Physics is the study of matter, forces, energy and motion. The document discusses the key topics in physics including the three states of matter (solid, liquid, gas), molecules and intermolecular forces, properties of matter, heat, temperature, thermal expansion, gas laws, and types of thermometers. It provides definitions and examples to explain these core physics concepts in a clear and concise manner.

1. Physics
By: Umair Anwar
Bhatti

2. Physics

3. Contents
Introduction
Solids And Liquids
Force And Pressure
Heat
Calorimetry
Transfer of Heat& Sates Of Matter
Change of State of Matter
Buoyancy Force And Archimedes Principle

4. Introduction
Matter, Bodies and states of Matter
Definition of Molecules cohesion and adhesion forces
General properties of matter
(Divisibility, porosity ,impermeability compressibility,
expansibility, elasticity, weight, mass )

5. Matter, Bodies and states of Matter
Everything that occupies space is called MATTER
Limited quantity of a substance is called a BODY
The space occupied by the body is called the VOLUME of the body.
Cm3 / dm3 / m3 or liter

6. Types of MATTER (water)
SOLIDS bodies with a constant volume and a fixed shape of their own
LIQUIDS bodies with a constant volume and a changeable shape
GASES bodies with a changeable volume and a changeable shape
Matter, Bodies and states of Matter

7. Molecules, Cohesion & Adhesion forces
A MOLECULE is the smallest particle
of a substance that still retains the
Properties of the substance.
ATOMS are obtained by the
decomposition of molecules

8. Physics

9. Physics

10. Molecules, Cohesion & Adhesion forces

11. General properties of MATTER
DIVISIBILITY
All bodies are divisible into molecules. Sharpen the point of an
aniline pencil above a glass of water, then stir the water, all
the water becomes colored. The divisions are so fine that the
individual particles of aniline cannot be seen.

12. General properties of MATTER
POROSITY
Between the molecules of a body there are spaces which are
called pores. In solid bodies the pores are very small, they are
small too in liquids, but in gases they can be much larger

13. General properties of MATTER
IMPERMEABILITY
Two bodies cannot occupy same space at the same time
A crow also understand the impermeability

14. General properties of MATTER
IMPERMEABILITY
What will happen when two bodies try to occupy the same
place

15. General properties of MATTER
COMPRESSIBILITY
size of the pores referred to compressibility can be changed
by forces acting on the body. Compression causes the
molecules to be packed more tightly and the pores become
smaller

16. General properties of MATTER
ELASTICITY
If a force is exerted on a body, the body undergoes a change
of shape. If that force is removed, the body will tend to
recover its original shape.

17. General properties of MATTER
WEIGHT
The force of attraction between any body and center of the
earth is called force of gravity or weight
Same volumes of
different materials
will have different weights

18. Contents
Heat
Heat and temperature measurement
Different scales of temperature measurement
Gas Laws and General Gas Law
Expansion and contraction
Linear, volumetric expansion & their coefficient of expansion
Density and Temperature
Particular expansion behavior of water
Types of temperature measuring instruments

19. Heat
Wash hands under the tap, our sense tells us
that the water is cold, warm or hot.
Cold, warm and hot are different
degrees of hotness or coldness,
or temperatures.
Example
1. Wash hands early morning, after bed, it feels cold.
2. Wash hands with the same water after clearing snow, it feel warm

20. Heat
Example
Place two pans, containing 1 liter and the
other containing 5 liters of water at the
same temperature on two identical
gas burners, the burning gas will
apply the same amount of heat to both
pans in the same time. But after a few minutes we will
observe that the smaller quantity of water has a considerably
higher temperature than the larger.
Quantity of heat and temperature are thus different things.

22. Heat source
Most important source of heat is SUN
The quantity of heat which a certain part of the earth's surface receives
from the sun depends on:
1. Angle at which the sun's rays strike the surface
2. The duration of radiation
( Difference between day & night times of summer and winter seasons)

23. Heat source
Other sources of heat
 Combustion ( burning of materials )
 Electricity
 Friction

24. Heat source
Other sources of heat
 Compression of gases
 Chemical effect
 Nuclear fission of atoms

25. Expansion and Contraction

26. Expansion and Contraction
Solids, liquids and gases expand when heated and contract when cold
Example ( Solids )

27. Expansion and Contraction
Solids, liquids and gases expand when heated and contract when cold
Example ( Liquids )

28. Expansion and Contraction
Solids, liquids and gases expand when heated and contract when cold
Example ( Gases )

29. Expansion and Contraction
Solids, liquids and gases expand when heated and contract when cold
A steel tyre to be fitted round a wooden wheel is first heated. As it cools, the tyre contracts
tightly round the wheel.
In large plate-glass windows the glass is cut smaller than the size which
the frame could take.

30. Expansion and Contraction
Solids, liquids and gases expand when heated and contract when cold
Expansion bends are used in long steam pipes. These enable any expansion in the pipes to
be absorbed.

31. Expansion and Contraction
Solids, liquids and gases expand when heated and contract when cold
When a car has to stay parked in the sun for a long time, the driver sometimes covers the
tyres on the sunny side with cardboard or canvas
Steel bridges are laid on rollers to prevent strain in the material resulting from expansion or
contraction.

32. Heat and Temperature Measurement
Thermometer
A thermometer is an instrument for indicating the temperature of a body.
The working of a thermometer may be based on the expansion or contraction of:
A. GASES
B. LIQUIDS
C. SOLIDS

33. Heat and Temperature Measurement
Thermometer ( Mercury )
Advantages:
Easy to obtain pure
It expands regularly.
It does not adhere to the glass wall (why not?).
It has a large range of measurement, from -40oC to +350oC
Dis-dvantages:
Expansion is small

34. Scales of temperature measurement

35. Thermometer Types
Clinical thermometer
The clinical thermometer is a maximum thermometer, in which the
mercury remains stationary at the highest point reached. The tube
is constricted immediately above the bulb. When the bulb is
heated, the mercury expands and is partly forced through
the constriction. When the bulb cools, the mercury does not
flow back down from the tube because of the
constriction, and a vacuum is formed in the bulb.
The mercury has then to be shaken down.
The graduations extend
from 35 °C to 42 °C , with scale divisions
of 0.1 C.
The normal body temperature is 36.5 - 37°C.

36. Thermometer Types
Six’s thermometer
Six's thermometer is a combination of a maximum and
a minimum thermometer.
Filled partly with alcohol and partly with mercury
The centre tube is the reservoir and has a larger
internal diameter than the other two tubes
The right-hand tube ends in a bulb to absorb the expansion
of the liquid.
This bulb contains alcohol vapour and air at low pressure
THE ALCOHOL IN THE CENTRE AND LEFT-HAND TUBES
IS THE THERMOMETRIC LIQUID

37. Thermometer Types
Six’s thermometer
The mercury is used to:
a. read off the temperature
b. to move the two indexes (indicators)
The meter has graduated
scales alongside both the
right- and left-hand scales
The right-hand scale is normal
but the left-hand one is
upside down~ i.e. the degrees
of frost are above the zero point

38. Thermometer Types
Bimetallic thermometers
Based on the difference in expansion between two metals, which expands very
little when heated

39. Thermometer Types
Bimetallic Thermocouple

40. Thermometer Types
Bimetallic Thermocouple
Thermo-couples are based on the generation of an electrical voltage at the
junction of two metals, e.g. Iron and constantan, at different temperatures. One
junction is kept artificially at a constant temperature, e.g. 25 °C. The other
junction is placed at the position where the temperature is to be measured. The
difference in electric potential between the two junctions provides a measure of
the temperature.

41. Geeneral Gas Laws
1. Boyle's law—named for Robert Boyle—states that, at
constant temperature, the pressure P of a gas varies
inversely with its volume V, or PV = k, where k is a constant.

42. Geeneral Gas Laws
2. Charles's law, the volume occupied by a fixed amount of
gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, if
the pressure remains constant.

43. Geeneral Gas Laws
3. Gay-Lussac's Law
for a given mass and constant volume of an ideal gas, the
pressure exerted on the sides of its container is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature.

44. Geeneral Gas Laws
4. Avogadro's Law
the volume occupied by an ideal gas is directly proportional to the
number of molecules of the gas present in the container. This gives rise
to the molar volume of a gas, which at STP (273.15 K, 100 kPa) is about
22.7 l/mol. The relation is given by
where n is equal to the number
of molecules of gas
(or the number of moles of gas)