Water enters the cells3
 It passes from cell to cell via plasmodesmata (tiny holes in the cell
walls

13. Movement of Water Across the Root
Ref: IB Biology, OSC

14. Movement of Water Across the Root
Ref: Advanced Biology, Roberts Etal p250.

15. Support in Terrestrial Plants
 Plants do not have a skeleton to keep them upright.
 Trees and shrubs have woody stems that support them.
 However herbaceous plants depend mainly on turgor for
their support:
 The vacuole swells with water pushing the cell walls out.
 This gives the cells a rigid structure.
 Other methods terrestrial plants use to support themselves
are:
 Thickened cellulose cell walls
 Xylem with thickened walls.

16. Transpiration
 Transpiration is:
“the loss of water vapour from the leaves and
stems of the plant”
 Transpiration causes a flow of water from the roots,
through the stem to the leaves of plants.
 This is called the Transpiration Stream.

17. Transpiration
 The process starts with evaporation of water from the
leaves.
 This water is replaced with water from the xylem vessels in
the leaf.
 Low pressure or suction is created inside xylem vessels
when water is pulled out. This is called transpiration pull.
 Xylem vessels are long continuous columns of water and
this transpiration pull is transmitted down to the roots.
 The transmission of the transpiration pull through the
xylem vessels depends on the cohesion of water molecules,
due to hydrogen bonding.
 Adhesion of water to the wall of vessels is also important
when water starts to rise up the vessel again in spring.

18. Water Transport through the Plant
Ref: IB Biology, OSC

19. Xylem
 Xylem vessels are system of long
pipes through which water can
travel.
 They are dead cells in which their
cell walls have been impregnated
with lignin.
 With the lignification of the cell
walls, the cell dies and lose their
contents except for the water and
mineral salts they transport.
Ref: IB Biology, OSC

20. Xylem Ref: IB Biology, Allott

21. Xylem Ref: Advanced Biology, Roberts Etal p253

22. Guard Cells and Transpiration
 Stomata (singular: stoma) are pores in the epidermis of the
leaves and stems which can open and close.
 The stoma itself is bordered by a pair of specialised epidermal
cells called guard cells.
 These guard cells can fill with water and become turgid, causing
the stoma to open.
 Conversely, they can lose water and thus the stoma closes.
 In this way, stomata can regulate the exchange of gases.
 Stomata can also regulate transpiration by opening and closing
to allow the movement of water vapour out of the plant.
 When water stressed the plant hormone abscisic acid causes the
guard cells to rapidly close the stomata, preventing further water
loss.

23. Factors Affecting Transpiration
 There are 4 main abiotic factors that can affect the rate of
transpiration in a typical terrestrial mesophytic plant:
 Temperature
 Increase in temp  increase in transpiration
 Light
 Increase in light  increase in transpiration
 Wind
 Increase in wind  increase in transpiration
 Humidity
 Increase in humidity  decrease in transpiration

24. Explanation of external factors
 Light: guard cells close in darkness so transpiration
greater in the light.
 Temperature: higher temperatures increase
evaporation, rate of diffusion of water vapour
through the air spaces and reduce relative humidity
of the external air (increasing conc. gradient).
 Humidity: a lower humidity outside the leaf
increases the concentration gradient for water
vapour.
 Wind: blows air saturated with water vapour away,

25. Translocation
 Translocation is the movement of substances from one
part of the plant to another in the phloem.
 Translocation occurs through the phloem.
 Phloem is made up of two elements:
 Sieve tubes
 Companion cells
 Sieve tubes are long specialised cells which have pores in
the ends of them, forming a sieve plate.
 This allows the contents of the sieve tubes to pass from
one cell to another.

26. Translocation
 Associated with sieve tubes are companion cells.
 These assist the sieve tubes with those metabolic
processes it cannot do itself.
 eg: to generate energy
 Sieve tubes carry materials in either direction.
 Eg: in summer Maple trees will transport sugars from leaves to
roots for storage.
 In spring, the sieve tubes will transport sugars from the roots to
the branches to allow for new growth.
 Phloem also transports some spray chemicals if they have
been absorbed into the leaves.

27. Translocation

28. Food Storage in Plants
 Many plants develop a food storage organ in which food
is stored.
 Examples include:
 potatoes, carrots, corms, bulbs
 The steps in food storage are:
 Photosynthesis in the leaves produce glucose.
 The sugars are translocated in the phloem from the leaves to the
storage organ.
 The sugars are converted into starch, proteins and other organic
compounds for storage.

29. Food Storage in Plants
Ref: IB Biology, OSC

30. Transport in Angiospermophytes
 9.2.1 Outline how the root system provides a large surface
area for mineral ion and water uptake by means of branching
and root hairs.
 9.2.2 List ways in which mineral ions in the soil move to the
root. (There are three processes: diffusion of mineral ions,
fungal hyphae (mutualism), and mass flow of water in the
soil carrying ions).
 9.2.3 Explain the process of mineral ion absorption from the
soil into roots by active transport.
 9.2.4 State that terrestrial plants support themselves by
means of thickened cellulose, cell turgor and lignified xylem.

31. Transport in Angiospermophytes
 9.2.5 Define transpiration. Transpiration is the loss of water
vapour from the leaves and stems of plants.
 Aim 7: Data logging with pressure sensors, humidity, light
or temperature probes to measure rates of transpiration can
be performed.
 9.2.6 Explain how water is carried by the transpiration
stream, including the structure of xylem vessels,
transpiration pull, cohesion, adhesion and evaporation.
(Limit the structure of xylem vessels to one type of primary
xylem).

32. Transport in Angiospermophytes
 9.2.7 State that guard cells can regulate transpiration by
opening and closing stomata.
 9.2.8 State that the plant hormone abscisic acid causes the
closing of stomata.
 9.2.9 Explain how the abiotic factors light, temperature, wind
and humidity, affect the rate of transpiration in a typical
terrestrial plant.

33. Transport in Angiospermophytes
9.2.10 Outline four adaptations of xerophytes that help to
reduce transpiration.
These could include: reduced leaves, rolled leaves, spines, deep
roots, thickened waxy cuticle, reduced number of stomata,
stomata in pits surrounded by hairs, water storage tissue, low
growth form, CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) and C4
physiology.

34. Transport in Angiospermophytes
 9.2.11 Outline the role of phloem in active translocation of
sugars (sucrose) and amino acids from source
(photosynthetic tissue and storage organs) to sink (fruits,
seeds, roots).
 No detail of the mechanism of translocation or the structure
of phloem is required.