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This document contains information about heat transfer and changes of state. It discusses how heat flows from warm to cold areas through conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction involves heat transfer through a solid. Convection occurs when a heated fluid rises and transfers heat. Radiation can transfer heat through a vacuum by electromagnetic waves. The document also explains phase changes like melting, freezing, evaporation and condensation in terms of particle theory.
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Internation relations history revision 2
The Germans deeply resented the Treaty of Versailles for several reasons:
1. They felt the war guilt clause holding Germany solely responsible was unjust, as they saw the war as one of self-defense.
2. The large reparations bill of 132 billion gold marks, along with territorial losses of 13% of land and 10% of industry, seemed impossible for Germany to pay back given the economic damage of the war.
3. The military restrictions, which drastically reduced the army, navy, and banned the air force and submarines, felt like humiliation to Germans and left them defenseless.
They saw the treaty as an unfair "diktat" imposed on them without any ability to
How british society changed 1890 1918 rev
This document outlines key political and social reforms that occurred in Britain between 1890-1918. It discusses the formation of the Labour Party in 1900 and liberal reforms passing acts like free school meals, old age pensions, and national insurance. It also covers the growing women's suffrage movement and actions taken by suffragettes to gain voting rights for women, as well as the impact of World War 1 on British society through conscription, women entering the workforce, and propaganda efforts.
Atoms, elements and the periodic table
This document discusses atoms, elements, and the periodic table. It contains the following key points:
1. Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus, while electrons orbit the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element.
2. Elements are arranged in the periodic table in order of increasing atomic number. Elements in the same vertical column have similar properties.
3. The periodic table allows scientists to predict properties and discover "missing" elements based on patterns in electronic structure and atomic structure.
8 b respiration
The document is about respiration and contains the following key points:
1. Respiration is the process the body uses to release energy from digested food, mainly glucose. It occurs through aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen.
2. The circulatory system, including the blood, heart, blood vessels and lungs, transports oxygen and glucose to cells and removes waste carbon dioxide.
3. Breathing brings oxygen into the lungs and removes carbon dioxide, with gas exchange occurring in tiny air sacs called alveoli.
3.1 food webs_all_around
The fox is a tertiary consumer and carnivore. It preys on other animals like voles, rabbits and hedgehogs in the food web.
9 l pressure and moments
This document discusses pressure and moments. It defines pressure as force over area and explains how pressure increases with depth and is equal in all directions at a given depth. Pressure depends on both the applied force and contact area. Several pressure calculation examples are provided. Moments are defined as turning forces, calculated as force times distance from the pivot. Balanced and unbalanced moments are discussed, as well as stability as it relates to the center of mass.
9 k speeding up
The document contains information about speed, distance, time, balanced and unbalanced forces, air resistance, terminal velocity, and velocity-time graphs. It includes examples of calculating speed from distance and time. It explains that balanced forces cause an object to remain stationary while unbalanced forces cause motion, using a camel standing versus falling as examples. Air resistance is defined and factors affecting it are described. The concept of terminal velocity for skydivers is explained, where air resistance eventually balances weight. A velocity-time graph illustrates changes in speed over the phases of skydiving.
9 j gravity and space
1) Gravity is an attractive force that depends on the mass of objects and the distance between them. It affects anything with mass.
2) On Earth, gravitational field strength is 10N/kg. An object's weight is calculated by multiplying its mass by gravitational field strength. Some examples of weight calculations on Earth are provided.
3) When a rocket launches from Earth, the force needed to accelerate it decreases as it gains distance from Earth and loses mass by burning fuel, both of which decrease the gravitational force pulling it downwards.
9 i energy and electricity
The document discusses different types of energy including heat, kinetic, nuclear, sound, light, chemical, electrical, gravitational potential, and elastic potential. It provides examples of energy changes for different systems like a light bulb, electric fire, rock dropping, and arrow being fired. The document also discusses electrical energy and how electrons move through circuits. Additional topics covered include fuels, renewable energy sources, parts of a power station, energy transfer diagrams, and example questions.
9 h using chemistry
The document discusses different types of fuels and how they burn. It explains that fuels contain carbon and hydrogen and burn by reacting with oxygen to produce water, carbon dioxide, or carbon monoxide depending on the amount of oxygen present. Hydrogen burns to produce water. Displacement reactions between metals of different reactivity can produce energy, as demonstrated by reactions between magnesium and copper sulfate or zinc and copper sulfate. Connecting metals of varying reactivity can create an electrical current. Chemical reactions conserve mass, as demonstrated by the balanced equations presented.
9 g environmental chemistry
Most of the Earth is covered by a layer of soil made up of small fragments of rock, living and dead vegetation like moss and peat, and dead animals. Some plants prefer acidic soil and some prefer alkaline soil. To make soil more alkaline, calcium carbonate can be added, while sulfuric acid is used to make it more acidic. Acid rain damages trees and buildings and can harm wildlife. It is caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from power station and volcano emissions reacting with water and oxygen in the air. Air pollution comes from dust, pollen, lead, and carbon monoxide, which are mostly man-made, so ways to reduce it include more efficient engines, catalytic converters, low-
9 f patterns of reactivity
1) Metals have high melting points and conduct heat and electricity well, whereas non-metals have lower melting points and do not conduct well. Metals are strong but can bend, while non-metals are usually brittle or snap.
2) When metals react with oxygen, they form metal oxides, such as magnesium reacting with oxygen to form magnesium oxide. Metals reacting with water form metal hydroxides or oxides along with hydrogen gas.
3) Metals react with acids to form salts and hydrogen gas, such as calcium reacting with hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride and hydrogen.
9 e reactions of metals
This document contains notes from chemistry lessons on 23/09/15 covering reactions of metals, metal compounds, carbonates, and oxides with acids. It includes example reactions and spaces for students to write out additional reactions, such as calcium + hydrochloric acid yields calcium chloride + hydrogen. The document also covers testing for hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide gas, as well as neutralization reactions between acids and bases.
9 d plants for food
Plants are producers that use photosynthesis to convert the sun's energy into food. A food chain shows how energy passes from one organism to another, starting with plants and ending with animals that eat other animals. While chemicals like fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides can help plants grow, they can also disrupt food chains and accumulate in organisms as they move up the chain. Insecticides in particular can build up in small water plants and progressively concentrate in each successive stage, potentially harming fish and other animals at the top of aquatic food chains.
9 c plants and photosynthesis
Plants undergo photosynthesis, which requires carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and chlorophyll. The chemical reaction of photosynthesis uses these inputs to produce glucose and oxygen. The glucose is used and stored by the plant, undergoing respiration to produce energy. Photosynthesis occurs in palisade cells in leaves, which contain chloroplasts and chlorophyll. A starch test can show if photosynthesis occurred through observing color changes with iodine.
9 b fit and healthy
The document discusses several body systems and how they work together. It covers the respiratory, digestive, circulatory, skeletal, and muscular systems. It explains how the respiratory system takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide through the lungs and alveoli. The circulatory system then transports oxygen and glucose around the body. Muscles use the energy from glucose to allow movement with the help of the skeletal system. A balanced diet with proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and fiber is important for overall health and functioning of these systems. Smoking can damage lungs over time by reducing lung capacity and coating them with tar and other harmful substances.
9 a inheritance and selection
This document discusses variation, inheritance, and selection. It explains that genetic information is stored in genes on chromosomes, and that variation can be due to genes, environment, or both. Sexual reproduction involves gametes from two parents combining through fertilization to produce offspring with traits from both parents, increasing variation. Selective breeding is when desirable traits are emphasized by breeding similar individuals, like a farmer breeding dairy cows. Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring called clones, while cloning can replicate individuals exactly.
8 l sound and hearing
The speed of sound varies in different materials, with denser materials allowing sound to travel faster. A sound is made when an object vibrates, such as the strings of a guitar. The pitch of a guitar's sound can be increased by shortening the string length, tightening the string, or using a thinner string, and volume is increased by plucking the string harder. Sound travels through air by making air molecules vibrate, which are then picked up by the ear. In the ear, sound waves are funneled by the pinna into the ear canal, causing the ear drum and bones to vibrate, which produces electrical signals in the cochlea that are sent to the brain.
8 k light
1) Light travels in straight lines and at a very fast speed of around 300,000 kilometres per second.
2) We see objects because they reflect light into our eyes, and shadows are formed when light is blocked by an object.
3) Reflection and refraction change the direction of light when it hits surfaces or passes through different mediums. Reflection occurs at the same angle that light hits a surface, while refraction makes light change speed and bend when moving between mediums of different densities.
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8 i heating and cooling
- 1. 09/23/15 Heating and CoolingHeating and Cooling
- 2. 09/23/15 Heat and TemperatureHeat and Temperature This cup of coffee will ____ ____ because it is _____ ____ heat energy into the surroundings. This drink (taken out of the fridge) will _____ ___ because it is _____ ___ heat energy from the surroundings. Heat is a type of energy that will flow from a warm area to a colder one. For example… Words – giving out, warm up, taking in, cool down
- 3. 09/23/15 Heat energyHeat energy How much heat energy an object has depends on its temperature AND how much of it there is… The sparkler is at a higher temperature than the bath, but the bath is MUCH heavier, so it has more heat energy.
- 4. 09/23/15 Particle theory revisionParticle theory revision Particle theory is all about explaining the properties of solids, liquids and gases by looking at what the particles do. In a solid the particles ______ around a _____ position. There is a ______ force of attraction between each particle and they are very _____ together SOLIDS Words – strong, close, vibrate, fixed View animation
- 5. 09/23/15 LIQUIDS GASES In a liquid the particles are _____ together but can move in any direction. They won’t keep a _____ shape like _____ do. In a gas the particles are very far apart and move _____ in all directions. They often ______ with each other and because they are far apart they can be easily _______. Words – fixed, collide, quickly, close, very, solids
- 6. 09/23/15 Heating a solidHeating a solid When a solid is heated it expands. We can use particle theory to explain why: View animation When a solid, liquid or gas heats up it will expand. When a solid, liquid or gas cools down it will contract.
- 7. 09/23/15 Changes of stateChanges of state View animation
- 8. 09/23/15 Changes of StateChanges of State What are these processes called? Choose from freezing, evaporating, melting, condensing
- 9. 09/23/15 Heating iceHeating ice 150 100 50 0 -50 Temp/O C Time/s This flat line shows where energy is being used to break bonds – this has to be done during melting This flat line shows where energy is being used to push the particles further apart for evaporation
- 10. 09/23/15 ConductionConduction CONDUCTION is when heat moves through a ________. Metals are better conductors of heat than plastic or wood. This is why… These parts are made of plastic or wood: These parts are made of metal:
- 11. 09/23/15 ConductionConduction In this experiment we saw that liquid water is a poor conductor of heat. The ice cube did not melt even though the water above it was boiling. Air is also a poor conductor of heat. This is how many types of house insulation and clothing keep us warm.
- 12. 09/23/15 RadiationRadiation When you wear a black t-shirt on a hot, sunny day you would feel ______ than if you wore white. This is because black ________ infrared radiation (i.e. heat) from the sun better than white does. Conduction is when heat travels through a solid and convection happens in a liquid or gas, but radiation can happen through absolutely ________ because the heat is moving by ______. This is how heat reaches us from the ____. I’m very hot!I’m cool! Words – sun, absorbs, nothing, warmer, waves
- 13. 09/23/15 ConvectionConvection Convection is all about when a gas or liquid (“fluid”) moves and carries heat with it. When the fluid is heated it ____________. This means that it will become less __________ than the colder fluid around it. Because of this the warmer fluid will try to “_______” over the colder fluid, and this is why warm air rises. This is called a convection ___________. This is how heat reaches us from the ___________ in this room. Words to use: expands, radiators, dense, heated, current, float
- 14. 09/23/15 EvaporationEvaporation Heat can also be lost when water evaporates (this is how we cool off when we sweat): This water will evaporate because the water molecules have enough energy to “escape” from the rest of the water. When they do so they will take heat with them. View animation